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Mathematical Symbols

List of all mathematical symbols and signs meaning and examples.


contents
Basicmathsymbols

Geometrysymbols

Algebrasymbols

Probability&statisticssymbols

Settheorysymbols

Logicsymbols

Calculus&analysissymbols

Numbersymbols

Greeksymbols

Romannumerals

Basicmathsymbols
Symbol SymbolName Meaning/definition

= equalssign equality

notequalsign inequality

approximatelyequal approximation

> strictinequality greaterthan

< strictinequality lessthan

inequality greaterthanorequalto

inequality lessthanorequalto

() parentheses calculateexpressioninsidefirst

[] brackets calculateexpressioninsidefirst

+ plussign addition
minussign subtraction

plusminus bothplusandminusoperations

minusplus bothminusandplusoperations

* asterisk multiplication

timessign multiplication

multiplicationdot multiplication

divisionsign/obelus division

/ divisionslash division

horizontalline division/fraction

mod modulo remaindercalculation

decimalpoint,decimal
. period
separator

ab power exponent

a^b caret exponent

a squareroot aa=a

3
a cuberoot 3
a3a3a=a

4
a fourthroot 4
a4a4a4a=a

na nthroot(radical)

% percent 1%=1/100

permille 1=1/1000=0.1%

ppm permillion 1ppm=1/1000000

ppb perbillion 1ppb=1/1000000000


ppt pertrillion 1ppt=1012

Geometrysymbols
Symbol SymbolName Meaning/definition

angle formedbytworays

measuredangle

sphericalangle
rightangle =90

degree 1turn=360

deg degree 1turn=360deg

prime arcminute,1=60

doubleprime arcsecond,1=60

line infiniteline

AB linesegment linefrompointAtopointB

ray linethatstartfrompointA

arc arcfrompointAtopointB

perpendicular perpendicularlines(90angle)

|| parallel parallellines

equivalenceofgeometric
congruentto
shapesandsize

~ similarity sameshapes,notsamesize

triangle triangleshape

distancebetweenpointsxand
|xy| distance
y

=3.141592654...
istheratiobetweenthe
piconstant
circumferenceanddiameterofa

circle

rad radians radiansangleunit

c radians radiansangleunit

grad gradians/gons gradsangleunit


g gradians/gons gradsangleunit

Algebrasymbols
Symbol SymbolName Meaning/definition

x xvariable unknownvaluetofind

equivalence identicalto

equalbydefinition equalbydefinition
:= equalbydefinition equalbydefinition

~ approximatelyequal weakapproximation

approximatelyequal approximation

proportionalto proportionalto

lemniscate infinitysymbol

muchlessthan muchlessthan

muchgreaterthan muchgreaterthan

() parentheses calculateexpressioninsidefirst

[] brackets calculateexpressioninsidefirst

{} braces set

x floorbrackets roundsnumbertolowerinteger

x ceilingbrackets roundsnumbertoupperinteger

x! exclamationmark factorial

|x| singleverticalbar absolutevalue

f(x) functionofx mapsvaluesofxtof(x)

(fg) functioncomposition (fg)(x)=f(g(x))

(a,b) openinterval (a,b)={x|a<x<b}

[a,b] closedinterval [a,b]={x|axb}

delta change/difference

discriminant =b24ac
summationsumofallvalues
sigma
inrangeofseries

sigma doublesummation

productproductofallvalues
capitalpi
inrangeofseries

e econstant/Euler'snumber e=2.718281828...

EulerMascheroniconstant =0.527721566...

goldenratio goldenratioconstant

=3.141592654...
piconstant
istheratiobetweenthe

circumferenceanddiameterofa

circle

LinearAlgebraSymbols
Symbol SymbolName Meaning/definition

dot scalarproduct

cross vectorproduct

AB tensorproduct tensorproductofAandB

innerproduct

[] brackets matrixofnumbers

() parentheses matrixofnumbers

|A| determinant determinantofmatrixA

det(A) determinant determinantofmatrixA

||x|| doubleverticalbars norm

AT transpose matrixtranspose

A Hermitianmatrix matrixconjugatetranspose

A* Hermitianmatrix matrixconjugatetranspose

A1 inversematrix AA1=I

rank(A) matrixrank rankofmatrixA

dim(U) dimension dimensionofmatrixA

Probabilityandstatisticssymbols
Symbol SymbolName Meaning/definition

P(A) probabilityfunction probabilityofeventA

probabilityofevents probabilitythatofeventsAand
P(AB) intersection B

P(AB) probabilityofeventsunion probabilitythatofeventsAorB

probabilityofeventAgiven
P(A|B) conditionalprobabilityfunction
eventBoccured

f(x) probabilitydensityfunction(pdf) P(axb)=f(x)dx


F(x) cumulativedistributionfunction
(cdf)
F(x)=P(Xx)

