sicaure been of is dvocay out pepe nore importantly b- se every othe ning view sos to sue om esate or pllpbial in Colle ea tat we tal ow day stow eu fem cary bout sconces ove in poopie! dessin of ‘thematic tobe el to prov, mathematical, te th of cme po ‘tion in the pileoply of mana, howe, appears Spabenty | see pce tho is Poni ozs Books! “he tration othe quotation fom Here at the woof 195i 1p Solomon Feferiasa, with the aitane of Marge Fea cli ai ere. ee Some basic theorems on the foundations of mathematics and their implications (1951) ‘Research nth ounations of mttesatio daring te past fo decades ‘ns produced ome ress which set eof nat, toy in hem sets but aloo with ged tothe iplntns forth tela pil. ‘ophical pobeas abost the nature of alberto. "The rls them. elves I below, ae fly widely known, tt nevertbles ft i ‘be ual prema them in otine net apnin, epi in view of te ‘et that, dp tothe werk of rariooe mates they hove en ‘tuck more ststciory form than they had had rigzally. The reatst ‘improvement was made posable ough the prec dation of com ‘pf iia procedure which play a decive rl het rc These fe several dirt mas of asvng at such a dfn, wih, however, Sead to exact the same nent. ‘The mot salary nay, fay pio, i that of redoing the oacept of Site procadue a tat of ‘Some ba heres on te feandtont 0s ‘machine with 6 fue sumber of pars, as hasbeen done by the Bish ‘onibematicin Tung. | As tothe phlowophial cnsequenn of he 2 ‘els under eoderatog, I dou't ink they have evr bean adequately ‘seus, o [me] only fst ben] taken notice "The miacalcin] been od acl ceed sud, one may evn ay, ae ony eileen pets fone bai a, whic ight cals! the ncompletty orient of mora, Thi fect le encountered in te snple form when the somal method i ppd, Sotto some ypotintian ductive atc sch av geomeley (where (he ‘athemotcan ean art only te cvdtional rth of the totes), bat tomathrnatic yroper tha tothe body of owe matical pope: ‘hone wish ld fn am sole sean, wibout any further hypoth ‘Thee snst ext propctons ofthis Md, becuse othoriss tere could rot ext any hypothe tore | ther. or example some Spee ‘bs ofthe aa ‘such end such anos re cused, ten soc and ev hoor ok ‘oust necosaly be tev in enable sans. Simi, any theorem of finite number theory, ach ae 2-42 =f, no doubt of the ‘Of couse, the tk of xiang mathematics proper dif fom the ‘ol onepton of axis ina the ame re nt airary, bat ‘ist becorect mothnatieal popastoay, aad marae vide thot root ‘There xo escaping the aecmaity of anruning sone sm ot Flo of nfernce at eideat thot poo, became the pool st Bare ‘ase starting pat. However, Ue te widely dng! owe o 0 the ‘enson of nthematics proper, ae 1 find The natin ae nites or eampi, ejet sme of aor and concep, wich thes ‘scknowidge suc a the low of excluded mid oth gaa count of "The phenomenon ofthe inex of mathematics? bowers, a ‘nays roma income frm, no matter what standpist © taba.” 50 Traigitsewel expan Ie forthe splot aad mort marl stant, Thich tales mathematics at, ithont curtaling iby ay ecm From ti standpeiat ll of mathematics rd aerate tbr. For example, tbe taemeat that te aniousof projective geomet imply ‘ertain thorn eas hat faet M of ements calle points and 1 ofvutoets of Af callsign iy the aus, han tho theorem aterm mah a te me aed ea eh rer a ave ge Senn nts06 (1981 bole for JY, M. Or, mention | another example, theres of mamber {hooty cas be aterpecied tobe an aston abot fate eta. So he peck lem at stakes thot of eiomatsing et theory. Now, if one attacks ie problem, the rls quite diferent fom what cae mould have expected, Estes of eng up vith fie auer of axiom io grommet, one 16 fced with an inti ere of acu, which cau be exaded Rater snd fartes, without any end being vio and, apparently, without any Dosbity of comprising al these atoms in ite ul producing the.* This comss about Uarough the arcamstanos tht, fone was o ave the partdoces of e theory witout bringing in someting ential extraneous to actual mathomstial procedure, th concept of st be sain in stepwise manner Tf, fr apie, we begin wit the integer, tat {he nite sets of epi Kind, we leo tthe ot of ntesere ad the ‘ous refering to thm ass ofthe Sst level) then the sta te ‘ot imagers with thar mason (ama ofthe emo level aed 0 00 fot ‘ny ft arta ofthe operation "sto? Next we hae the et ofall hese | sets ote oder Bat maw we an eal with tin exactly the ‘ame tanner as we dole with the a of itegers lore, hae comader the suet oft (ha ste ets of ede o) sod orm aoc abot ‘hel existence, Evidently this procedure an be erate jor in fat up to any teansfnie ordinal umber So it may be required as he next ‘tiom that the ierstion i pole for any dial, Ua for ay wre {yp blonging to some wellordered et But are wa and