SRI MARUTHI PU COLLEGE HOSKOTE BANGALORE I PUC CHAPTER WISE (CONCEPT-DEFINITION- CDF

FORMULAE)
F
s tan tan [As we know
Angle of Friction R

Angle of friction may be defined as the angle F

s tan ]
which the resultant of limiting friction and normal R
reaction makes with the normal R Thus the coefficient of limiting friction is equal to
S
reaction. the tangent of angle of repose.

By definition angle is
F P As well as i.e. angle of repose = angle of
called the angle of friction friction.
Calculation of Required Force in Different Situation
F mg
tan l If W = weight of the body, = angle of friction,
R Fig. 5.8
tan coefficient of friction
tan = s [As we know
Then we can calculate required force for different
Fl situation in the following manner :
s ]
R (1) Minimum pulling force P at an angle
from the horizontal P
or tan1( L )

Hence coefficient of static friction is equal to
tangent of the angle of friction.

Resultant Force Exerted by Surface on Block Fig. 5.10

In the above figure resultant force S F 2 R2

S (mg)2 (mg)2 By resolving P in horizontal and vertical direction

(as shown in figure) R
S mg 2 1
P sin

when there is no friction ( 0) S will be F P cos

minimum
i.e. S = mg
W
Hence the range of S can be given by, Fig. 5.11

mg S mg 2 1
For the condition of equilibrium
Angle of Repose
F P cos and R W P sin
Angle of repose is defined as the angle of the
By substituting these value in F R
inclined plane with horizontal such that a body placed
on it is just begins to slide. P cos (W P sin )

By definition, is called the angle of repose. sin

P cos (W P sin ) [As
In limiting condition F mgsin and cos
R mgcos R tan ]
F
W sin
P
mg sin cos( )
(2) Minimum pushing force P at an angle
mg cos
mg from the horizontal P
F
So tan
R Fig. 5.9

Fig. 5.12
SRI MARUTHI PU COLLEGE HOSKOTE BANGALORE I PUC CHAPTER WISE CDF(CONCEPT-DEFINITION-
FORMULAE)
By substituting these values in F R and
solving we get

By Resolving P in horizontal and vertical direction W sin( )

P
(as shown in the figure) R cos( )
(4) Minimum force to move a body in downward
F P cos direction along the surface of inclined plane
P
P sin

W
Fig. 5.13

For the condition of equilibrium Fig. 5.16

F P cos and R W P sin
By Resolving P in the direction of the plane and
By substituting these value in F R perpendicular to the plane (as shown in the figure)
P cos (W P sin ) R + P sin
F
sin P cos
P cos (W P sin ) [As tan ] +
cos
W sin

W sin W cos
P W
cos( )
(3) Minimum pulling force P to move the Fig. 5.17
body up on an inclined plane
P
For the condition of equilibrium
R P sin W cos
R W cos P sin and
F P cos W sin
By substituting these values in F R and
Fig. 5.14
solving we get
)
W sin(
P
By Resolving P in the direction of the plane and cos( )
perpendicular to the plane (as shown in the figure)
(5) Minimum force to avoid sliding of a body
R + P sin
down on an inclined plane P
P cos

F + W sin

W cos
W

Fig. 5.15
Fig. 5.18

For the condition of equilibrium

By Resolving P in the direction of the plane and
R P sin W cos
perpendicular to the plane (as shown in the figure)
R W cos P sin and R + P sin F+P
F W sin P cos cos

F P cos W sin

W sin W cos
W

Fig. 5.19
 Friction

d
[cos sin ] 0
d
sin cos 0

For the condition of equilibrium tan

R P sin W cos or tan1( ) angleof friction
R W cos P sin and i.e. For minimum value of P its angle from the
P cos F W sin horizontal should be equal to angle of friction
F W sin P cos
As tan so from the figure, sin
By substituting these values in F R and 1 2
solving we get
1
sin( ) and cos
P W 1 2
cos( )
By substituting these value in equation (iii)
(6) Minimum force for motion along
horizontal surface and its direction mg
P P mg
1 2
1 2

