BCS QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

1 STANDARD PENETRATION TEST (SPT)

The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is widely used to determine the parameters of
the soil in-situ. The test is especially suited for cohesionless soils as a correlation has
been established between the SPT value and the angle of internal friction of the
soil.
The test consists of driving a split-spoon sampler into the soil through a bore hole
55 ~150 mm in diameter at the desired depth. A hammer of 640 N (65 kg) weight
with a free fall of 750 mm is used to drive the sampler. The number of blows for a
penetration of 300 mm is designated as the Standard Penetration Value or
Number N.
The test is usually performed in three stages. The blow count is found for every 150
mm penetration. If full penetration is obtained, the blows for the first 150 mm are
ignored as those required for the seating drive. The number of blows required for
the next 300 mm of penetration is recorded as the SPT value.
Usually SPT is conducted at every 2 m depth or at the change of stratum. If refusal
is noticed at any stage, it should be recorded. In the case of fine sand or silt below
water-table, apparently high values may be noted for N. In such cases, the
following correction is recommended (Terzaghi and Peck, 1948):

= + ( )

Where
N = Observed SPT Value,
N = Corrected SPT Value.
When, N is equal or less than 15, then N=N.
For SPT made at shallow levels, the values are usually too low. At a greater depth,
the same soil, at the same density index, would give higher penetration resistance. The
effect of the overburden pressure on SPT value may be approximated by the equation:
N= N* [350/(+70)]

2 FACTORS AFFECTING PERMEABILITY

1. Shape and size of the soil particles.

2. Void ratio. Permeability increases with increase in void ratio.
3. Degree of saturation. Permeability increases with increase in degree of saturation.
4. Composition of soil particles. For sands and silts this is not important; however, for soils
with clay minerals this is one of the most important factors. Permeability depends on the
thickness of water held to the soil particles, which is a function of the cation exchange
capacity, valence of the cations, and so forth. Other factors remaining the same, the
coefficient of permeability decreases with increasing thickness of the diffuse double layer.
5. Soil structure. Fine-grained soils with a flocculated structure have a higher coefficient
of permeability than those with a dispersed structure.
6. Viscosity of the permeant.
7. Density and concentration of the permeant.

3 METHODS FOR DETERMINING CO-EFFICIENT OF

PERMEABILITY

In Laboratory
1. Constant-head test
2. Falling-head test
3. Indirect determination from consolidation test
In The Field
1. PUMP OUT TEST FROM: I. GRAVITY WELL II. ARTESIAN WELL
2. AUGER HOLE TEST

4 PRIMARY & SECONDARY CONSOLIDATION

Primary Consolidation
Excess pore water pressure dissipation and corresponding soil volume change.
Secondary Consolidation
Secondary Consolidation occurs after excess pore water pressure dissipation. Due
to plastic deformation/ readjustment of soil particles.
Secondary compression is the compression of soil that takes place after primary
consolidation. Even after the reduction of hydrostatic pressure some compression of soil
takes place at slow rate. This is known as secondary compression. Secondary
compression is caused by creep, viscous behavior of the clay-water system, compression
of organic matter, and other processes. In sand, settlement caused by secondary
compression is negligible, but in peat, it is very significant. Due to secondary compression
some of the highly viscous water between the points of contact is forced out.
An oedometer test is performed on a 2 cm thick clay sample. After 5 minutes 50%
consolidation is reached. After how long a time would the same degree of consolidation
be achieved in the field where the clay layer is 3.70 m thick? Assume the sample and the
clay layer have the same drainage boundary conditions (double drainage).
Solution:
The time factor, T is defined as;

Where; Hdr = half the thickness of the clay for double drainage.
Here, the time factor T and coefficient of consolidation are the same for both the sample
and the field clay layer. The parameter that changes is the time t.
Let t1 and t2 be the times required to reach 50% consolidation both in the oedometer and
field respectively. t1= 5 MINS
5 PRECONSOLIDATION PRESSURE