now? By no sseans. Forme have now a new operation of forming set, nal, fring ‘Stout of some atl st Aad soma welder ot By apy the ‘peration “et of tA ae mac tine athe wallrdoel st inten? ‘And, setting B qual to some welding of A, now we ex trate this ‘ew operation, and gan ero ato the trannies wl i {oa new operation agin, which we can teat a the sine may ads on ‘So the net step wl be to require chat any opeation predicag mt x ‘fe cam bo ated up to [any orinalmomber (hn a ont type of ‘wllordered st) But are wet ead now? No, beens te can Teg ‘Scie unde conatraton only imme at ee peed satus pope Tit ota lat inh omissions See ‘pint aero ‘scream n be ol poato fhe ve ct ey ape actos nn Ci selon mean tas sth pean at ot banal tha the cpio "por 4 we ste pmerao y eato t ste gitog hasten yf can th ced Ne is ea Siete peony chaae assay rd : Sime bask henson the odie sor ot only that the procedure just desabed canbe creed out with any ‘pectin, but tha moreover tere sould et & et eed with respect {it that i ope whi ha the property tat, tis procedure (i ay ‘opeation) ic apie vo element of hatin yee clement fis Sec You wl nbn think, tht wear sil ot at onend, nor can thee tr bean ea! to this prosedue of forng the scans, bees the Ye Formulation ofthe axioms up You cra stage give ao the next no, iis true that inthe mathomatcs of today the higher levee ofthis Hera hy are pecticaly never and TS cnet nay tt 0:0 of pee day ‘mathemati is contained nthe ret tree lee of thi rare So forall ‘Practical purpose ll of mathematics ean be rodeo omnia numberof Som, Homer | thse a mere store aceident, which i of pot face for questions of rip, Moreover is at altogether wel tat (his charater of present-day matemates ay have set todo with nother characie of tate slab to prove eran fudarental Choorems, such as, for exams, Riemann hypoth, inept of may ‘yous of eft. For tan be shows that th some or its of high vel intr oleracea by eo meas eon’ to these, Dt, onthe on tray, have consaqunes even forthe es, hat the beoy of nage ‘Tobe more exact, och of tase st thoiretel sins entail the tin ‘of cerain dphantie probiems whch ad beth undeiable onthe basis ‘tthe peeing acorn” The drghntine poems i quetion are of he flowing pes Le P28.) bea poh! wth sce in aya often and nm wri | 2-2 yi, ond conider {he weber = atthe uninouns andthe tries a prance te the prodien tr Has he eqution P= 0 intra tion foray gal ‘ler of the parameters ar are there itegrelwles ofthe paremeters for ‘ahich tis pation ha no fla saltons? T eth ofthe st thee {cir a certain polynomial P ae be asgnd, for wich the problem jst formaloted became decide oun tots ex. Te ven age be ‘chee thatthe dgrr of Pir not higher han j (The memati of foday bas uot yet ined to ake ure ofthe abort aoe for ‘he elution of nuber-eorical problems, exp forth aoe of the frst lev Those are actualy in anise number then Bot fot smarering number tory thsi demonstrably arent. Some kindof ig he, elo th lt ot sn gro» rh amity ‘teeta be thei pre Herve Be ae SS any qm bps ements net scope gi a ge ino oe nd rt EGRESS Te en een oe mn) a akse-theoreielnamber theory silo be dicowseed, mold crtally rec ‘eh father | ve tried wo far co expan the fact I call [hel iacompetabilty of ‘mathematics for one pater appdh othe fondations ef abemat ‘cs uamelyaxomaties of set theory. That, however, ths fs s eely Independent ofthe particular approach and mando conn appears om eran ery general theorems’ The fst of them tacoma spiy mat that, whatever wel dfned spate of enioe and rues af iference may te chove, ther aoys sit dphantine pollens of the type decal ‘hich ere andacdale by these aor and rls, ride nly ho fle Proposition ofthis Sige ae derable® I Tape ols wel dened eyes ‘feos and rule eo, tony meas tha It st be pore actly {0 write the axioms dow in sme presi formalist on tei amber fs infinite ite pocmdure for writing thom down one ater te ther ne ‘ye ven. Likewise the rule of infra ae to beeucthay given xy rons, either the ccncuson (by any one ofthe rls of ieee) can [be wten | down, ori can be ascertained tht thee exists immed ‘onelusion bythe rule of neence under consideration, This surement forthe ues ad axioms i equlot tothe requiem tha eal be ‘esha to build a Bate chine, i the presse sese of “Tut ioe which wil wate down al th consequences of he mia coe ae {he other. For this reason, the theorem dar concierto sequent 4 the fact tht thee exists no Sait prose forthe systematic decom ‘fal dipbantine robin of the type speci. “Te second theorem has to do wth the concep of from from co ‘radiction, For welded sytern of aoe and ule the question of their consiseny i of course lela welhdeied memati! queton. Moreover, nce the syubas and propositions of ny] ove focal