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Strength Terms
Longitudinal Tension
Longitudinal Compression
Transverse Tension
Transverse Compression

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Definitions
Longitudinal means
in the fiber direction
or in the 1-direction

Transverse means
perpendicular to the
fibers or in the 2-
direction

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Strengths or Ultimate Stresses

s L( ) longitudinal tension
s L( ) longitudinal compression
s T( ) transverse tension
s T( ) transverse compression
s LT shear
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Corresponding Ultimate Strains

e L( ) longitudinal tension
e L( ) longitudinal compression
e T( ) transverse tension
e T( ) transverse compression
e LT shear
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Assume Linear Behavior

s L( ) E 1 e L( )
s L( ) E 1 e L( )
s T( ) E 2 e T( )
s T( ) E 2 e T( )
s LT G 12 e LT
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Longitudinal Uniaxial Loading 1

s L( )
1
- e L( )
1
e L( ) 1
()
-s L

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2
Transverse Uniaxial Loading

2
s T( )
()
2 -e T
e T( ) 2
()
-s T

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Shear Loading
12

s LT

12

e LT 12

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Multiaxial Stress State

Off-axis or Multiaxial Loads
Failure Criteria:
- Semi-empirical
- Several Theories Proposed
- No One Universally Accepted Criterion

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Strength Criteria
1. Maximum Stress Theory* EUROPE

2. Maximum Strain Theory USA

3. Hills Criterion
4. Tsai-Hill Criterion* Von-Mises Criterion for
Isotropic Materials
5. Hoffmans Criterion
6. Tsai-Wu Criterion*
7. Hashins Criterion
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Strength Criteria
Global stresses

Local stresses

Failure Criteria NO

YES
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2D Maximum Stress Theory

Assume plane stress
Predicts failure when any principal material axis
stress component exceeds the corresponding
strength:

No failure when :
s L( ) 1 s L( ) 5 strength
parameters
s T( ) 2 s T( )
12 s LT
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Failure Envelope
No interaction between stress terms.
2
s (T )

-s (L ) s (L ) 1

-s (T )

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Example 2.10 / page 111

Mechanics of Composite Materials, Autar K.Kaw

Student:
First mode of failure ?
Max applied stress just before failure ?

at Home

Example 2.12 / page 114

strength ratio
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Tsai-Hills Criterion
(Interactive criterion)
page 119/ Autar K.Kaw
Based on Von-Mises distortional energy yield
criterion for ISOTROPIC Materials Applied to
ANISOTROPIC Materials
Its assumed that failure in the material takes
place only when the distortion energy is greater
than the Failure Distortion Energy of the
Material (In details: Daniel Gay, Matriaux Composites, 4e dition, Hermes )

Total strain energy = Dilation energy + Distortion energy

Change in volume Change in shape

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2D Tsai-Hills Criterion
Assume plane stress

12 1 2 22 12 2
12 22 12 2
1 1
s 2L s 2L s T2 s LT
2
Modified s 2L s 2T s 2LT
criterion

s L s(L ) 1 0
s L s(L ) 1 0
s T sT( ) 2 0
s T sT( ) 2 0
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Example 2.15 / page 121

Mechanics of Composite Materials, Autar K.Kaw

Student:
Maximum applied stress just before failure ?
How the interactive aspect affects on the
maximum applied load estimated?
How one can guess the failure mode if using
the Tsai-Hills?

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Tsai-Wu Criterion

Fi i Fiji j 1 i, j 1, 2, 6
Fi and Fij strength tensors

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2D Tsai-Wu Theory
1. Assume plane stress
2. Assume transverse isotropy
3 13 23 0
Y1T s L( ) Y1C s L( )
Y2T Y3T s T( ) Y2C Y3C s T( )
Y12 s LT
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2D Tsai-Wu

F1112 F22 22 F66 62

F11 F2 2 F6 6 2F121 2 1

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2D Tsai-Wu

Since failure is independent

of the sign of 6 12
F6 0

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Tsai-Wu Criterion (2D)

1
F11 ( ) ( )
sL sL
1
F22 ( ) ( )
sT sT

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Tsai-Wu Criterion (2D)

1 1 sL( ) - sL( )
F1 () () ( )
sL( ) sL sL sL
1 1 sT( ) - sT( )
F2 () ()
sT( ) sT( ) sT sT
1
F66 2
sLT

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Quadratic Interaction Parameter

F12 : determined by experimental methods
1
F12 2 As per Tsai-Hill failure theory
2 s(L )

1 As per Hoffman failure theory

F12 ( ) ( )
2s sL L

1 1
F12 As per Mises-Hencky failure theory
2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ()
s s s s
L L T T

Example 2.16 / page 125

Mechanics of Composite Materials, Autar K.Kaw

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FAILURE THEORIES >< EXPERIMENT

See: Figure 2.32 Figure 2.35 / page 129, 130
Student:
Different between the Maximum Stress and
the Maximum Strain Failure Theories and the
experimental results?
Different between the Tsai-Hill and the Tsai-
Wu Failure Theories and the experimental
results?

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First-Ply-Failure
1. Load laminate elastically.
2. Calculate stresses and strains in each ply.
3. Apply the selected failure criterion to each
ply.
4. Increase load until the first ply fails.
5. Model post failure behavior of failed ply.
6. Recalculate stiffness matrices and
redistribute loads.
7. Continue to load till laminate failure.

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Ultimate

Load
laminate
failure

N (x 3 )
Third ply failure, k=3

N (x 2 )
Second ply failure, k=2
N x Total
First ply failure, k=1

N (x1 )

n1 n2 n3

(x1 ) (x 2 ) (x 3 ) Strain

x Total

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