populationmean meanofpopulationvalues

expectedvalueofrandom
E(X) expectationvalue
variableX
expectedvalueofrandom
E(X|Y) conditionalexpectation
variableXgivenY

var(X) variance varianceofrandomvariableX

2 variance varianceofpopulationvalues

standarddeviationofrandom
std(X) standarddeviation
variableX
standarddeviationvalueof
X standarddeviation
randomvariableX
middlevalueofrandom
median
variablex
covarianceofrandomvariables
cov(X,Y) covariance
XandY
correlationofrandomvariables
corr(X,Y) correlation
XandY
correlationofrandomvariables
X,Y correlation
XandY
summationsumofallvalues
summation
inrangeofseries

doublesummation doublesummation

valuethatoccursmost
Mo mode
frequentlyinpopulation

MR midrange MR=(xmax+xmin)/2

halfthepopulationisbelowthis
Md samplemedian
value
25%ofpopulationarebelow
Q1 lower/firstquartile
thisvalue
50%ofpopulationarebelow
Q2 median/secondquartile
thisvalue=medianofsamples
75%ofpopulationarebelow
Q3 upper/thirdquartile
thisvalue

x samplemean average/arithmeticmean

populationsamplesvariance
s2 samplevariance
estimator

populationsamplesstandard
s samplestandarddeviation
deviationestimator

zx standardscore zx=(xx)/sx

distributionofrandomvariable
X~ distributionofX
X
N(,2) normaldistribution gaussiandistribution

U(a,b) uniformdistribution equalprobabilityinrangea,b

exp() exponentialdistribution f(x)=ex,x0


gamma(c,) gammadistribution f(x)=cxc1ex/(c),x0

f(x)=xk/21ex/2/(2k/2
2(k) chisquaredistribution
(k/2))
F(k1,k2) Fdistribution

Bin(n,p) binomialdistribution f(k)=nCkpk(1p)nk

Poisson() Poissondistribution f(k)=ke/k!


Geom(p) geometricdistribution f(k)=p(1p)k
HG(N,K,n) hypergeometricdistribution

Bern(p) Bernoullidistribution

CombinatoricsSymbols
Symbol SymbolName Meaning/definition

n! factorial n!=123...n

nPk permutation

nCk

combination

Settheorysymbols
Symbol SymbolName Meaning/definition

{} set acollectionofelements

objectsthatbelongtosetAand
AB intersection
setB
objectsthatbelongtosetAor
AB union
setB
subsethasfewerelementsor
AB subset
equaltotheset
subsethasfewerelementsthan
AB propersubset/strictsubset
theset

AB notsubset leftsetnotasubsetofrightset
AB superset setAhasmoreelementsor
equaltothesetB

AB setAhasmoreelementsthan
propersuperset/strictsuperset
setB

AB notsuperset setAisnotasupersetofsetB

2A powerset allsubsetsofA

powerset allsubsetsofA

bothsetshavethesame
A=B equality
members
alltheobjectsthatdonot
Ac complement
belongtosetA
objectsthatbelongtoAandnot
A\B relativecomplement
toB
objectsthatbelongtoAandnot
AB relativecomplement
toB
objectsthatbelongtoAorB
AB symmetricdifference
butnottotheirintersection
objectsthatbelongtoAorB
AB symmetricdifference
butnottotheirintersection

aA elementof setmembership

xA notelementof nosetmembership

(a,b) orderedpair collectionof2elements

setofallorderedpairsfromA
AB cartesianproduct andB
thenumberofelementsofset
|A| cardinality
A
thenumberofelementsofset
#A cardinality
A
infinitecardinalityofnatural
alephnull
numbersset