ae tlnays arnt exert, everything oan be mapped nf) the neg, Sods plausible and in fare deanousese tat the question o eon fan always be transformed ito number tential qustion (to be ore fact, one ofthe ype described bore). Now | th there ay thet for any welbdefined stom of asioma ond ren, ta pride he proper ‘on wating their aomistenc (or Tar the sunt ember thereat Proposition ss undemonsrale fom tex eons and rls rove hese xls and rales ore conssen and eco derve ocean porto of iret fran eS ete eee eh "hae Pra ata dS fei yer ado, wth 8 loge ane tw ee recs Some Base threo he foundations 0 the ritistic aithmetic of inter. Tt thie thoocem which makes the Incompltabity of mathematic particulary event. Fo, i males i ie ‘esi tht someone should et ap a certain well-defined seen of atoms ‘nd rls and ensteteily ake the following avrion bout te Al of these axioms and rls I perive ,ath mathematical cere) to be eo rect and moreover I been hat they conta al of ademas, I some. one mes such stateanent be conta hime” Fr if be peeves the exoms under eomsdeation toe earch alto pereives (wise ‘samme cetlny) that eey ar consent Hence be as maternal | Insight net denvable em Me woms. However, oe hs fo be crf in er to understand clay the meaning ofthis state of aire Doe ta ‘hat no welldetined system of ence toms can cocina athatat- Sex proper? Tt dows, by mathematics proper is undertond the sya ‘ofl rue mathematica proportions does iy howere, fone under ‘ands by tthe system of ll demonstrable tbthenlial propositions, T hall distinguish thse two meaning of mealies ae seathematie ‘he objective and in the abjeesve sons Evelyn well dened ye tem of correct anims ean comprae al ff] obiectie satherntioy, sinc {he propeiton hich states the consistency of the sytem ett bu not ‘demonstrable Inthe system. However a to eubjcive nathomaic iis ‘not preclned that thre shoul ext it rae producing al ts eidet ‘sims. However, if ch a ul exit, we wth oar bua undead ‘oa tally never no Ito bes tnt, we cl never kao with ‘athena | certainty that al propsitions pro a comet ot In ober terms, we could pereniv oe tee oly ane ropa afer he er, for any te umber of them. The section, however, tht Oy sr al tre could at mnt be known with empires erty, othe ts ofa aiect number of instances oF by eter Seductive inference If |i tere mo, this would spean thatthe zi tind (the ren of pre 2:3 uy se “bale bsp ne th tesa eee? (oe ee pe il amet sre a Bs {re hie rh neg ceneing then oh ros) ms ae see ai Se om el a na "Sige mal cae hoch ce he ini fos ec in enn hig woods at ti see a ca Bas te rin ln ft nto fall mis plano od i © ikon a 2 Sta he pr eto arta peopl tie IS of tp ate ta ie pi aie ur te a nt) a aa nc ete Ge earl» em of enn ee a tatsoathematis) soqulalent to a Snite machine tha, however, unable to Understand completely it own functioning, Thi aay fot man) to ‘understand himself woul then wrongly appear to im site [¢he minds) bountlestnes or inexhausubliy. But ler, nota that it wee his ‘ould in no way derogate ftom the incompletabity of bv anna {On the contrary would only ma ¢ particle. Por the ‘nmao snd wee equalet to site machin hes objective mothe ‘ot only would be incomplete nthe et of uot Being Contaied Ia any well defn adomstie system, Bot moreover thee wou exis | bse ‘uty unsclvabediopatine probe of he type desi shen, where the epithet “absolute” ment cat sey mould be undeldble tut ‘ein some particular asiomaticestem, but by any mathe prot ‘he hums mind ea cncave. So the lowing dagjuative coli ot ‘vital: Biher maDhomais timate the ence, tats eden {sims ean never be comprivd in fie Fue tha fo cy, the homo rind (een itn the ra of pare mathmais) tfitly spaces the Power of ny ite machine, 0 ele thr eit abot! tse ioe ‘hentia problems ofthe ye see (hae theca that blir of {he disjunction are tro noe ed that there ae, stiey pecking, ‘tows ates). Its ths matbeatcllyetablnbed fact whieh eras {ote of pet pilophizal intr. Of coe, inthis connection Iti ‘of gent importance tat at lot ts fact eentizely independent of te ‘pecial standpoint tan toward the founda ofuathesatis ‘Thee i, however, oe resection to this Independence, samy, tbe ‘andpolnt taken sm: bo Harel eaough to admit propositions abot all Inter as meaningful Tf someane mere an rt fit Wat he meal ‘nian that only parila propantion of tho type 2 +2 = 4 belong mathematics proper, then the incompletaiity eootets would ot “te ett es cet we SS ‘tition (nwt the scandent eee ‘Patios wel Sate sp idence anne asec [Sit ate uaonrtod nthe bjetve ene ered ae mening ty Te ules ‘iter ame ey ty ah dint ee a i Mees ct ee (nar 0 3) sn ‘tanec prope ode es toe Tne cc ae eS Some atic harm on he oendatons m spply—at lat ot hie incompletbiity orem. Bat T don't