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INTRODUCTION
PROTECTION SYSTEM
C.T. ERRORS
C.T. RATIO
.. Contd.
3
NUMBER OF CORES
OTHER APPLICATIONS
4
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
CONVENTIONAL TRANSFORMER & C.T.
CONVENTIONAL TRANSFORMER CURRENT TRANSFORMER
DRIVING FUNCTION - VOLTAGE DRIVING FUNCTION - CURRENT
!P !P
!S
!S
EXAMPLE
5
IE
BURDEN
IM IC NP NS ES VS ( METER
RELAY ETC.)
IP
FIG. : 1B
PHASOR DIAGRAM OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER
V
IPNP IPNP
$
IM NP : COMPONENT OF PRIMARY AMPERE
ICNP IENP TURNS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE
IMNP
#
THE FLUX.
VS IP NP : COMPONENT OF PRIMARY TURNS
ISNS REQUIRED TO NEUTRALISE
ISRS
SECONDARY AMPERE TURNS ;
ISXS
# : FLUX ES OPPOSITE ISNS.
IPNP IPNP
IENP
#
ISNS 0.98A
2000/1
!EX=20mA
9
2000 A
!E !S = 0
!P
IM IC NP NS ES
d# d#
EP = NP ---- ES = NS ----
dt dt QUIZ
11
1 2000
ANIMATION
12
C.T. ERRORS
RATIO ERROR
INFLUENCING FACTORS
13
I PN P
IPNP
I CN P IENP
#
IMN P
VS
ISNS
ISRS
ISXS
ES 15
RATIO ERROR
DIFFERENCE IN THE MAGNITUDE BETWEEN PRIMARY
CURRENT & SECONDARY CURRENT REFLECTED ON THE
PRIMARY.
( KNIS - IP )
RATIO ERROR = --------------- x 100
IP
WHERE,
KN : RATED TRANSFORMER TURNS RATIO
IP : ACTUAL PRIMARY CURRENT
IS : ACTUAL SECONDARY CURRENT WHEN IP IS FLOWING
UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF MEASUREMENT
IPNP IPNP
IENP
ISNS
17
COMPOSITE ERROR :
18
ERRORS - INFLUENCING FACTORS : 0.99A WM:2.5VA
2000/1
INCREASED BURDEN CL:1.0, 5VA > 2.5V
2000A Iex=10mA
" INCREASED SECONDARY
%RATIO ERROR = 2000 X 0.99 - 2000
VOLTAGE TO DRIVE THE 2000
SECONDARY CURRENT. =1%
ADDITIONAL
HENCE, INCREASED BURDEN
EXCITING CURRENT WM VARM KWH
2.5VA 2.5VA 3VA
ERROR INCREASES. 2000A 0.975A
2000/1
C.T. SATURATION CL:1.0, 5VA > 8V
CHARACTERISTICS Iex=25mA
NOT SUITABLE
%RATIO ERROR = 2000 X 0.975 - 2000
2000
19
= 2.5 %
2000/1
" EXCITING CURRENT WILL Iex=30mA
500/1
22
RATED PRIMARY CURRENT : IP
RATED SHORT TIME CURRENT FOR 1 SEC
(b) IP > IB : --------------------------------------------------------------- (PREFERRED)
150
SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT THROUGH THE C.T. CAN BE MAX. 150
TIMES THE RATED C.T. PRIMARY CURRENT FOR 1 SEC.
e.g. CT RATIO = 500/1 :
IST = 150 x 500 = 75000A FOR 1SEC
ACTUAL SYSTEM FAULT LEVEL : 50kA FOR 1SEC,
HENCE, CT OF 500/1 IS OK.
50,000
MINIMUM IP (PRIMARY RATING ) = = 333
150
IP > 400 A 23
SELECT
THE HIGHER CURRENT OF THE TWO VALUES (!A OR !B),
SHALL DECIDE PRIMARY CURRENT RATING.
THIS WILL ENSURE ROBUST CONSTRUCTION OF THE C.T.