Preconsolidation pressure is the maximum effective vertical overburden stress that a

particular soil sample has sustained in the past. This quantity is important in geotechnical
engineering, particularly for finding the expected settlement of foundations and
embankments. Alternative names for the preconsolidation pressure are preconsolidation
stress, pre-compression stress, pre-compaction stress, and preload stress.
Various different factors can cause a soil to approach its preconsolidation pressure:
Change in total stress due to removal of overburden pressure can cause
preconsolidation pressure in a soil. For example, removal of structures or glaciation
would cause a change in total stress that would have this effect.
Change in pore-water pressure: A change in water-table elevation, Artesian pressures,
deep pumping or flow into tunnels, and desiccation due to surface drying or plant life
can bring soil to its preconsolidation pressure.
Change in soil structure due to aging (secondary compression): Over time, soil will
consolidate even after high pressures from loading and pore water pressure have been
depleted.[4]
Environmental changes: Changes in pH, temperature, and salt concentration can
cause a soil to approach its preconsolidation pressure.[4]
Chemical weathering: Different types of chemical weathering will cause
preconsolidation pressure. Precipitation, cementing agents, and ion exchange are a
few examples.

6 DETERMINATION OF PRECONSOLIDATION STRESS/

PRECONSOLIDATION PRESSURE

Using a consolidation curve:(Casagrande 1936)

Choose by eye the point of maximum curvature on the consolidation curve.
Draw a horizontal line from this point.
Draw a line tangent to the curve at the point found in part 1.
Bisect the angle made from the horizontal line in part 2 and the tangent line in part
3.
Extend the "straight portion" of the virgin compression curve (high effective stress,
low void ratio: almost vertical on the right of the graph) up to the bisector line in
part 4.
The point where the lines in part 4 and part 5 intersect is the preconsolidation
pressure.
 Figure 1: Casagrande Method

7 Normally Consolidated & Overconsolidated Soil

Normally consolidated: A soil is called normally consolidated if the present effective

overburden pressure is the maximum to which the soil has ever been subjected.
'present past maximum
Overconsolidated: A soil is called overcosolidated if the present effective overburden
pressure is less than the maximum to which the soil was ever subjected in the past.
'present < past maximum.

8 RAFT FOUNDATION

Raft foundation is a thick concrete slab reinforced with steel which covers the
entire contact area of the structure like a thick floor. Sometimes area covered by raft
may be greater than the contact area depending on the bearing capacity of the soil
underneath. The reinforcing bars runs normal to each other in both top and bottom layers
of steel reinforcement.
When & Where It is Used
Normally structures on marshy land, soft clay and land that are made up of
sanitary land fill or other materials (like debris, unconsolidated soil and solid waste etc.
where differential settlement is suspected)-require raft foundation. Raft foundations are
preferred in the soil that are suspected to subsidence. Subsidence may occur from
different sources like change in ground water level due to climatic change specially in
case expansive soil or foundation in mining area.
 In one words, where deep foundation like pile foundation are not economical and
feasible and isolated column footing is impracticable due to large footing size or over-
lapping of neighbor footing , raft foundation is the economical solution.

9 SAND DRAINS

In order to accelerate the process of consolidation settlement for the construction of

some structure, the useful technique of building sand drains can be used. Sand drains
are constructed by driving down casings or
hollow mandrels into the soil. The holes are
then filled with sand, after which the casings
are parallel out. When a surcharge is
applied at ground surface, the pore water
pressure in the clay will increase, and there
will be drainage in the vertical and
horizontal directions (Figure 5.48). The
horizontal drainage is induced by the sand
drains. Hence, the process of dissipation of Figure 2: SAND DRAINS
excess pore water pressure created by the
loading (and hence the settlement) is
accelerated.

10 INDEX PROPERTIES OF SOIL

LIQUID LIMIT & FLOW INDEX

After conducting the tests for liquid limit, the moisture content of the soil, in percent, and
the corresponding number of blows are plotted on a semi-logarithmic graph paper. The
relation between moisture content and log N is approximated
as a straight line. This is referred to as the flow curve. The slope
of the flow curve is termed as Flow Index. The moisture content
corresponding to N =25, determined from the flow curve, gives
the liquid limit of the soil.
IF = (w1-w2)/log10 (n2-n1) Figure 3: FLOW CURVE
PLASTICITY INDEX
The plasticity index (PI) is the difference between the liquid
limit (LL) and plastic limit (PL) of a soil, or,
PI= LL-PL
TOUGHNESS INDEX (IT)
1. It is the ratio of plasticity index to flow index.
IT = IP/ IF; [IP = LL-PL; IF = (w1-w2)/log10 (n2-n1)]
2. It indicates the stiffness of soil.
3. More the toughness index, greater will be the stiffness and resistance to deformation
of soil.