1 2 1 2

mg
Fig. 5.20 Pmin
1 2

Let the force P be applied at an angle with the Acceleration of a Block Against Friction
horizontal. (1) Acceleration of a block on horizontal
By resolving P in horizontal and vertical direction surface
(as shown in figure) R + P sin When body is moving under application of force P,
then kinetic friction opposes its motion.
F P cos R
Let a is the net acceleration of the body ma
From the figure Fk P
mg ma P Fk

Fig. 5.21 P Fk
a mg
m Fig. 5.23

For vertical equilibrium (2) Acceleration of a block sliding down over

R P sin mg a rough inclined plane
R mg P sin When angle of inclined plane is more than angle of
(i) repose, the body placed on the inclined plane slides
and for horizontal motion down with an acceleration a.

P cos F From the figure ma mgsin F

i.e. P cos R (ii) ma mgsin R

Substituting value of R from (i) in (ii) ma mgsin mg cos
P cos (mg P sin )
Acceleration a g[sin cos ]
mg
P (iii) R
cos sin F
ma
For the force P to be minimum (cos sin )
must be maximum i.e.
2
1 mg sin mg
mg cos

Fig. 5.24
1

Fig. 5.22
SRI MARUTHI PU COLLEGE HOSKOTE BANGALORE I PUC CHAPTER WISE CDF(CONCEPT-DEFINITION-
FORMULAE)
Note : For frictionless inclined plane Motion of Two Bodies one Resting on the Other
0 a g sin . m A F
(3) Retardation of a block sliding up over a
L
rough inclined plane M B
When angle of inclined plane is less than angle of
repose, then for the upward motion ma Fig. 5.28
R
ma mg sin F
(1) A force F is applied to the upper body,
ma mg sin mg cos
then following four situations are possible
mg sin + mg
F] mg cos (i) When there is no friction
Retardation a g[sin cos
Fig. 5.25 (a) The body A will move on body B with
acceleration (F/m).
aA F / m
Note : For frictionless inclined plane (b) The body B will remain at rest
0 a g sin aB 0
Work done against friction (c) If L is the length of B as shown in figure, A will
fall from B after time t
(1) Work done over a rough inclined surface
If a body of mass m is moved up slowly on a rough 2L 2mL
t
inclined plane through distance s, then a F
Work done = force distance 1 2
= ma s = mg [sin + cos ]s As s 2 a t and a F/m

mgs[sin cos ]

(iii) If friction is present between A and B only

and applied force is greater than limiting friction (F >
ma Fl)
R
In this condition the two bodies will move in the same
direction (i.e. of applied force) but with different
s
acceleration. Here force of kinetic friction kmg will
mg sin + mg oppose the motion of A while cause the motion of B.
F mg cos
Fig. 5.26
F Fk maA Free body diagram of A

masurface
(2) Work done over a horizontal A
F Fk
In the above expression if we put A= 0 then F i.e. aA
m
Work done = force distance = F s = mg s
Fk
(F kmg)
It is clear that work done depends upon aA
R
m
Fk M aB Free body diagram of B
F P
MaB
Fk
FK i.e. aB
s B M
mg
Fig. 5.27
kmg
(i) Weight of the body. aB
M
(ii) Material and nature of surface in contact.
(iii) Distance moved.
 Friction

Note : As both the bodies are moving

(where F = Pseudo force on body A and
limiting friction between body A and B)
Fl =

in the same direction.