CASE
!F > 150 x !P (CT PRIMARY CURRENT)
! IN CASE FAULT CURRENT (IF ) IS LARGER THAN 150 TIMES THE
RATED PRIMARY CURRENT, THEN SHORT CIRCUIT WITHSTAND
TIME WILL BE LESS THAN t2 SECONDS AS GIVEN BELOW :
1502 !P2
t2 = ----------
! F2
" THE FAULT SHALL BE CLEARED WITHIN t2 SECONDS
24
TO AVOID C.T. DAMAGE
EXAMPLE
" C.T. RATIO = 200/1,
25
26
RATED SECONDARY CURRENT
IF C.T. LEAD GOES OUT OF THE SWITCHGEAR, 1AMP. CT
PREFERRED.
EXAMPLE
C.T. LOCATED IN SWITCH YARDS OR OUTDOOR
SWTCHGEAR & C.T. LEADS TAKEN FOR WIRING TO
RELAY PANELS LOCATED IN CONTROL ROOM FAR
AWAY, LEAD RESISTANCE HIGH.
HENCE, 1A C.T. PREFERRED
!RATED = 16,166 A
CT_ PRIMARY_CURRENT RATING : 20,000 A
20,000 / 1 A 20,000 / 5 A
NT = 20,000 NT = 4,000
NO_OF_TURNS & VERY HIGH NO_OF_TURNS & LESS
SIZE & TOO BIG SIZE & COMPACT
EXCEPTION: 165 MVA, 10.5 KV, 9,073 A & CLP POWER & SIEMENS
28
CT RATIO: 13,000 / 1 / 1 / 1 A
ACCURACY LIMIT FACTOR (A.L.F.)
WHAT IS A. L. F. ?
RATIO OF LARGEST VALUE OF CURRENT TO C.T. RATED
CURRENT, UPTO WHICH C.T MUST RETAIN THE
SPECIFIED ACCURACY .
20kA
20 X 1000 = 20,000. 29
V !S
31
YES [ ] NO [ ]
ANSWER
33
NOTE :
IF THE ACTUAL BURDEN < 5 VA ,
3 TS
1.0
Time in sec
0.7
0.5
10 0 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
10 -1
10 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 20
Current (PSM) FIG-SPAJ-NI
2RL = 2'
20kA
37
BIAS SCHEME
RCT1 RCT2
RL RL
RELAY
RR
RL RL
38
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION SCHEME
HIGH IMPEDANCE SCHEME
BASED ON THE CONSERVATIVE PREMISE THAT
CTs ON ONE SIDE OF OBJECT PERFORM
PERFECTLY FOR AN EXTERNAL FAULT
BUT THE CTs ON THE OTHER SIDE ARE COMPLETELY
SATURATED
IF
RCT1
~ RCT2
RSTAB
39
RCT1
~ RCT2
RSTAB
40
HIGH IMPEDANCE SCHEME
C1 C2
IF
~ RCT2
RCT1 RL1 RL3
RSTAB
VF
R
RL2 RL4
C.T. DESIGN
CT1 CT2
IF
CT 1 HEALTHY
~ RCT2
CT 2 SATURATED RCT1 RL1 RL3
RSTAB
TOTAL OHMIC BURDEN OF R
CT1 CT2
!F
~ RCT2
RCT1 RL1 RL3
VKNEE > VREQUIRED
RSTAB
> !F ( 2 x RCT + 4 x RL ) VF
R
RL RL
44
BIASED DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION FOR TRANSFORMER
500 / 1 1000 /1
~
45
HT SIDE : LT SIDE :
5000 5000
! RATED = ------------ = 438 A ! RATED = ----------- = 876 A
%3 x 6.6 %3 x 3.3
CT RATIO = 1000 / 1
CT RATIO = 500 / 1
5.0
LT_FAULT LEVEL = --------
! F = 20 x 500 0.07
= 10 kA OR 25 kA = 71 MVA
= 12.5 kA
CHOOSE ! ! F = 20 x 1000
F = 10 kA
= 20 kA OR 12.5 kA
CHOOSE ! F = 12.5 kA