11 TOTAL STRESS, PORE WATER PRESSURE & EFFECTIVE

STRESS

TOTAL NORMAL STRESS

the total normal stress on a plane within the soil mass, being the force per unit area
transmitted in a normal direction across the plane, imagining the soil to be a solid (single-
phase) material;
PORE WATER PRESSURE
the pore water pressure (u), being the pressure of the water filling the void space
between the solid particles;
EFFECTIVE NORMAL STRESS
the effective normal stress on the plane, representing the stress transmitted through the
soil skeleton only.
The relationship is: = +u

12 PILES

Piles are structural members that are made of steel, concrete, and/or timber. They are
used to build pile foundations, which are deep and which cost more than shallow
foundations
When the upper soil layer(s) is (are) highly compressible and too weak to support
the load transmitted by the superstructure, piles are used to transmit the load to
underlying bedrocks or a stronger soil layer
When subjected to horizontal forces (see figure 8.1c), pile foundations resist by
bending while still supporting the vertical load transmitted by the superstructure.
This type of situation is generally encountered in the design and construction of
earth-retaining structures and foundations of tall structures that are subject to high
wind and/or earthquake forces.
pile foundations may be considered as an alternative when pies are extended
beyond the active zone, which swells and shrinks
piles foundations may be used in which piles are extended into stable soil layers
beyond the zone of possible moisture change.
Foundations of some structures, such as transmission towers, offshore platforms,
and basement mats below the water table, are subjected to uplifting forces. Piles
are sometimes used for these foundations to resist the uplifting force (figure 8. 1e).
 Bridge abutments and piers are usually constructed over pile foundations to avoid
the possible loss of bearing capacity that a shallow foundation might suffer
because of soil erosion at the ground surface (figure 8.1f).

Figure 4: TYPES OF PILE & THEIR FUNCTIONALITY

13 TYPES & FUNCTIONS OF PILES

END-BEARING PILES
Used to transfer load through the pile tip to a suitable bearing stratum, passing soft soil or
water.
FRICTION PILES
Used to transfer loads to a depth in a frictional material by means of skin friction along
the surface area of the pile.
TENSION OR UPLIFT PILES
Used to anchor structures subjected to uplift due to hydrostatic pressure or to overturning
moment due to horizontal forces.
COMPACTION PILES/SAND PILES
Used to compact loose granular soils in order to increase the bearing capacity. Since
they are not required to carry any load, the material may not be required to be strong;
in fact, sand may be used to form the pile. The pile tube, driven to compact the soil, is
gradually taken out and sand is filled in its place thus forming a sand pile.
ANCHOR PILES
Used to provide anchorage against horizontal pull from sheet-piling or water.
FENDER PILES
Used to protect water-front structures against impact from ships or other floating objects.
SHEET PILES
Commonly used as bulkheads, or cut-offs to reduce seepage and uplift in hydraulic
structures.
BATTER PILES
Used to resist horizontal and inclined forces, especially in water front structures.
LATERALLY-LOADED PILES
Used to support retaining walls, bridges, dams, and wharves and as fenders for harbor
construction
14 PURPOSE OF SOIL EXPLORATION

The process of identifying the layers of deposits that underlie a proposed and their
physical characteristics is generally referred to as subsurface exploration.
The purpose of subsurface exploration is to obtain information that with
geotechnical engineer in -
1. Selecting the type and depth of foundation suitable for a given site
2. Evaluating the load-bearing capacity of the foundation.
3. Estimating the probable settlement of a structure.
4. Determining potential foundation problems (for example, expansive soil, collapsible soil,
sanitary landfill, and so on).
5. Determining the location of the water table.
6. Predicting lateral earth pressure for structures such as retaining wall, pile bulkheads,
and braced cuts.
7. Establishing construction methods for changing subsoil condition.