think that uch an etude cold be naissined consent, becuse te by erat the same Kind of eidence cht me judge that 272 = and that «1 tha for any two Intepes 0,8. Moreover, this standpoint, in order toe onsitent ould have to exclude als eoonpts that rer to al iteges och as orto all formulas, such as “cotect prot by such and uh ule) and eeplace them wich other that apply only within some fate lomain of teers (or rls). es to be note, howoer, et aithooek ‘he rth ofthe dsunctive theorems ndependent of the tandpeat ata, the querton ao which alteratie holds teed wot be ladependen of i (See foozate [15]) 1 Tebisk now hove explined efit the mathematical aspect of the sltutiom and wan tun tothe plilesopbicl impetions OF cone ‘omsequenoe ofthe undeveloped state of pilnophy i ou days, you mist ‘ot expect thes Inferencs tobe dav with mathemati goa. ‘Coresponding to tho dlsjunctive for f the main there sbou the ‘incompitabiityof mathomatic, che pilsoplelinmpeatioas prima fe ‘ew be djunetive to; however, under eter aarntiv they ae vy decd oppovet to materialistic philosophy. Namely the Bt alterna tive lds, Us soem to mp ehat the working ofthe human mind eo ‘be reduce to the morhng ofthe bray bic to all eppenrance = na msehine with ite mumbo of parts, namely the aearons and their onnectiona: So apparetly one deivea to take some viele wewpoi ‘On the other band, the second atenatv, where there exist sbolstely ‘undeiable mathematiea!propsitons, seems to disprove the view thst ‘mathematic i only out omn eatlon | fr the erator aces haows A properties of his creatures, becas Uy can't have ay eters exe ‘howe be ba gion to them. So ti ateratve seme to np thst math tera objects and fact (or at lent something in tha) eit objets ‘hd Independently of ur esa sta ad deca, ha tony, eer ‘o imply] somo form or other ef Patong or “alsa” tothe matherail objects. Fs, the empirical nerpretation of mathematics tat the view that muthamatia facts ae spa ind of pial or py hoopeal fact, t20 aeurd to be sony maltlned (ase below) | Je isnot known whether tho fist alternative boi, bt aay Tab ‘in good agseeeat with the opinions of some of the lang ea Ia belt land nerve piso, who very deeded deny the omy of purely ‘necanste explanation of petal and nero procs, “A ar asthe sexo altepatve is cocered, one might obec tthe ‘umseeter not not neu knon ener property of wba! constr For example, would machines and sl cannot predic beavis ‘in evry detail But this objection i very poor. Fr wo don't cet he ‘achines oo of mothing, but bul thm out of ome gen atrial. the situation were similar 9 mathonatis, hen thie material oe ase fr our ‘structions would be something obittive ad woul fore some reais ‘viewpoint upon ws even if cera otar geaients of mathemati wee ‘our ow crston. Ts sae mod be tra If nou eeations we wee to ‘se some intent in us but efleen fom ur eg (euch sr "rea? Interpreted as someting Io a thinking meh). Foe mates! facts ‘oul hen (a east in prt) expres properties of ae netromen, whieh ‘eal ave an lective exten. ‘One may thirdly cbjce that the meaning of «propitionaboxt all Ines wince ii impel to very fr al fates oa iy, can, consist nly athe existence of general proof "Theeore, nt as a "Tees esan tesclalcit py tex cy cc dawn ‘he shai ape yobs ad ea bate eet ‘Eira bores nc ape ins sea eee ee ‘wove tbowt to eve a ater apd tly et oe "Sri th ve ht natant! bea he wa wih oko hse sre el dic om ppl ae eee oe ‘gn at aoc tat ama eta ire Con pal eke eae ‘Tica psc, opty aa tee sl tt {heaton the ruc aid “apy droop eg ‘Stowe Bereta pose Secret ey ‘emp Kowa bias nie wa thar nga somal ‘Feb cri ta my deus no ane trae ene Hh Sees ac i wy ry met ‘Slots hee tee nr my bt nc ops Some Se harms 0 he ovations a ‘undecdable proposition sbout al ctgers asthe sf oie weston is tue, Hence neither exreses an objectively existing but unknown propery ofthe ineger.| Tam at ina poston now to dns te pencil ‘weston a to whether Us opinion ie at all consistent eerily ok {if one must fst understand the meaning of popion before be ea ‘unertanda proof oft 0 tat the meaning of al eon not be died terms ofthe rneaning of “poo. But independently of tir pietcogis Investigation, T wish to poe ot that one may conjecture the truth of universal proposition (or example that Tall beable to vey «ota oper he any integer ven ams) and esa iw onjecare tat bo gmeral ro! for tact exe. Te ery to agi situations wich both these conjectures woul be vey wll ode. Hor the ft bal of ‘his would, for example be the ease the poposn in ques were some sali Fin) = G(e) of two smb roel functae which ‘ould be verifed up to wry gel usher no Moree, exactly a ‘he natal since, chistucio per nsneationer simp ls By mo ‘vans the cal indutive metiod eoucable