TITLE PAGE

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF

HYDRAULIC SCISSORS LIFT

BY
OKOLIE IZUNNA JUDE
FPI/HND/MEC/010/001

BEN DAVID IDOKO

FPI/HND/MEC/010/002

OKECHUKWU NNAMDI
FPI/HND/MEC/010/004

ENEJIYON ABDULMALEEQ
FPI/HND/MEC/010/009

AGONOR WILLIAMS
FPI/HND/MEC/010/019

BEING A REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING,
FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC IDAH, KOGI STATE

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR

THE AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND) IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2011/2012 SESSION

1
 CERTIFICATION

We the undersigned hereby certify that this project was carried out by

the under listed students.

OKOLO IZUNNA JUDE

FPI/HND/MEC/010/001 ____________________________

BEN DAVID IDOKO

FPI/HND/MEC/010/002 ____________________________

OKECHUKWU NNAMDI
FPI/HND/MEC/010/004 ____________________________

ENEJIYON ABDULMALEEQ
FPI/HND/MEC/010/009 ____________________________

AGONOR WILLIAMS
FPI/HND/MEC/010/019 ____________________________

Mechanical Engineering Department under the supervision of Mr.

Bingfa Bongfa.

I certify that the work is adequate in scope and quality for the partial

fulfillment for the award of Higher National Diploma (HND) in Mechanical

Engineering.

___________________________ _______________________
ENGR. O. Y. USMAN MR. BINGFA BONGFA
Head of Department Supervisor

2
 APPROVAL PAGE

This project work titled design and construction of hydraulic scissors lift

has been read and approved as meeting the requirement of the national

Board for Technical Education (NBTE) for the award of Higher National

Diploma (HND) in the department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal

Polytechnic Idah, Kogi State.

__________________________ ________________________
MR. BINGFA BONGFA
Project Supervisor External Examiner

Date ______________________ Date ____________________

_________________________
ENGR. O.Y. USMAN
Head of Department

3
 DEDICATION

We dedicated this project to the Almighty God who spare our lives to this

day and make this project a reality.

4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praises, magnification and adoration is due to Almighty God alone

who guide, direct and sustain us throughout our programme.

I acknowledge the effort of my supervisor Mr. Bingfa Bongfa, who work

relentlessly to see the success of this project. The head of Department,

Engr. O.Y. Usman for all his support, Engr. A.M. Aboh and all other

lecturers and students in the department of Mechanical Engineering.

5
 ABSTRACT

The conventional method of using rope, ladder, scaffold and even

mechanical scissors lift in getting to a height encounter a lot of limitation
(time and energy consumption, comfortability, amount of load that can
be carried etc), which hydraulic scissors lift is set out to achieve. In this
project a mobile scissors lift has been designed that will be powered by
hydraulic to a height of 3m carrying a maximum load of 300kg. the
project has been tested and it work successfully.

6
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page - - - - - - - - - - i

Certification - - - - - - - - - - ii

Approval page - - - - - - - - - iii

Dedication - - - - - - - - - - iv

Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - - v

Abstract - - - - - - - - - - - vi

Table of content- - - - - - - - - vii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction - - - - - - - - - 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem - - - - - - 3

1.3 Scope of the Study - - - - - - - - 3

1.4 Importance / Significance of the Study - - - - 3

1.5 Aims/Objectives of the Study - - - - - - 4

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Review of Related Literature - - - - - - 5

2.1 Upright Scissors Lift - - - - - - - 5

2.2 Scaffold - - - - - - - - - - 6

2.3 Boom Lift - - - - - - - - - 7

2.3.1 The Straight Boom Lift - - - - - - - 8

7
2.3.2 Articulated Boom Lift - - - - - - - 9

2.4 Mechanical Scissors Lift - - - - - - - 9

2.5 Hydraulic Lift - - - - - - - - - 10

2.5.1 Hydraulic Scissors Lift - - - - - - - 11

2.5.2 Principle of Operation of Hydraulic Lift - - - - 12

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Design Theory and Calculation - - - - - - 22