15 COMMON IN SITU TESTS OF SOIL

SPT (Standard Penetration Test)

CPT (Cone Penetration Test)
FVST (Field Vane Shear Test)
DMT (Dilatometer Test)
PMT (Pressure meter Test)
Pump Out Permeability test
DCPT (Dynamic Cone Penetration Test)
SRT (Seismic Refraction Test)
ERT (Electrical Resistivity Test)
Field Density Test (Sand Cone Method)

16 EFFECT OF WATER TABLE ON BEARING CAPACITY

If the water table is close to the foundation, some modifications of the bearing capacity
equations will be necessary, depending on the location of the water table

Figure 5: Modification of bearing capacity equations for water table

Case I
If the water table is located so that 0D1Df, the factor q in the bearing capacity
equations takes the form
q = Effective Surcharge = D1 + D2(sat w)
[ Where, sat Saturated Unit Weight of Soil; w Unit weight of Water ]
Also, the value of in the last term of the equations has to be replaced by
= sat w
Case II
For a water table located so that 0, =
The preceding modifications are based on the assumption that there is no seepage force
in the soil.
Case III
When he water table is located so that , the water will have no effect on the ultimate
bearing capacity.

17 NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION OF PILE

Negative skin friction is a downward drag force exerted on the pile by the soil surrounding
it. This action can occur under conditions such as the following:
If a fill of clay soil is placed over a granular soil layer into which a pile is driven, the
fill will gradually consolidate. This consolidation process will exert a downward drag
force on the pile (figure 05a) during the period of consolidation.
If a fill of granular soil is placed over a layer of soft clay, as shown in figure 8. 48b,
it will induce the process of consolidation in the clay layer and thus exert a
downward drag on the pile.
Lowering of the water table will increase the vertical effective stress on the soil at
any depth, which will induce consolidation settlement in clay. If a pile is located
in the clay layer, it will be subjected to a downward drag force.

In some cases, the downward drag force may be excessive and cause foundation
failure. This section outlines two tentative methods for the calculation of negative skin
friction.

Figure 6: Negative skin friction

18 SOIL LIQUEFACTION

Soil liquefaction describes a phenomenon whereby a saturated or partially

saturated soil substantially loses strength and stiffness in response to an applied stress,
usually earthquake shaking or other sudden change in stress condition, causing it to
behave like a liquid.
If the pressure of the water in the pores is great enough to carry all the load, it will
have the effect of holding the particles apart and of producing a condition that is
practically equivalent to that of quicksand. the initial movement of some part of the
material might result in accumulating pressure, first on one point, and then on another,
successively, as the early points of concentration were liquefied.
A state of 'soil liquefaction' occurs when the effective stress of soil is reduced to
essentially zero, which corresponds to a complete loss of shear strength. This may be
initiated by either monotonic loading (e.g. single sudden occurrence of a change in
stress examples include an increase in load on an embankment or sudden loss of toe
support) or cyclic loading (e.g. repeated change in stress condition examples
include wave loading or earthquake shaking). In both cases a soil in a saturated loose
state, and one which may generate significant pore water pressure on a change in load
are the most likely to liquefy.

19 DENSITY INDEX

Density Index (or relative density according to older terminology) of a soil, ID,
indicates the relative compactness of the soil mass. This is used in relation to coarse-
grained soils or sands. In a dense condition, the void ratio is low whereas in a loose
condition, the void ratio is high. Thus, the in-place void ratio may be determined and
compared, with the void ratio in the loosest state or condition and that in the densest
state or condition
The density index may be defined as follows:

Where;
emax = maximum void ratio or void ratio in the loosest state.
emin = minimum void ratio or void ratio in the densest state.
e0 = void ratio of the soil mass in the natural state or the condition under question.
emax and emin are referred to as the limiting void ratios of the soil.

The density index may be considered zero if the soil is in its loosest state and unity
if it is in the densest state.
20 SHEAR STRENGTH

Shearing strength or merely Shear strength, may be defined as the resistance to

shearing stresses and a consequent tendency for shear deformation.
Basically speaking, a soil derives its shearing strength from the following:
(1) Resistance due to the interlocking of particles.
(2) Frictional resistance between the individual soil grains, which may be sliding
friction, rolling friction, or both.
(3) Adhesion between soil particles or cohesion.

21 LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE

Vertical or near vertical slopes of soil are supported by retaining walls, cantilever sheet-
pile walls, sheet-pile bulkheads, braced cuts, and other similar structures. The proper
design of those structures required estimation of lateral earth pressure, which is a function
of several factors, such as (a) type and amount of wall movement, (b) shear strength
parameters of the soil, (c) unit weight of the soil, and (d) drainage conditions in the
backfill. Figure 7: shows a retaining wall of height H. for similar types of backfill.