(a) Both the body will move together with common
Acceleration of body A relative to B will be
F
MF kmg(m M ) acceleration a
a aA aB M m
mM
(b) Pseudo force on the body A,
So, A will fall from B after time
mF
2L 2mML F ma and Fl smg
t m M
a MF kmg(m M )
mF
(iv) If there is friction between B and floor (c) F Fl smg
m M
(where Fl (M m) g = limiting friction
F s (m M ) g
between B and floor, Fk = kinetic friction between A and
B) So both bodies will move together with

B will move only if Fk Fl and then

acceleration aA aB
F
if F s[m M ] g
m M
Fk Fl M aB
MaB
FK
B
Fl
Fig. 5.29

However if B does not move then static friction will

work (not limiting friction) between body B and the floor
(iii) If friction is present between A and B only
i.e. friction force = applied force (= Fk) not Fl . and F > Fl
(2) A force F is applied to the lower body, (where Fl = s mg = limiting friction between body
then following four situations are possible A and B)
(i) When there is no friction
Both the body will move with different
(a) B will move with acceleration (F/M) while A will
acceleration. Here force of kinetic friction kmg will
remain at rest (relative to ground) as there is no pulling
force on A. oppose the motion of B while will cause the motion of A.

F
aB and aA 0 maA k mg Free body diagram of A
M
(b) As relative to B, A will move maA
backwards with
A i.e. aA k g
acceleration (F/M) and so will fall from it in timeFt.
k

A m F Fk MaB Free body diagram of B

MaB
L F
M i.e.
FK B
F
B [F kmg]
aB
Fig. 5.30 M

2L 2ML
t
a F
(ii) If friction is present between A and B only
and F < Fl Note : As both the bodies are moving
in the same direction
SRI MARUTHI PU COLLEGE HOSKOTE BANGALORE I PUC CHAPTER WISE CDF(CONCEPT-DEFINITION-
FORMULAE)
Acceleration of body A relative to B will be

F k g(m M )
a aA aB
M
Negative sign implies that relative to B, A will
move backwards and will fall it after time At limiting condition T Fl

2L 2ML
t
a F k g(m M ) m2g R m2g m1g

Motion of an Insect in the Rough Bowl m2 m1 this is the minimum value of m2

The insect crawl up the bowl, up to a certain height to start the motion.
h only till the component of its weight along the bowl is
balanced by limiting frictional force. Note : In the above condition Coefficient of
O
r
m2
Fl
friction
R
y m1
A (2) When a mass m1 placed on a rough
mg sin h

mg cos inclined plane Another mass m2 hung from the

mg
Fig. 5.31 string connected by frictionless pulley, the tension (T)
produced in string will try to start the motion of mass
Let m = mass of the insect, r = radius of the bowl, m1 . T
R
= coefficient of friction T
for limiting condition at point A m1
m2
R mgcos ......(i) and Fl mgsin
......(ii) m1g m2 g
m1g sin + F
Dividing (ii) by (i) cos
m1 g
Fl
tan As Fl R Fig. 5.33
R
r 2 y2 r
or y
1 2
y

1
So h r y r 1
1 2
,
At limiting condition
For m2 T m2g
1 (i)
h r 1
1 2 For m1 T m1g sin F

Minimum Mass Hung from the String to Just T m1g sin R
Start the Motion
T m1g sin m1g cos
(1) When a mass m1 placed on a rough
(ii)
horizontal plane Another mass m2 hung from the From equation (i) and (ii)
string connected by frictionless pulley, the tension ( T) m2 m1[sin cos ]
produced in string will try to start the motion of mass
this is the minimum value of m2 to start the
m1 .
motion
R
T
Note : In the above condition Coefficient of
Fl m1 friction

m2
m1g
T tan
m1 cos
m2

Fig. 5.32 m2 g
 Friction

Maximum Length of Hung Chain sin (sin cos ) n2

A uniform chain of length l is placed on the table in 1
such a manner that its l' part is hanging over the tan 1 2
edge of table without sliding. Since the chain have n
uniform linear density therefore the ratio of mass and Stopping of Block Due to Friction
ratio of length for any part of the chain will be equal.
We know (1) On horizontal road
m2 masshangingfromthetable (i) Distance travelled before coming to rest :
A block of mass m is moving initially with velocity u on a
m1 masslyingon thetable rough surface and due to friction, it comes to rest after
For this case we can rewrite above expression in covering a distance S.
the following manner S
v=0
lengthhangingfromthetable u
[As chain
lengthlyingon thetable( l l )
Fig. 5.37
have uniform linear density]
l ma mg
l Retarding force F ma R
l l a g
l From v2 u2 2aS 0 u2 2 g S
by solving l Fig. 5.34
( 1) [As v 0, a g]