im mathemati Tait ‘hat evry mnathnatican ae an inborn aertens to giving ore fon Juric sgniennee to uch inactive arguments [tli lowe, tha ‘hiss duc tothe voryprluden thet meshemaieal ots snow bre 0 ral existence. I mathematics desebes an abjeive wor jst Ue lyse, tee lo eon why indotive eto sould nt be appt in ‘athematis jst th ame as in pies. ‘The sti nt in atheros ‘il have ths same tue today thn in fre sce ha award Al enc, nantly, we ty to derive everyting Uy eoget pool oc te ‘dentine shat iin otalogeal terminology, rom te ese thing) Peshaps this method, It laine monopoly i ae wrong ln tater oo seas in pes ‘This whole consideration lnieatliy shows tat the philosophical i Dilation ofthe mathematica facts explained do oot be entry on the fide of ratonaltie or ideale phlosophy, but that in one rept hey favor te emplstwewpoise 2 | 1 ru tha only theses tern tive points inthis drcton. However, and thu ith tm P wool ike fo “icon es et eee tevin, bel noi ame oat 888 lacus now i sums to me cet the posophialconsions drawn a fer the second aheratve, in paticua,coueepual rai (Platonim), axe supported by modern deveopmants inthe foundations of athena Ue ab, inespectiay of which alternative olde The nin ergunents oting inte discon se oe obo the foUbwing. Fast of tf ‘athamatis were ur fe craton, jgnorance ant the objec we erent, ‘8 trom ight ail ogo, but ony though lac os le selaton ao to what erly have created (or, pring de tothe pce! dily vo complicated computation), ‘Therefore it mould have to dispeat {estas inp, although pring aot in prose) cso at a thio pero cearses Howe, tora devecpenats nthe foundations tf mathematics hae sccomplshed en insurmountable dere of oractont, but this Bae Relpedpractiely nothing for the slthon of sae problems. ‘Stony, dhe tivity of te mathematician shows very ite of the fre dom crestor shoud ea. Even for excl the aos soa noes ‘rere ae invention, ait ast be ested that tae mashematican fer be Has imagined he fist fw propertias of his objet, is at an end src his creative ably, and st in pston alo fo creat the vr Tei ofthe theorems at his wll If anything ike erention enn at wn ‘atematic then wnt any thot does exactly to rt the fee dm of eeation That, weve, which rstrets it met evideaily et lndependeaty of the creation ™ ‘Thirdly if mathematical objets ae our creation, then eidetly at rsa snte of ntepts wl ave to be to dierent cretion, the ist of ‘hich doesnot necsote tho seo However, i oder to prove carla ropes about itogr, tho enaap fst of ateges i econ. 80 bie inode fd ont wbat properties we hae | ven ocartain object fou imagination, re] mt Sat ern certain other ott vary fteange situation Idec cache lice terion ee ey ra ‘ener, Nor dos ao a a thes oe Se ceoe ete Coe SENT Sipe Set ane abu sit mec fet SS Pal pn ec ston tp eer tego sede si) oe aan ‘Pine rafeon] stan Tht Eu aon en ono Se ‘soon ne tn Sure sc hero he owndatons as ‘What 1 phase] co fr as been formulated i tens of the rather ‘gus concept of “oe eration” of sos lento There eit temps {orgie « moe precise meaning to thi term Howovt, thi only as the ensoqunce tat also the deproaf ofthe stadpoat ln gusto becom Ing more procs ad cgi. I would ke 0 show thin deta fo he ae reds and whe same tine cet rail, oreltion ha hs bem gen Sofas, Ii that whieh | Imerprets mathematical proptiogs sx expres Ingéelely eatin aspects of react! (or ngs) ® avons, ha, ft he cin tt tay arin Wt oe {poly egrets ayo oases eer ac eh of ‘Rotts ber te hoo net tg ees eae apt ops ine st ml etn a te tafe ce et ‘Satay Th beer ele ost Vs yee ian (Sikes we mr earth) nd py nner open es {ooh the a Space halo a eign va ‘Siesta in, oan sarc ee tg eto ESSE fic am nwa rt Ht et cance po cope eae ar agunsetrereaceas ere pe as a ee Shy Sen hte he ath hn indi yh an Pu ‘fcr ob sted tn emanate Picasa Qk serge ata ee os eben tet f cates ‘Siena ane he rma fs wed by aso ane (Pom Gir ce The nt Sage a he ate woe ofthe st esa 7 Te rele nas as eeLey spy repost part of thee conventions Asiaing to thie view, ‘atieratiel propesitions, duly anay2e, sas tar out to be a vid ‘of conant a, for example, che rater Al wales are howe", Ev ‘ybody wil gre tbt this propation dows ant expen ty aol ‘oF other dbjotve fact, but (ater it trth doe solely to le isu ‘ance that we chow ous the eo stalion” aan abbreviation fo "ale hore. Now by far the most common type of spaboiesoventons ae einisions (ther expt or ental, sb the ler however must be ‘ch as Yo talo lt pole to eliminate the tert fed i any context [whee i occur). Therefore the simplest version ofthe view in quer ‘on would consi nthe erin Unt mathemati peopeions ae toe solely oving tothe dainton ofthe terms oocusing inthe hay tet > suceueyrplacg al tars by thi dein, ay there canbe