Figure 8:Nature of lateral earth pressure on a retaining wall

a. The wall may be restrained from moving (figure 4a). The lateral earth pressure
on the wall at any depth is called the at-rest earth pressure.
b. The wall may tilt away from the soil retained (figure 4b). With sufficient wall tile,
a triangular soil wedge behind the wall will fail. The lateral pressure for this condition is
referred to as active earth pressure.
c. The wall may be pushed into the soil retained (figure 4c). With sufficient wall
movement, a. The lateral pressure for this condition is referred to as passive earth pressure.

Problem: A Static Cone Penetration Test (SCPT) is performed in a cohesive soil to the depth
of 7.0 m with a tip resistance qc of 1 MPa and a friction ratio of 3%. The soil is intensive and
plasticity index of 15%. What is the undrained shear strength of the soil?
SOLUTION:
Given, SCPT has been done up-to 7.0 m. So, Considering, = 21 kN/m3;
Effective overburden pressure, v0 = h = [21*7.0] kN/m2 = 147 KPa.
Undrained Shear Strength, SU = (qt- v0)/Nkt
Where;
qt = qc corrected qc, for pore water pressure.
Nkt = Empirical Cone Factor. [See, Table 1.0]
[Note: The use of pore pressure corrected tip resistance (qt) is especially important in the case of soft clays,
where the measured pore pressure can be nearly as large as the measured tip resistance, thus the difference
between qc and qt can be significant.]
As, here it has been mentioned, the soil is intensive, then we may neglect the pore
pressure correction for tip resistance & we may consider, qt = qc.
As, Ip = 15%; Nkt = 8 to 16 (From Table 1.0).
Considering Nkt =10; SU = (qt- v0)/Nkt = [1 kN/mm2 * 104 147]/10 =
Table 1: Cone Factor Nkt

22 PLATE LOAD TEST

Figure 9: Plate Load Test Set-up

Plate load test is a field test which is commonly adopted to determine the bearing
capacity and settlement of soil under a given condition of loading.
 In this test a square or circular rigid plate of standard dimension (generally 300
mm2 for square or 300 mm dia for circular) is placed at foundation level and load is
applied in increments. Then settlement of the plate corresponding to each load
increment is recorded for calculating bearing capacity of soil.
The plate-bearing test has been devised to evaluate the supporting power of sub
grades or any other pavement layer by using plates of larger diameter. The plate-bearing
test was originally meant to find the modulus of sub grade reaction in the Westergaard's
analysis for wheel load stresses in cement concrete pavements.
TEST PROCEDURE
The test site is prepared and loose material is removed so that the 75 cm diameter
plate rests horizontally in full contact with the soil sub-grade. The plate is seated
accurately and then a seating load equivalent to a pressure of 0.07 kg/cm2 (320
kg for 75 cm diameter plate) is applied and released after a few seconds. The
settlement dial gauge is now set corresponding to zero load.
A load is applied by means of jack, sufficient to cause an average settlement of
about 0.25 cm. When there is no perceptible increase in settlement or when the
rate of settlement is less than 0.025 mm per minute (in the case of soils with high
moisture content or in clayey soils) the load dial reading and the settlement dial
readings are noted.
Deflection of the plate is measured by means of deflection dials; placed usually
at one-third points of the plate near it's outer edge.
To minimize bending, a series of stacked plates should be used.
Average of three or four settlement dial readings is taken as the settlement of the
plate corresponding to the applied load. Load is then increased till the average
settlement increase to a further amount of about 0.25 mm, and the load and
average settlement readings are noted as before. The procedure is repeated till
the settlement is about 1.75 mm or more.
Allowance for worst subgrade moisture and correction for small plate size should
be dealt properly.
Calculation A graph is plotted with the mean settlement versus bearing pressure
(load per unit area). The pressure corresponding to a settlement is obtained from
this graph. The modulus of subgrade reaction is calculated from the relation.
23 QUICKSAND

Quicksand is a condition and not a soil type. This condition is created in saturated
thick layers of loose fine sandy soils when disturbed either due to vibration, such as, from
pile driving in the neighborhood, or due to pressure of
flowing water (at the time of heavy pumping in
excavation).
The particles, in trying to achieve a closer
packing will force the pore water upwards and out at
the surface, and if this has sufficient velocity to cause a
flotation or boiling up of the particles, the sand particles
begin to move horizontally and get lifted up, the bottom
sand rising up and its space is occupied by the adjoining
particles, thus making a regular movement. The finer the
sand the more readily it is affected by a flow of water, especially if it contains a little clay.