3.1 Design Theory - - - - - - - - 22

3.1.1 Cylinder Selection - - - - - - - - 23

3.1.1.1 Single Acting Cylinders - - - - - - - 23

3.1.1.2 Double Acting Cylinders - - - - - - - 24

3.2 Buckling Action on Cylinder - - - - - - - 25

3.2.1 Stresses of Cylinder - - - - - - - - 27

3.2 Design Calculations - - - - - - - - 33

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Material Selection, Construction Procedures, Cost Analysis and

Maintenance - - - - - - - - - 41

4.1 Material Selection -- - - - - - - - 41

4.2 Construction Operation and Tools - - - - - 46

4.3 Cost Analysis of Materials - - - - - - 49

8
CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation - - - - - - 50

5.1 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - - 50

5.2 Recommendation - - - - - - - - - 50

Reference - - - - - - - - - - 52

9
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

A scissor lift or mechanism is a device used to extend or position a

platform by mechanical means. The term scissor comes from the

mechanic which has folding supports in criss cross X pattern. The

extension or displacement motion is achieved by the application of force

to one or more supports, resulting in an elongation of the cross pattern.

The force applied to extend the scissors mechanism may by hydraulic,

pneumatic or mechanical (via a lead screw or rack and pinion system).

The need for the use of lift is very paramount and it runs across

labs, workshops, factories, residential/commercial buildings to repair

street lights, fixing of bill boards, electric bulbs etc. expanded and less-

efficient, the engineers may run into one or more problems when in use.

[http://ritchikmikie.com/work/index.php/arial-platform]

The name scissors lift originated from the ability of the device to open

(expand) and close (contract) just like a scissors. Considering the need

for this kind of mechanism, estimating as well the cost of expanding

energy more that result gotten as well the maintenance etc. it is better to

adopt this design concept to the production of the machine.

The initial idea of design considered was the design of a single hydraulic

ram for heavy duty vehicles and putting it underneath, but this has

10
limitations as to the height and stability, and someone will be beneath

controlling it. It was rather found out that; there is a possibility of the

individual ascending/descending, to be controlling the device himself.

Therefore further research was made to see how to achieve this aim.

Before this time scissors lift existing use mechanical or hydraulic system

powered by batteries for its operations. Several challenges were

encountered in this very design. Some amongst many include; low

efficiency, risk of having the batteries discharged during an emergency,

extended time of operation, dependent operation, as well as

maintenance cost. It is the consideration of these factors that initiated

the idea of producing this hydraulically powered scissors lift with

independent operator. The idea is geared towards producing a scissors

lift using one hydraulic ram placed across flat, in between two cross

frames and powered by a pump connected to a motor wheel may be

powered by a pump generator. Also, the individual ascending /

descending is still the same person controlling it. I.e. the control station

will be located on the top frame.

A scissors lift is attached to a piece of equipment having a work station

known as scissors lift table that houses the pump, the reservoir, the

generator, control valves and connections and the motor. A scissors lift

does not go as high as a boom lift; it sacrifices heights for a large work

11
station. Where more height is needed, a boom lift can be used.

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aerial-work-platform]

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

A problem remains a problem until a solution is proffered. With the

limitations encountered in the use of ropes, ladders, scaffold and

mechanical scissors lifts in getting to elevated height such as the

amount of load to be carried, conformability, time consumption, much

energy expended etc. the idea of a hydraulically powered scissors lift

which will overcome the above stated limitations is used.

1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The design and construction of the hydraulic scissors lift is to lift up to a

height of 3.2m and carrying capacity of less than 500kg (500 kilograms)

with the available engineering materials. However, there is for academic

purpose, a similar project for general carrying capacity with a selection

of better engineering materials.