edad oan exc tautology «=a. (Note that oa thst be edad ‘6 tui dations ae amit, for one may den b by = ad then, ming to this deiiton, replace bby a this equal) But now flows Alzery fom the theorane sation before at auch a etaction to ox pli aatlogiesisimpossbie,Fort would immediatly il mecha ‘rocedure fr deciding aboat the tthe aoood ferry mate ‘ropition. Such s procedure, bomovr, annot exit ot even fo met ear. This dspoot, ts tru, ears only tothe simple | version of (aominaisse) standpoint. But the more refined one doo are any be ‘te: The weaset tfamant that at lent wosld haw tobe desonstea,ia order that eis view concealing th tautoogieal character ef mathematics ‘be tenable isthe flowing: Every danonstrale mathematical propestion an be deducod from te ul aout the tut nnd aatood of eter ‘loos (tar, withost axing or knowing ating ele excep these als) Sol the nigaios of demonstrable nthewatical popes cannot be fe derived In preiely format languages, ech re chat res ‘which siplate under which condone a pea setence tae) crc a esos fr determining the meaning of wetences. Moreover i all ows Tanguages there are propositions wich seu tobe tye oming to ht rls alge For example funtion snd negation ae introduced y thse fae 1) pq ie trom a eet one ofits terms is tr, and 2) Mp iste pi ot tru, z Bite ie ce aa es coment, Nowe, Be ay ae eg Some bse herent on te femndtons % ‘hen it esl allows rom these ras | that p Vp ie always trv wh ‘ver pay be. (Proposons so deal recalled title) Now ictal, chat forthe symbols of mathematical log, with tas ‘howensrnatical rls, tbe wut of the mathematical suo i dea ¢ from thee ros” howver (an thi ete get sling bled), i ths dkiston the mathematical and loge oanceps and sions thence: nus be wed in special aplication namely, a refering to syble, co ination of symbol, sets of muck cmbintions, ete Heace ts theory, = FR wants to prove the taxtlgial arate of he mathematical es ‘mus st afsume thie axioms to be tre So wile te oral is this viewpoint was to uake te tru of he mathematic! some unde: standable by showing thal they are tautology i ends up with just te Sppaste, st She trith ofthe ase ft be armed andthe {ean be shown tat ina cutably chose language, | hey are aslo: Moreover, «snares hoe good forthe tatheatel ences ‘hat I tstad of beng able ode thir meaning by means ee onvations, ant must st ksow this mening i cde onda ss ‘ytactial conventions In qustion othe prod ia hry ply the mat ‘Batcal some but act thir gations. Now, of cous, cea te this Slaboration ofthe nominal view dors not ste the euement ta on pago [257], because notte aytactie rule an, tal abst | addon is usd in the deratioa But moreover, thie elaborson omialem would yield a ousight igprof of (mst cones Text Picture any better depron of this vew than this prot of), provioe {atone thing could be added, naa, st the osteome deere i oidable (that Sadependone ofthe parialse symbolic language 2: Interpretation of athena chosen). Now It snot erally thie Wat = bo proved, bt something 20 slow to i that I ls elem to disper ‘he! vow in quaon. Namely flows the mettheoree ere that a prot for the tauolagial character (na tale language) af te ‘mathematic aos it he steele a poo or thee coms, o. unot be achieved with ater reas of pro than are caain ‘hese axous Umslves, ‘This dee not mean tha llth anon ofa gies system mst be used ints oniteny pool On the contrary, ual sims Tring outside the sytem whi are aeceeary make it pose38 est 961 pense wth some of the axons ofthe system along they do oti Ply the Inte) However, what fom ith practical cxf tt ‘td 9 prove the consisteney of can! number ther) and fern? Lage sms) tin direct ood the ett ‘sions refering to them) mst be uo, where “bea ens once hich do ot refer to sng objects” of wich sys ae-0 ape ind ‘Tha alnrect concepts however, are cry ot syncs Tt cater ‘owe whose juntifestion by syste! eonadeations should be the nia ‘sk of sina. Hone i follows tat thee exis no atone ec ‘ation of our precritcal bef concreing the acy and ems of clstal mathematies (nore te andoroet level meer thay) oe the bai ofa spacial tnterriation Tes tue that ts sate de ‘aot apply to certnasubeystes of claial mathematic, which may een outa some pat ofthe tmry of the abstract concepts refered to, Ta {his se, nominal ean point to some patil sucraes Fort fs 2 ‘uly pits to bace the axioms of thew sytem purely yatta ‘nsideration. Ta thie manner, for example, the tae the cones of 'al” aod thee i refring to Sntegee cane Juste (tat I reed consistent) by means of yatctieal considerations, Homever,for th met ‘qzctil mumbeccheoreic axiom, complete intorion, such tutta oundation, eve within the tints which te pb eves a ja ‘ation of ur reritical baie Sosa this