u2 P2
S
2g
or S
2m2g
Coefficient of Friction Between a Body and Wedge
[As momentum P = mu]
A body slides on a smooth wedge of angle and (ii) Time taken to come to rest
its time of descent is t.
From equation v u a t 0 u g t
[Asv 0, a g]
S S
u
Smooth wedge Rough wedge
t
g

(2) On inclined road : When block starts with
velocity u its kinetic energy will be converted into
Fig. 5.35 Fig. 5.36
potential energy and some part of it goes against
friction and after travelling distance S it comes to rest
If the same wedge made rough then time taken by i.e. v = 0.
it to come down becomes n times more (i.e. nt)
We know that retardation a g [sin cos ]
The length of path in both the cases are same.
By substituting the value of v and a in the
1 2
For smooth wedge, S u t at following equation
2 v=0

1 S
S (g sin ) t2
2 u
(i)

[Asu 0 and a g sin ]
Fig. 5.38
1 2
For rough wedge, S u t at
2
1 v2 u2 2a S
S g (sin cos ) (nt)2
2 0 u2 2g [sin cos ] S
(ii)
u2
[Asu 0 anda g (sin cos )] S
2g (sin cos )
From equation (i) and (ii)
1 1 Stopping of Two Blocks Due to Friction
(g sin ) t2 = g (sin cos )(nt)2
2 2
SRI MARUTHI PU COLLEGE HOSKOTE BANGALORE I PUC CHAPTER WISE CDF(CONCEPT-DEFINITION-
FORMULAE)
When two masses compressed towards each other Sticking of a Block With Accelerated Cart
and suddenly released then energy acquired by each
When a cart moves with some acceleration toward
block will be dissipated against friction and finally block
right then a pseudo force (ma) acts on block toward left.
comes to rest
This force (ma) is action force by a block on cart.
i.e., F S = E [Where F = Friction, S =
a
Distance covered by block, E = Initial kinetic energy of F
the block]
m F
A B ma R M m
CART
m1 m1 m2 m2
mg
S1 S2
Fig. 5.41
Fig. 5.39
P2 Now block will remain static w.r.t. cart. If friction
FS [Where P = momentum of
2m force R mg
block] ma mg [As R ma]
2
P g
mg S [As F = mg]
2m a

2
P g
S
2m2g amin

In the given condition P and are same for both This is the minimum acceleration of the cart so
the blocks. that block does not fall.
2 and the minimum force to hold the block together
1 S1 m2
So, S ; Fmin (M m) amin
m2 S2 m1
g
Fmin (M m)

Sticking of a Person with the Wall of Rotor
A person with a mass m stands in contact against
Velocity at the Bottom of Rough Wedge the wall of a cylindrical drum (rotor). The coefficient of
friction between the wall and the clothing is .
A body of mass m which is placed at the top of the
wedge (of height h) starts moving downward on a rough If Rotor starts rotating about its axis, then person
inclined plane. thrown away from the centre due to centrifugal force at
Loss of energy due to friction = FL (Work a particular speed , the person stuck to the wall
against friction) u=0 even the floor is removed, because
m friction force balances its weight in
PE at point A = mgh A F
L this condition.
1 h R FC
KE at point B = mu2 B
From the figure.
2 m mg
v Friction force (F) = weight of
Fig. 5.40
person (mg)
Fig. 5.42

By the law of conservation of energy R = mg Fc mg

1 [Here, Fc= centrifugal force]

i.e. mv2 mgh FL
2 2
m minr mg
2
v (mgh FL) g
m min
r
Friction