1.4 IMPORTANCE / SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The design and construction of a hydraulic scissors lift is to lift a worker

together with the working equipment comfortably and safely to a required

working height not easily accessible. It may be used without a necessary

external assistance or assistance from a second party due to the

concept of the design. This project will be an important engineering tool

12
or device used in maintenance jobs. Changing of street lights, painting of

high buildings and walls around the school environment.

1.5 AIMS/OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The project is aimed at designing and constructing a hydraulically

powered scissors lift to lift and lowers worker and his working equipment

with ease and in the most economical way. The lift is expected to work

with minimal technical challenges and greater comfort due to its wide

range of application. The device can easily be handled to the site to be

used with a tow-van and then powered by a generator. Between the

heights of lift (i.e. the maximum height) the device can be used in any

height within this range and can be descend immediately in case of

emergency, and can be operated independent of a second party.

13
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Mans quest for improvement has never been satisfied. The drive

towards better and greater scientific and technological outcome has

made the world dynamic. Before now, several scientist and engineers

have done a lot of work as regards the scissors lift in general. A review of

some of that work gives the design and construction of a hydraulic

scissors lift a platform.

2.1 UPRIGHTS SCISSORS LIFT

In Selma California, there is a manufacturer of aerial platforms by name

UPRIGHT, this world wide company was founded in 1946, and now it

manufactures and distributes its product.

According to Wikipedia article, upright was founded by an engineer,

Walkce Johnson who created and sold the first platform which was

called a scissors lift due to the steel cross bricking that supported the

platform giving it the product name magic carpet. The magic carpet

was able to provide instant revenue for the young company due to its

quick popularity among its companies.

Wikipedia further explained that the company constructed innovating

and by early 1930s their product included the X series scissors lift. By

14
1986, they had introduced their first sigma arm lift, model SL20. In 1990,

they improved upon their product line by introducing the sigma arm

speed level. This feature continued to be unique to be upright product

and allow self-leveling of the platform on rough terrains

Upright introduced an equal innovative family of boom lift in 1990s. In

1995 they produced their first trailer mounted boom. The 8P37 (known

as AS38) in 1996. This truly innovated company has left their mark with

the other products including compact scissors design and modular alloy

bridging, as well as expanding the versatility of instant span towers with

aircraft docking and faced system, you will find upright products,

especially the scissors lift, as standard equipment for a variety of

application it is now a visual application in numerous fields and locations.

[www.carliftequipment.ca/inventory/upright]

2.2 SCAFFOLD

Scaffold allows workers to transport themselves and their materials to

elevated heights, usually up and down in an unfinished building.

Scaffolds are designed to allow workers get to elevated heights; they are

used in building sites and construction sites but used mainly in building

sites. According to Google internet search machine, scaffold is cross

section of pipes, irons or woods which are arranged in such a way that

15
workers or operators can climb on the arranged pipes to get to elevated

heights.

Scaffolds cannot be adjusted automatically and they only can remain

fixed the way it is arranged unless rearranged. The tubes are either steel

or aluminum, although composite scaffolding using filament wound tubes

of glass fiber in a nylon or polyester matrix. If steel, they are either

black or galvanized. The tubes come in a variety of length and a

standard diameter of 48.3mm. The basic difference between the two

types of tubes is the lower weight of aluminum tubes (1.7kg/m as

opposed to 4.4kg/m) and also a greater flexibility and so less resistance

to force. Tubes are generally bought in 6.3m length and can be cut down

to certain typical sizes.

Boards provide a working surface for users of the scaffold. They are

seasoned wood and are very strong. Scaffolds for increased height are

preferably made of hardened materials like metal pipes. After arranging

the pipes, a flat materials usually made of wood is placed on top so that

the worker can stand comfortable on top.

[http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/scaffold]

2.3 BOOM LIFT

Boom lifts are used for lifting materials especially on construction sites,

they are designed to carry heavy equipment and materials from one

16
place to another. They are usually connected to cars or trucks that move

from one place to another.

Boom lifts can lift materials and equipment high to height so great that

carrying this equipment by other means will almost be impossible.