axe ff ins tebe sed ia CPS i ti ee Sr they ng he se xed See itice ‘Serhan ono, ro at sat Sitemap la raat Se ony a TTA a wa ‘tly tn ea Gt) a a a cob Some bss Berson te foundations a {in the aystactial considerations ™ The ft tht the mote modest yo in the ations for which you want to getup tatologal interpreta: ‘theless of mathesatics you bod in ode tod ty as the conse {hat aly you boone co mode ar to | alse pure to some fe domain, for example to to integers wp to 10D, then the mathematics ‘ropoiins vai ia thi el canbe a interpeed o to be eas oh nthe strictest eas, Us i edie oe tatoos by es of the exit definitions ofthe terme. No wonder, been the sec ‘f mathemati bocamary for the pron of th consistency a this fs "mathematics contained already inthe thoy ofthe fn combiaao = ‘proces which are neusary in oder t rede formato an ex tautclogr by substations. This explain te weliaow, but mises {et that formas ie 5+ 7 = 12 en, by mage of een deition, | 22 ‘lac toes tasslgies. Thi fetching ale ‘the reason that inthe rdactlos (if they ar to be inereted os sas= fulttutions ofthe denies for the dasieadum on the ns of exp inion), to + is ot identical with ee edinary +, became tea eine oly for Hite umber of arguments (by th eration oi. finite number of ease). Ion tho other hand, + i dened context {hen one his totus the cont of Site mand sadly a te roa © 242 4A similar delay alo ooo lathe prot that p Vp {ontology because disetion aad negton, in th ative moans ‘videstiy ocr in. | ‘The exsenc of his view i that cre exits no such thing as maths sata fat, that the truth of propositions whic we bev exe a ‘suai fais only means that (eto the rather completed rales wis Aine the meaning of propzltiony, that i, which determine der wi ciroumstanes a given proposition trae) ani running of language o- sin these propos thot the aid ues a hen ma ‘what the acs ae. Such prepoitone cau ightlybe called of ces Now i [] scaly poasle to buld up language in whieh mathematic ‘esposlons are wid of conten inthis suse The only tobe that one ha to we the vey same alate! fa (ov equav0 ost 988 ‘complicated other mathemati facts) in onder to show that they ‘ont ena 2. Dat by the method, f«dvisin of th empl facts into two Dave, and Be given such tt plo othing ia 4, «language ‘an be construttd in which the propositions expressing B woud be ‘oid f conten And yar opponent were to sa: "Yona sea ly dacegarding certain obrble fact 2", cue nay saree "You faze dang the same thing, fr exatpl with he ay ef complete ie ‘duction, which 1 peeve obo tue onthe bai of my eadetanding (chat percept) ofthe concep fate." |, Honeer, i soums to me Uae severe op ingredient of this wrong ‘oor of mathanatia truth perecty amet and realy dicen the love mare of mathemati, Naty it eamect tht a matbemateal ‘propesition says necing about the pial er pepehical realty existing [npece and tina, bce [eu lead oving to oeanlng af te ‘ema ocuring in iepoctivety othe mor fel thay What i ‘wrong, however is that the mroning of te tars (at, the conor ‘hey dooce) saad to be something man-made sod consaing eel {semantic conversions, The tral I bai, that thse coven form sh objective realty of thoi om, which we caaaot erste or cag, bu ‘only paesive and desea" "Therefore a mathematical propesitin, tough dows nt sy anything lout space ne rel sill may have avery stl ceive cates, fofar a it | cay something abot relatos of concpts, ‘The exten of ‘oo “tautlogcal” elation betwen the coowp of tates spears rans (Shh Re aah i ear nl Sepa OS ee Eine ha taceg Sse a ae eS ict ei Sie omni i hy et ‘mena ttt nth id ee ee ‘et bcs th see eae man ce Peete ed eeepc Saas settee rape a Sime base are o he foundations Es ‘bow ll inthe eizcamstanc that fr the pimiive tena of mathe ‘om mast be sated, which ae by noua taoge in the ses ‘ing in ny way reducible toe = 0, sil fellow rota he acai: of he priv terms unde cnskeraton. Ror example the baie to fr ater, axiom sem forthe concept a ofa au that gies A welideied property of integer (that propasitional expeesion =) ‘rich an integer variable), there exists the et Mo there neg we Tv the property. Now, camsring the ccuustance that may el? contain the term "et of ints", we have bee ares of atria ‘some about the concept of ext | Newrteles, thee anemo> ‘oreneatone resis show) cant be mde to anything cuba: ‘Supls, It slooe to explicit tautologis. Ii true that thse woos axe valid owing to she meaning of the tena “ee™—one might even any he xpre the very meaning ofthe tam "Bel"—and therefore they mig? Disney be elle analytes bowover, the term "atoll", hat dec ‘of conteat, for them sentry out of place, because even the aero of he ‘xistnce of cop fet saisyng thee eo or Ue consistency "hse coms) ic fa rom bung