FURTHER DETAILS
46
HIGH IMPEDANCE SCHEME
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
INPUT DATA 2000 2000
1 1 IF
" CT RATIO = 2000 / 1 AMP ~
" RCT1 = RCT2 = RCT = 6 ' RL1 RL3
RCT 1 RCT 2 10 kA
" RL1 = RL2 = RL3 = RL4 = RL = 1 ' 6' 6'
RSTAB
" PRIMARY FAULT CURRENT = 10 kA
VF
RELAY BURDEN = 1 VA R
FIND
KNEE POINT VOLTAGE OF CT ( KPV)
47
RCT 1 RCT 2
RELAY PRIMARY PICK UP = 200 A IF
CT RATIO = 2000 / 1
~
RL1 RL3
RELAY PICK UP SETTING = !PU = 0.1 A
RST + RR = VF / !PU = 40 / 0.1 = 400 ' RST
VF = 40
" RELAY BURDEN = 1 VA R RR
RR = 1 / 0.12 = 100 ' RL2 RL4
RST = 400 - 100 = 300 '
RCT1
~ RCT2 RCT1
~ RCT2
10kA
5.0 4.9 5.0
RR R RR R
50
WHY !EX < 30 mA ?
ERROR IN TRANSFORMATION IS DUE TO ONLY EXCITING CURRENT
LEGACY FROM THREE WINDING TRANSFORMER
S1
P P
S2
30 mA 30 mA
30 mA
! *
OC 90 mA
51
CLASS PS CT
!EX TO BE SPECIFIED AT VK / 4 or VK / 2 ?
!EX - NOT OF SIGNIFICANCE DURING FAULTS
VOL
VK / 2
IEX2 ) 30 mA
IEX4 ) 10 mA
VK /4
AT VOL < VK / 4 IEX < 10 mA
CONSERVATIVE DESIGN
ACTUAL TEST VALUES
IEX4 IEX2
EX_CURRENT .
53
CT EXCITATION CHARACTERISTICS
ACTUAL TEST RESULTS
CT SPECIFICATION
RATIO: 1000/1 KPV > 160 V
CLASS: PS !EX < 30 mA @ VK / 2
APPLICATION: REF
CT EXCITATION CURRENT
IF CURRENT COMPARISON INVOLVES ONLY TWO CTS
AND MINIMUM PICK UP SETTING IS 0.1 A,
FOLLOWING SPECIFICATION IS ALSO ACCEPTABLE
!EX < 45 mA @ VK / 4
APPLICATION: GENERATOR
MOTOR
TWO WINDING TRANSFORMER
56
METERING CLASS
C.T.s INTENDED TO SUPPLY INDICATING INSTRUMENTS,
INTEGRATING METERS (ENERGY METERS)
SPECIFICATION
METERING CLASS
INSTRUMENT SECURITY FACTOR(I.S.F)
SIGNIFICANCE.
!M > 0.99 A
6.6 kV
MPR
61
NUMBER OF CORES
62
C.T.s < 36 kV VOLTAGE CLASS
63
MAXIMUM 5 CORES 1
CORE - 1 : METERING.
2
CORE - 2 : OVER CURRENT &
EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
3
CORE - 3 : BUS DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
e.g. MAIN BUS
4
CORE - 4 : BUS DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
e.g. CHECK BUS
5
CORE - 5 : DISTANCE PROTECTION
64
LIST OF PARAMETERS FOR C.T. SPECIFICATION:
FOLLOWING DATA REQUIRED FOR THE COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
NO.OF CORES
C.T. RATIO
RATED BURDEN
METERING
ACCURACY CLASS
I.S.F.
GENERAL PROTECTION CLASS
ACCURACY CLASS
A.L.F
SPECIAL (PS) PROECTION CLASS
C.T. SECONDARY WINDING RESISTANCE
KNEE POINT VOLTAGE
65
EXCITING CURRENT
OTHER APPLICATIONS
SUMMATION C.T.