According to material handling equipment from ask search engine,

Boom lifts can move vertically, horizontally and sideways and some can

even rotate depending on the circumstance. Boom lifts are very complex

iron design and the jointed parts should be lubricated to reduce friction

and improve efficiency. Boom lifts are formed mainly in construction sites

and building sites. They are also utilized by Electrical companies and

firms such as PHCN (Power Holding Company of Nigeria) Plc. They are

very expensive and are not available in crude or semi mechanized type

of production. Boom lift possess advantage over other types of lifts

because it can lift heavy materials, keep them at elevated heights for a

long period of time; rotate and the lift span of the equipment is long.

Boom lift can fold together to become compressed and portable.

There are two basic types of boom lifts: straight boom lift and articulated

boom lift. These units are often hydraulically powered.

2.3.1 THE STRAIGHT BOOM LIFTS

Straight boom lifts are generally used for jobs that required a high reach

without obstruction. The machines turntable can rotate 360 o with an

17
extensible boom that can be raised vertically to below horizontally. The

operator can maneuver and steer the vehicle while the boom is fully

extended. It is available in gas, propane or diesel-powered models with

two or four wheel drive.

2.3.2 ARTICULATED BOOM LIFT:

Articulated boom lifts are used for jobs that require reaching up and over

obstacles to gain access to a job not easily achieved by a straight

telescopic boom. This lift is nearly identical to the straight boom lift in

every aspect; except in the booms ability to articulate. Articulation points

on the boom allow it to bend in any number of different directions

enabling it to maneuver around various obstacles on a job site.

Boom lifts can be equipped with out riggers to stabilize the unit while the

boom is fully extended. [http://ritchienikit.com/wiki/index.php/aerial-

platform]

2.4 MECHANICAL SCISSORS LIFT

The mechanical scissors lift is used for lifting materials especially on

construction sites. This is one of the most recent advancement on

scissors lift. There, the lift utilizes a belt drive system connected to a load

screw which constructs the X pattern on tightening and expands it on

loosening. The lead screw actually does the work, since the applied

force from the wheel is converted to linear motion of the lift by help of the

18
lead screw. This can be used to lift the working and equipment to a

height.

A general knowledge however, regarding screws will reveal the loss due

to friction in the screw threats. Therefore, the efficiency of this device is

low due to losses in friction. Also, the power needed to drive the machine

is manual, and much energy is expanded to achieve a desired result. Its

suitability however, cannot be overemphasized as it can be used in

almost every part of the country whether there is availability of electricity

or not.

2.5 HYDRAULIC LIFT:

Hydraulic lift is a device for carrying persons and loads from one floor to

another, in a multi-storey building. The hydraulic lifts are of the following

types.

1. Direct acting hydraulic lift and

2. Suspended hydraulic lift.

The direct acting hydraulic lift consist of a ram sliding in a cylinder. A

platform or a cage is fitted to the top end of ram on which goods may be

placed or the persons may stand. As the liquid under pressure is

admitted to the cylinder, the ram moves up and the cage is lifted. The lift

of the cage is equal to the stroke of the ram. The cage moves in the

downward direction when the liquid from the fixed cylinder is removed.

19
The suspended hydraulic lift is a modified form of the direct acting

hydraulic lift. It is fitted with a jigger which is exactly, same as in the case

of a hydraulic crane. The cage is suspended by ropes. It runs between

guides of hard wood round steel. In order to balance the weight of the

cage sliding balance weights are provided. [Gupta, 2006]

2.5.1 HYDRAULIC SCISSORS LIFT

Scissors lifts has developed overtime, and at each stage of its

development, critical problems are solved.

The hydraulic type, but this time, the load screw is replaced by a

hydraulic ram powered by a pump and on electric motor and generator.