cardinalityofcountableordinal
alephone
numbersset

emptyset ={}

universalset setofallpossiblevalues

naturalnumbers/whole
0 numbersset(withzero) 0={0,1,2,3,4,...}

naturalnumbers/whole
1 numbersset(withoutzero) 1={1,2,3,4,5,...}

integernumbersset ={...3,2,1,0,1,2,3,...}

rationalnumbersset ={x|x=a/b,a,b }

realnumbersset ={x|<x<}
={z|z=a+bi,<a<,
complexnumbersset
<b<}

Logicsymbols
Symbol SymbolName Meaning/definition

and and

^ caret/circumflex and

& ampersand and

+ plus or

reversedcaret or

| verticalline or

x' singlequote notnegation

x bar notnegation

not notnegation

! exclamationmark notnegation

circledplus/oplus exclusiveorxor

~ tilde negation

implies

equivalent ifandonlyif(iff)

equivalent ifandonlyif(iff)

forall

thereexists

theredoesnotexists

therefore

because/since

Calculus&analysissymbols
Symbol SymbolName Meaning/definition

limit limitvalueofafunction

representsaverysmall
epsilon number,nearzero

e econstant/Euler'snumber e=2.718281828...

y' derivative derivativeLagrange'snotation

y'' secondderivative derivativeofderivative

y(n) nthderivative ntimesderivation

derivative derivativeLeibniz'snotation

secondderivative derivativeofderivative

nthderivative ntimesderivation

derivativebytimeNewton's
timederivative
notation

timesecondderivative derivativeofderivative

Dxy derivative derivativeEuler'snotation

Dx2y secondderivative derivativeofderivative

partialderivative

integral oppositetoderivation

integrationoffunctionof2
doubleintegral
variables
integrationoffunctionof3
tripleintegral
variables

closedcontour/lineintegral

closedsurfaceintegral

closedvolumeintegral

[a,b] closedinterval [a,b]={x|axb}

(a,b) openinterval (a,b)={x|a<x<b}

i imaginaryunit i1

z* complexconjugate z=a+biz*=abi

z complexconjugate z=a+biz=abi
nabla/del gradient/divergenceoperator

vector

unitvector

x*y convolution y(t)=x(t)*h(t)

Laplacetransform F(s)= {f(t)}

Fouriertransform X()= {f(t)}

deltafunction

lemniscate infinitysymbol

Numeralsymbols
Name European Roman Hebrew

zero 0

one 1 I

two 2 II

three 3 III

four 4 IV

five 5 V

six 6 VI

seven 7 VII

eight 8 VIII

nine 9 IX

ten 10 X

eleven 11 XI

twelve 12 XII

thirteen 13 XIII

fourteen 14 XIV

fifteen 15 XV

sixteen 16 XVI

seventeen 17 XVII

eighteen 18 XVIII

nineteen 19 XIX

twenty 20 XX
thirty 30 XXX

forty 40 XL

fifty 50 L

sixty 60 LX

seventy 70 LXX

eighty 80 LXXX

ninety 90 XC

onehundred 100 C

Greekalphabetletters
GreekSymbol
GreekLetterName EnglishEquivalent
UpperCase LowerCase

Alpha alfa

Beta beta

Gamma gama

Delta delta

Epsilon epsilon

Zeta zeta

Eta ehta

Theta teta

Iota iota

Kappa kapa

Lambda lamda

Mu myoo

Nu noo

Xi xee

Omicron omeecron

Pi payee

Rho row
Sigma sigma

Tau taoo

Upsilon oopsilon

Phi fee

Chi khee

Psi psee

Omega omega

Romannumerals
Number Romannumeral

0 notdefined
1 I
2 II
3 III
4 IV
5 V
6 VI
7 VII
8 VIII
9 IX
10 X
11 XI
12 XII
13 XIII
14 XIV
15 XV
16 XVI
17 XVII
18 XVIII
19 XIX
20 XX
30 XXX
40 XL
50 L
60 LX
70 LXX
80 LXXX
90 XC
100 C
200 CC
300 CCC
400 CD
500 D
600 DC
700 DCC
800 DCCC
900 CM
1000 M
5000 V
10000 X
50000 L
100000 C
500000 D
1000000 M

Seealso

Algebrasymbols

Geometrysymbols

Statisticalsymbols

Logicsymbols

Settheorysymbols

Calculus&analysissymbols

Numbersymbols

Greekalphabetsymbols

Romannumerals

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