66
SUMMATION C.T. :
TO OBTAIN SUM OF CURRENTS FLOWING IN DIFFERENT
CIRCUITS
MAJOR APPLICATIONS IN TARIFF METERING..
FIG. 5.
3, REPRESENTATION FIG. 5A
SPECIFIED [ (1) + (1) : (1 ) ]
CASE -1 : MAIN C.T. RATIOS IDENTICAL
CASE 2 : MAIN C.T. RATIOS NOT SAME.
MAIN C.T. RATIO SUMMATION C.T.
CKT-1 CKT - 2 PRI.WDG- 1 PRI WDG -2 SEC WDG
TURNS TURNS TURNS
CASE-1 1500/1 1500/1 N N 2N
FIG. : 5
SUMMATION CURRENT TRANSFORMER
68
FIG-5A SUMMATION CT : 3 CONNECTION
R 130
Y
B TO METERING PANEL SUMMATION C.T.
CB1 1+1+1 : 1
4Cx2.5sqmm
LK-1 R1
R1 Y1 B1
1500/1
CL 0.5 LK-2 R2
5VA
R LK-3 R3
Y
B Y1
LK-4
CB2 4Cx2.5sqmm TRIVERTOR
LK-5 Y2 METER
R2 Y2 B2
1500/1
CL 0.5 LK-6 Y3
5VA
R
Y LK-7 B1
B
CB3 4Cx2.5sqmm LK-8 B2
R3 Y3 B3
1500/1 LK-9 B3
CL 0.5
5VA PT SUPPLY
69
CAD REF.: D:\TRAINING\GSFC\DRAWING\FIG-5a FD NO.: 323
145
SUMMATION C.T.
NO. OF TURNS ON EACH PRIMARY WINDING OF
SUMMATION C.T. IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE
RESPECTIVE FEEDER RATIO.
P1 T1 / 1 T2 / 1 P2
T1 = T2 = 750
N1 = N2 = N ; N3 = 2N
I1 I2
" P1 = P2 = 750 N1 N2
& I1 = I2 = 1
I3
& I3 = (N+N) / 2N = 1 & 1500 A N3
I1 N1 + I2 N2 = I3 N3
" P1 = 750 , P2 = O;
& I1 = 1, I2 = O
& I3 = N / 2N = 0.5 & 750 A
71
SUMMATION C.T :
P1 T1 / 1 T2 / 1 P2
I1 I 2
N1 N2
I3
N3
I1 N1 + I2 N2 = I3 N3
72
"CASE 2 : MAIN TRANSFORMER TURNS RATIO NOT IDENTICAL
"T1 = 1500 , T2 = 750
P1 T1 / 1 T2 / 1 P2
"FOR INCORRECT SUMMATION :
N1 = N2 = N ; N3 = 2N
I1 I2
"P1 = 1500, P2 = 750 & I1 = I2 = 1
N1 N2
SUMMATION C.T :
T1 / 1 T2 / 1
P1 P2
I1 I 2
N1 N2
I3
N3
I1 N1 + I2 N2 = I3 N3
74
"FOR CORRECT SUMMATION T1 = 1500 T2 = 750
P1 T1 / 1 T2 / 1 P2
N1 = 2N, N2 = N ; N3 = 3N
75
SUMMATION C.T :
T1 / 1 T2 / 1
P1 P2
I1 I 2
N1 N2
I3
N3
I1 N1 + I2 N2 = I3 N3
76
SUMMATION CT SPARE CORE : OPEN OR SHORTED?
SPARE
!1 N !2 N !3 N
3N
!4
77
( I1 N + I2 N ) = I4 3N
I4 = 0.667 & 1500 A & CORRECT VALUE
78
CONCLUSION : KEEP THE SPARE CORE OPEN
CORE BALANCE C.T. (C.B.C.T.)
GROUND FAULT CURRENT , MUCH LESS THAN THE NOMINAL LOAD
CURRENT. (FAULT CURRENT OF THE ORDER OF 10 To 15 AMPS).