One outstanding feature about this design however. Is its independent

operation and increased efficiency. Fluid power is one of the greater

form of power where small input results in a very large output. This

scissors lift can be handled by one person to a place of use, and power

the generator. The lift does not lifting immediately, the operators climbs

on the platform and switches open the hydraulic circuit thereby leading

to an upward extension. When the required height is reached the circuit

is closed, and lifting stops the control panel or station is located on the

top frame. When work is done, the scissors lift is folded by hydraulic

means and handled back to the point of collection.

20
2.5.2 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF A HYDRAULIC LIFT

(EXTENSION AND CONTRACTION)

A scissors lift is a type of platform that can usually only move vertically.

The mechanism to achieve this is the use of linked, folding supports in a

criss-cross X pattern, known as a scissors mechanism. The upward

motion is achieved by the application of pressure to the outer side of the

lowest set of supports, elongating the crossing pattern and prepelling the

work platform vertically. The platform may also have extending bridge

to allow closer access to the work area, because of the inherent limits of

vertical only movement. The contraction of the scissor action can be

hydrdaulic, pneumatic or mechanical (via a leadscrew or rack and pinion

system), but in this case, it is hydraulic. Depending on the power system

employed on the lift; it may require no power to enter desert mode, but

rather a simple release of hydraulic or pneumatic pressure. This is the

main reason that these methods of powering the lift (hydraulic) is

preferred, as it allows a fail safe option of returning the platform to the

ground by release of a manual valve

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aerial_work_platform scissors_lift]

21
DEFLECTIONS IN SCISSORS LIFT

Deflection Defined

Deflection in scissors lifts can be defined as the resulting change in

elevation of all or part of a scissors lift assembly, typically measured from

the floor to the top of platform deck, whenever loads are applied to or

removed from the lift.

ANSI MH29.1 - Safety Requirements for Industrial Scissors Lifts states

that . . . all industrial scissors lifts will deflect under load. The industry

standard goes on to outline the maximum allowable deflection based on

platform size and number of scissors mechanisms within the lift design.

What Causes Deflection?

Before attempting to discuss how to limit scissors lift deflection, it is

important to understand the contributing factors to a lifts total deflection.

An open, or raised, scissors lift acts very much like a spring would

apply a load and it compresses, remove a load and it expands. Each

component within the scissors lift has the potential to store or release

energy when loaded and unloaded (and therefore deflect). There are

also application-specific characteristics that may promote deflection.

Understanding these Top 10 root causes helps to pinpoint and apply

effective measures to limit deflection.

22
Scissors Legs

Leg deflection due to bending is a result of stress, which is driven by

total weight supported by the legs, scissors leg length, and available leg

cross section. The longer the scissors legs are, the more difficult it is to

control bending under load. Increased leg strength via increased leg

material height does improve resistance to deflection, but can create a

potentially undesirable increased collapsed height of the lift.

Platform Structure

Platform bending will increase as the loads center of gravity moves from

the center (evenly distributed) to any edge (eccentrically loaded) of the

platform. Also, as the scissors open during raising of the lift, the rollers

roll back towards the platform hinges and create an increasingly

unsupported, overhung portion of the platform assembly. Eccentric loads

applied to this unsupported end of the platform can greatly impact

bending of the platform. Increased platform strength via increased

support structure material height does improve resistance to deflection,

but also contributes to an increased collapsed height of the lift.

Base Frame

Normally, the lifts base frame is mounted to the floor and should not

experience deflection. For those cases where the scissors lift is mounted

to an elevated or portable frame, the potential for deflection increases.

To effectively resist deflection, the base frame must be rigidly supported

23
from beneath to support the point loading created by the two scissors leg

rollers and the two scissors leg hinges.

Pinned Joints

Scissors lifts are pinned at all hinge points, and each pin has a running

clearance between the O.D. of the pin and the I.D. of its clearance hole

or bushing. The more scissors pairs, or pantographs, that are stacked on

top of each other, the more pinned connections there are to accumulate

movement, or deflection, when compressing these running clearances

under load.