24 GROUND IMPROVEMENT

Ground Improvement/Soil Improvement has been used on many construction sites

to densify granular material and reduce potential settlement or the susceptibility to
liquefaction and also to increase the shear strength & as well as, Bearing Capacity of the
soil.
BENEFITS/OBJECTIVES OF SOIL IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES
Increase of strength
Reduce distortion under stress (Increases stress-strain modulus)
Reduce compressibility (volume decreases due to a reduction in air voids or water
content under loads
Prevent detrimental physical or chemical changes due to environmental conditions
(freezing / thawing, wetting / drying)
Reduce susceptibility to liquefaction
Reduce natural variability of borrow materials and foundation soils

25 GEOTEXTILES

Geotextiles are permeable fabrics which, when used in association with soil, have
the ability to separate, filter, reinforce, protect, or drain.
Typically made from polypropylene or polyester, geotextile fabrics come in three
basic forms: woven (resembling mail bag sacking), needle punched (resembling felt), or
heat bonded (resembling ironed felt).
Geotextile composites have been introduced and products such
as geogrids and meshes have been developed. Overall, these materials are referred to
as geosynthetics and each configuration-geonets, geogrids, geotubes (such as
TITANTubes) and others-can yield benefits in geotechnical and environmental
engineering design.
Erosion control manuals comment on the effectiveness of sloped, stepped
shapes in mitigating shoreline erosion damage from storms.
Geotextile sand-filled units provide a "soft" armoring solution for upland property
protection.
Geotextiles are used as matting to stabilize flow in stream channels and swales.
Geotextiles can improve soil strength at a lower cost than conventional soil
nailing. In addition, geotextiles allow planting on steep slopes, further securing the slope.
In building demolition, geotextile fabrics in combination with steel wire fencing
can contain explosive debris.
Coir (coconut fiber) geotextiles are popular for erosion control, slope stabilization
and bioengineering, due to the fabric's substantial mechanical strength. Coir geotextiles
last approximately 3 to 5 years depending on the fabric weight. The product degrades
into humus, enriching the soil.

26 COMPACTION

Compaction is the densification of soil by removing air voids using mechanical

equipment.
The dense state is achieved through the reduction of the air voids in the soil, with
little or no reduction in the water content.
In general, soil densification includes compaction and consolidation.
Compaction is one kind of densification that is realized by rearrangement of soil
particles without outflow of water. It is realized by application of mechanic energy.
It does not involve fluid flow, but with moisture changing altering. Compaction is
the application of mechanical energy to a soil to rearrange the particles and
reduce the void ratio.
OBJECTIVES FOR COMPACTION
Increasing the bearing capacity of foundations;
Decreasing the undesirable settlement of structures;
Control undesirable volume changes;
Reduction in hydraulic conductivity;
Increasing the stability of slopes.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TESTS
Mechanical compaction is one of the most common and cost effective means of
stabilizing soils. An extremely important task of geotechnical engineers is the
performance and analysis of field control tests to assure that compacted fills are meeting
the prescribed design specifications. Design specifications usually state the required
density (as a percentage of the maximum density measured in a standard laboratory
test), and the water content. In general, most engineering properties, such as the
strength, stiffness, resistance to shrinkage, and imperviousness of the soil, will improve by
increasing the soil density.
The optimum water content is the water content that results in the greatest density
for a specified compactive effort. Compacting at water contents higher than (wet of)
the optimum water content results in a relatively dispersed soil structure (parallel particle
orientations) that is weaker, more ductile, less pervious, softer, more susceptible to
shrinking, and less susceptible to swelling than soil compacted dry of optimum to the
same density. The soil compacted lower than (dry of) the optimum water content
typically results in a flocculated soil structure (random particle orientations) that has the
opposite characteristics of the soil compacted wet of the optimum water content to the
same density.
SPECIFICATIONS OF THE TEST
Two types of compaction tests are routinely performed:
The Standard Proctor Test, and
The Modified Proctor Test.