CORE DAMAGE CURVE FOR GENERATOR
EARTH FAULTS EVEN OF LOWER MAGNITUDES PERSIST FOR
LONGER PERIOD , WILL DEVELOP INTO PHASE TO PHASE OR TWO
PHASE TO EARTH FAULTS.
C.B.C.T. PROVIDED FOR GROUND FAULT PROTECTION SPECIALLY
IN HIGH RESISTANCE GROUNDED SYSTEM
CURRENTS, IR , IY , IB . 79
80
SEC AMPS(MIN - MAX)
70
1 25 - 70
CURRENT, A
60
4 10 - 22
50
10 7 - 10
40
30
ACCEPTABLE DAMAGE
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
TIME IN SEC SOURCE: LEROY SOMER
80
CORE BALANCE C.T. (C.B.C.T.)
!R + !Y + !B = 0
NO RESULTANT CURRENT
IN THE C.B.C.T.
CAUTION
DURING INSTALLATION, BEFORE THE CABLE ENTERS C.B.C.T. , THE
CABLE ARMOUR HAS TO BE EARTHED. OTHERWISE THE GROUND FAULT
CURRENT FINDING PATH THROUGH ARMOUR WILL RESULT IN
NON OPERATION OF THE C.B.C.T.
FIG _CBCT _2
83
M1 M1 M1
A2
L1 L1 L1
A1 A1 A1
EARTH
EARTH EARTH
FAULT
FAULT FAULT
AL SHIELD S1
CT
SECONDARY
WINDING
S2
85
CONNECTION TO BUSBARS
0,9
0,8
0.77 Vex. 10%
0,7
VOLTAGE P.U.
0,6
0,5 A
0,4
0,3
V ~
0,2
Iex+ 50%
0,1
0
0 0,5 1 1.2 1,5 1.8 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
88
EX_CURRENT P.U.
CT SATURATION - CURRENT PROFILE
PRIMARY CURRENT
I _ DC
SECONDARY CURRENT
89
308
AL SHIELD S1
CT
SECONDARY
WINDING
S2
90
C.T. SATURATION CURVE
VOLTAGE
V1
V2
!2 !1 EXCITING CURRENT
91
PROTECTION SYSTEM
(+)VE
B
A
PT T
52 T
E
R R
Y
TRIP
MECHANISM TRIP
COIL
CT
(-)VE
EXAMPLE 93
500/1 1000/1
Y
500/1 1000/1
B
RC RC
RC RC
RC RC
OC OC OC
RC RESTRAINING COIL
OC OPERATING COIL 95
CT TESTING
HEALTHY CT SATURATED CT
Vex Iex Vex Iex Metering CT
Volts mA Volts mA C.T. RATIO : 200/1
5 30 CLASS : 1.0
40 23
VA : 15.0
50 30 7 42
60 42 10 200
70 80 12 600
10%
Vex 72 100 50%
Iex
77 120
96
KPV 0 70V
TEST RESULTS OF 33kV CTs AT VERSOVA R/S
HEALTHY CT SATURATED CT
Vex Iex Vex Iex
Volts mA Volts mA PROTECTION C.T.
40 0.66 1 23 C.T. RATIO : 2000/1
CLASS : PS
100 1.3 2 140
300 3 4 480
500 4 5 600
1000 7
2000 15.1
97
FIG. : 5
SUMMATION CURRENT TRANSFORMER
98
CONVENTIONAL TRANSFORMER vs CT
200 /1
120 A 1200 A
6A
66 KV 6.6KV 2 MW
3# 3#
!RAT= 200 A
40 23 50 8 CLASS KPV
50 30 60 11 1 NORMAL
150 25 OPERATING
60 42
RANGE
70 80 160 28
10% 2 IN FACT IT IS
100 50%
2 170 32
Vex 72 Iex GOOD IT
10% 50%
77 120 Vex 175 34 I SATURATES
ex EARLY!