Hydraulic Circuit Air Entrapment

All entrapped air must be removed from the hydraulic circuit through

approved bleeding procedures air is very compressible and is often

the culprit when a scissors lift over-compresses under load, or otherwise

bounces (like a spring) during operation.

Hydraulic Circuit Fluid Compressibility

Oil or hydraulic fluid will compress slightly under pressure. And because

there is an approximate 5:1 ratio of lift travel to cylinder stroke for most

scissors lift designs (with the cylinders mounted horizontally in the legs),

there is a resulting 5:1 ratio of scissors lift compression to cylinder

compression. For example: 1/16 of fluid compressibility in the

cylinder(s) translates into 5/16 of vertical lift movement.

24
Hydraulic Circuit Hose Swell

All high pressure, flexible hosing is susceptible to a degree of hose swell

when the system pressure is increased. System pressure drops slightly

because of this increased hose volume, and the scissors table

compresses under load until the maximum system pressure is re-

established. And, as with compressibility, the resulting lift movement

(deflection) is 5 times the change in oil column height in the hosing.

Cylinder Thrust Resistance

Cylinders lay nearly flat inside the scissors legs when the lift is fully

lowered and must generate initial horizontal forces up to 10 times the

amount of the load on the scissors lift due to the mechanical

disadvantage of their lifting geometry. As a result, there are tremendous

stresses (and resulting deflection) placed on the scissors inner leg

member(s) that are designed to resist these cylinder forces. And, as

already mentioned above with any changes in column length along the

line of the lifting actuator(s)/cylinder(s), the resulting vertical lift

movement is 5 times the amount of deflection or movement of cylinder

hinge points mounted to leg cross members.

Load Placement

Load placement also plays a large part in scissors lift deflection. Off-

centered loads cause the scissors lift to deflect differently than with

centered or evenly distributed, loads. End loads (in-line with the

25
scissors) are usually shared well between the two scissors leg pairs.

Side loads (perpendicular to the scissors), however, are not shared as

well between the scissors leg pairs and must be kept within acceptable

design limits to prevent leg twist (unequal scissors leg pair deflection)

which, in addition to platform movement due to deflection, often results

in poor roller tracking, unequal axle pin wear, and misalignment of

cylinder mounts.

Lift Elevation During Transfer

As mentioned above, degree of deflection is directly related to change in

system pressure and change in component stress as a result of loading

and unloading. Scissors lifts typically experience their highest system

pressure and highest stresses (and therefore the highest potential for

deflection) within the first 20% of total available vertical travel (from the

fully lowered position).

What can be done to Limit Deflection?

There are a variety of proven methods to reduce scissors lift deflection,

with varying design and cost impacts to accomplish each. Listed below

are the most common of these methods, in no particular order, to

provide the reader an understanding of where to begin when attempting

to reduce or eliminate deflection during load transfer (i.e. applying a

load, or removing a load).

26
Select a Lift with a Design Capacity Greater Than Required for the

Application

Most scissors lifts designed for duty at higher capacities will experience

less stress in all structural components, as well as lower system

pressures, at lower, or de-rated, working capacities. Reduced stresses &

pressures always result in reduced deflection. The amount of this

reduction varies depending on the lifts design, so consult the

manufacturer to obtain a more specific estimate of reduction in

deflection.

Minimize Potential for Air Entrapment

Scissors lift manufacturers provide an approved method of bleeding

entrapped air from a new or repaired hydraulic system which may have

had air introduced. This usually involves operating an empty lift through

multiple cycles, and then safely cracking open fittings near high spots in

the system where air accumulates. Refer to the O&M manual for this

procedure.

Limit or Eliminate Hosing

Flexible hose lengths should be limited wherever possible and replaced

with pipe or mechanical tubing as practicable to minimize or eliminate

swell as the system pressure fluctuates.