empty tat ennnct be pov wit: ‘gain ing the concn fot to ome other abort once of [o site nature ‘Of course ths psticalar argument is dares oly to mathematicians ‘who ail tho general coneape of ot im mathematics pope. For iti Ihowoer, tery the sume argument could be alleged fc the concep of Integer aod the aom of eapleninveton. Fo, the general concep of se not ated in mathematics prope, then corplit duction as: be aera a a wo ‘Tish to rept that “onal here does not mean “true owing tao: efnitions, bat rather “ru wing to the nature ofthe coups oct: [theron conrosinction vo true owing to the properties a the be Ivor of things"- This eoncep of analyte wo fr fom meaning “2 of cotet” that te pertcly pombe hat anatase propecia ight ‘be undeidabie (oe decidable nly with [x orto] probity), | Far, cus ‘nome of the word of cneepts may be as linited and itompete 22 {hat of [te] word of thing. Ils cera udenine that tie owed, In eartain cane ot only i incmplets, but even nditinct, This ous ‘in the parades oferty, which ae quently alleged me dino f Platonism, bat think, quite unjust Our veusl perceptions sme tines conteadit our taco pcceptons fr exazpi in the eae of ro Jmmersd In water, bat nobody im hie right lad! wil coocude xe this fact tat the our eed doe not exit. have purpcely spoken of tro separate worl (eb wild ings an of coneps), Deetse Ido aot Unk tant Arstotainn reali eooeding fo which concept ae parts or sepect of thing) i table 1" Ofcourse To not hie that the foregoing considersions stout te4 real proof of thie view about the mature of mathematics The meet T could tert would be to lave eiproved the nominate view, which ‘votiders mathematics to consist sly in sytactia eomretons sod thet ‘imboquence Morenver, Ihave added soe stag aguseate sgnios ‘tho more gauaral view that mathematics sour owa eesion, Tire ae, however, ether altrative to Plaonim, in partir pylon nd ‘Aiton realign. [fdr tablish Platonistie rot, thee tect woul veto he disproved one after Ue ole, and then would hae £0 ‘be shown that they sehen all posable Tm notin 2 potion vo do this now; however, 1 would le {ose some indlestons slang tive lines ‘One poosbe fo of paycolginn sit that mathemsics Lavette ‘elsions of concepts and that eanerps cannot be created st our wily bt fe given to as 2 ely, whi | we cannot chang; however, coeds hat thes ences ace only pays dispoxtons, tat tt they ff nothing ut, 2 speak, th wheels of our thinking machin. Tbe ‘more exact, concept would const inthe depen 1. to ave a oartain mental experonce when we think oft 2 to pats cetnn judgements (ot hae certain experince of leet nowledge) about fee rltons to other concep and to piel bets 7 "The esence ofthis aycboloitic vow i tha the ce of sathematcs is ‘nothing but the pejelogcl Ins By which thought, coun at 90 ‘x ona in wn thocame seas ae the objec of anthro peony lee Lams Uy wich emotions cru nuts ie cbjeticn fo thi vie Tae se tthe present mont ha if twee comet, wo Would ave no tatheratial Inowldge whatsoever. We would mt know, fr expe, tht 2-42 = 4 but ony that our mind isan consitted sto bold hs to be tru, and chore would then be no rasa winteveves hy, by come ‘tbe tris of thous we soa tot ative at the pas | conon ‘with the same degre feet eoes mboove nme bat thee ie Some domain, however sal, of mathemati popes whieh we know tothe tr cannot scope vow [Tam tndee the inpresion tat after mien claificaon oft cone ‘pt in gueton tw be puso condo the cans with nah ‘tatcligour and tat th ult ten wl be ha ender a sump tons which can badly be dese fn price theessampon that thee ‘evita ll Something Uke mathematical knowledge) the Pleas ew Sime asic harms on he ovations ra {the only one tenable, Thereby I mean the view that mathematics de teresa nom consusl realty, which ex dependenty oth of the a= ‘od [ol] the dipetion of the baman mad and only perceived, 2 Probably perceived very incompletely, by tho bunan mind This view Father unpopala among mathanetciane thee ex, however, st ge ‘Dathematilans who have adbere tt. For example Hermite once = the lowing serteace: | esses jena me trompe, tout un onde qu et Yenserble es vil mathdmatique, dane lagi nos avons atte que pat latellgence, comme erste le monde des rit physi Fun of Taste lndépendants de nom, toar deur de eaion vine [There xcs, unos T am mistaken, an eatie world ing of to toa of mathemati! ths, which acer ‘ble to only through our teligecs, just ther exist the ‘ror of physi reali each one Independent of ws, bot them divinely ceste | 30 Detour ip 12. The pg utd contin a lms un soln tc ct de be ene ea Scam ein Pager aan fed oe et cly as Fi ett ots Star's mae Por gn he ‘Sepet hese lg wes ut py hat ‘ute taal ban sot er] ‘erty sac Pini oma ly oxen sda es