185 48
KPV 0 70V KPV 0 170V 100
ACTUAL TEST RESULTS AT
ERANGAL R/S
20 10 20 8 CLASS KPV
40 16 40 12
50 46 60 17
65 26 80 21
120 34
10% 80 40 50%
Vex 88 Iex
63 10% 171 77 50%
Vex 190 Iex
128
KPV 0 80V KPV 0 171V 101
102
AMPERE TURNS BALANCE OF TRANSFORMER
!A TA = !a Ta ; !B TB = !b Tb ; !C TC = !cTc
Ia TA IA
IN TC
Ta
Ib Tb
Tc IC
TB
IB
Ic
IF
2000 AT 1980 AT
FLUX IN CT IS PROPORTIONAL TO & - 2000 AT
& = (2000 - 1980) AT = 20 AT 104
CT SATURATION
1
RCT RL
0.01 0.99
2000/1 YEX BURDEN
RL
2000 A
105
CT SATURATION
1
RCT RL
1 0
2000/1 YEX BURDEN
RL
2000 A
106
HIGH IMPEDANCE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION SCHEME
EXTERNAL FAULT (CT2 SATURATED)
~
RCT1 R L1 R L3 RCT2
1 1
INTERNAL FAULT
~
RCT1 R L1 R L3 RCT2
107
FIG_PC_23 CT_2 PRESENTS OPEN CIRCUIT TO IF
~
RCT1 R L1 R L3 RCT2
1 1
INTERNAL FAULT
~
RCT1 R L1 R L3 RCT2
108
CT_2 PRESENTS OPEN CIRCUIT TO IF
" VOLTAGE DEVELOPED ACROSS CT SECONDARY
ALF x BURDEN
V_DESIGN = ---------------------------
!S IP
Is
" EXAMPLE : 10P20, 15VA ; ! S = 1A or 5A
V R
! S2 R = 15
R = 15 / ! S2 '
(20 x ! S )x 15 20 x 15 300
V_DESIGN = ( ! ) R = ------------------ = ------------ = ---------
! S2 !S !S
109
EXAMPLE :
20,000
VACT = ---------- x 5 = 50 V
2000/1
2,000
5P15, 5VA VACT 5'
15 x 5 20kA
VDES = --------- = 75 V
1
VDES 2 VACT
110
1
IDMT - NI Characteristics
10
TMS
3 1.0
Time in sec
0.1
0.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 111
Current (PSM)
FIG.1C -
C.T. SATURATION CURVE
1
0,9
0,8
0.77 VEX. 10% KPV - KNEE POINT VOLTAGE
0,7
KPV
VOLTAGE P.U.
0,5
50% INCREASE IN EXC.CURRENT
0,4
0,3
BELOW KNEE,
0,2
!EX+ 50% C.T. CHARACTERISTICS IS LINEAR
0,1
0
0 0,5 1 1.2 1,5 1.8 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
112
EX_CURRENT P.U.
SPECIFICATION OF METERING CT
113
SPECIFICATION OF METERING CT
C URRENT
(A m p s )
200
100 % 3%
0
50 % 3% TIME
115
CPP
20,000
!F = --------- = 20
1,000
YES
20 x 10 = 10 x 20 = 200 V
117
IDMT RELAY
COULD BE POTENTIAL PROBLEM
SECONDARY CURRENT SENSED BY RELAY CAN BE
DRAMATICALLY ALTERED DUE TO SATURATION
UNCERTAIN OPERATING TIME 119
200 V
VOLTAGE P.U.
EX_CURRENT P.U.
120
PHASOR DIAGRAM OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER
V
I PN P
IPNP
I CN P IENP #
IMN P
VS
IE
ISNS
ISRS
IM IC NP NS ES VS
IP
ISXS
ES 121
# 1 20 AT # 1 2000 AT
OPEN
2000 AT 2000 AT 0 AT
1980 AT
122
QUIZ
CT#1 RATIO : 1000 / 1 - VS1
CT#2 RATIO : 1000 / 5 - VS2
ANSWER
B) VS1 ) 5 x VS2
124
90
HEALTHY CT
80
70
60
VOLTAGE
50
40
30
20
SATURATED CT
10
FAILED CT
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
125
!EX milliamps