Use Mechanical Actuators in lieu of Hydraulic Actuators

27
Although it is more difficult, and more expensive, to achieve high vertical

lifting forces with mechanical actuators, they do eliminate the issue of

fluid compressibility and provide a more accurate and repeatable means

of achieving and holding a desired transfer elevation.

Avoid Transfer of Loads Within First 20% of Lifts Travel

To minimize stresses and deflection at transfer elevations, it is critical to

design the conveyor or transfer system to ensure that these elevations

are above the scissors lifts critical zone of the first 20% of the lifts

available travel.

Transfer Loads Over Fixed End of the Platform

First, if possible, loads should not be transferred over the sides of a

raised scissors lift. It is much more difficult to control deflection when the

load is not shared equally between the two scissors leg pairs. Make it

rule to only transfer over the ends of the lift in line with the scissors

legs. Second, load transfer should be made over the hinged, or fixed,

end of the lift platform to avoid placing concentrated loads on the less

supported, overhung end of the platform provided the platform is

equipped with trapped rollers, or is otherwise capable of withstanding

this edge loading without risk of the platform tipping up or losing contact

with the rollers.

28
Ensure that the Base Frame is Lagged Down and Fully Supported

First, base frames should be adequately attached to the surface on

which they are mounted. Base frames that are not bolted, welded, or

otherwise attached to withstand the upward forces created by eccentric

loading of the platform will contribute to deflection by bending or moving

while resisting such forces. Next, bases must be rigidly supported

beneath the entire perimeter of the frame in order to withstand without

deflection the four point loads imposed upon the frame from above by

the four scissors legs (2) moving roller points and (2) fixed hinge

points.

Platform Locking Pins

When there is no alternative to transferring loads over the sides of a lift,

or whenever lift deflection must be held to near zero in any transfer

orientation, consider using platform locking pins. These pins can be

manual or powered, and mounted beneath the scissors lift deck or an

adjoining fixed landing. The pins are extended into receivers located in

the mating elevated structure during load transfer, and then retracted

before the lift can be operated again.

Use Vertical Acting Actuators in lieu of Horizontal Mounts

Some permanent installations may accommodate actuators which are

mounted vertically beneath the lift instead of horizontally inside the lift

structure. Vertical orientation of the actuators provide a 1:1 ratio of lift

29
travel to actuator stroke instead of the 5:1 ratio normal with horizontal

mounting of the actuators inside the scissors. This means a 1:1 ratio of

lift deflection to actuator compression, 80% less than the 5:1 ratio

experienced normally. Vertical mounting and pushing upward against

underneath side of the platform to raise the lift also eliminates the high

stresses usually exerted at the actuator thrust inner leg member(s).

Summary on Deflection

Deflection is a normal and expected characteristic of industrial scissors

lifts. And though odds are that most scissors lift users have not had to

concern themselves with this issue because their lifting application is

fairly immune to the effects of deflection, there is always a chance that it

matters greatly. ANSI MH29.1accurately points out that It is the

responsibility of the user/purchaser to advise the manufacturer where

deflection may be critical to the application. Though deflection is easier

to qualify than it is to quantify, there are industry best practices which

can be applied to reduce the impact or amount of deflection being

experienced. (Michael, 2008)

30
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 DESIGN THEORY AND CALCULATION

In this section all design concepts developed are discussed and

based on evaluation criteria and process developed, and a final here

modified to further enhance the functionality of the design.

Considerations made during the design and fabrication of a acting

cylinder is as follows:

a Functionality of the design

b Manufacturability
c Economic availability. i.e. General cost of materials and fabrication

techniques employed.

3.1 DESIGN THEORY

In this chapter, mathematical relationships are developed for the

various parameters necessary for the implementation of this design and

arranged in sections below corresponding to the sequence of their

implementation.

Hydraulic systems are used to control and transmit power.

A pump driven by a prime mover such as an electric motor creates a flow

of fluid, in which the pressure, direction and rate of flow are controlled by

values. An actuator is used to convert the energy of the fluid back into

mechanical power. The amount of output power developed depends

31
upon the flow rate, the pressure drop a cross the actuator and its overall

efficiency.

Most lifting devices are powered by either electricity, pneumatic or

mechanical means. Although these methods are efficient and

satisfactory, they exist lots of limitations and complexity of design of such

lifts as well as high cost of electricity, maintenance and repairs does not

allow these lifts to exist in common places.

The idea of a hydraulically powered scissors lift is based on

Pascals law employed in car jacks and hydraulic rams which states that

pressure exerted anywhere in a conformed incompressible fluid is

transmitted equally in all directions throughout the fluid such that the

pressure ratio remains the same (Michael and John, 1989).

3.1.1 CYLINDER SELECTION

The hydraulic cylinder (or the hydraulic actuator) is a mechanical

actuator that is used to give a unidirectional stroke. It has many

applications, notably in engineering.

3.1.1.1 Single Acting Cylinders

Single acting cylinders use hydraulic oil for a power stroke in one

direction only. The return stroke is affected by a mechanical in one

direction only. The return stroke is affected by a mechanical spring

32
located inside the cylinder. For single acting cylinders with no spring,

some external actin force on the piston rod causes its return.

3.1.1.2 Double Acting Cylinders

Double acting cylinder uses compressed air or hydraulic fluid to pour

both the forward and return strokes. This makes them ideal for bushing

and pulling and pulling within the same application they are suitable for

full stroke working only at slow speed which results in gentle contact at

the ends of stroke.

PRESSURE SUPPLIED TO THE HYDRAULIC CYLINDER

Pressure (P) = Force (P) P=F

Area (A) A

Where F = [W + (WA)]
2_
tan

= angle between the scissors and the horizontal

F = force needed to hold the scissors lift

W = the weight of the payload and platform

WA = combine weight of the two scissors arms.

Weight of the arm = mass of the scissors arm acceleration due to

gravity

3.2 Buckling Action on Cylinder

In the selection of cylinder, two primary concerns were noted:

33
 a The strength of the rod. i.e its ability to support a specified load

without experiencing excessive stresses

b The ability of the piston to support a specified load without

undergoing unacceptable deformations.

PE = 2EI
L2

Where E = Young Modulus of elasticity

I = Moment of Inertia

L = Unsupported Length (Rajput, 2010)

I = d4 = AK2
64

To avoid buckling (bending) of the strut, the compressive stress E must

not exceed the yield stress Y. (E < Y)

Because of the large deflection caused by buckling, the least moment of

inertia I can be expressed as I=AK2

Where A is the cross sectional area and K is the radius of gyration of the

cross sectional area. i.e

K = I_
A

Note that the smallest radius of gyration of the column, i.e the least

moment of inertia I must be taken in order to find the CRITICAL STESS

OR BUCKLING STRESS OR CRIPPLING STRESS.

34
 Dividing the buckling equation by A, gives

E = PE = 2E_
A (L/k)2
Where

E = is the compressive stress in the column and must not exceed the

yield stress Y of the material i.e E < Y

L/K is called the SLENDERNESS RATIO; it is a measure of the columns

flexibility.

CASE END CONDITIONS EQUIVALENT BUCKLING

LENGTH Le LOAD (EULER)
1 Both ends hinged or pin L 2EI
jointed or rounded or free L2
2 One end fixed, alter end 2L 2EI
free 4L2
3 One end fixed other end L/ 2 22EI
pin jointed L2
4 Both ends fixed or L/2 42EI
encastered L2

(Rajput, 2010)

3.2.1 STRESSES IN CYLINDERS

When cylinders are subjected to internal fluid pressure, the

following types of stresses are developed.

1 Hoop or circumferential stress.

2 Longitudinal stress.

Hoop stress is produced as a result of forces applied from inside the

cylindrical pipe pushing against the pipe walls. Hoop stress is the result

35
of forces pushing against the circumferential cylinder walls. While,

longitudinal stress is as a result of forces pushing against the top ends of

a cylinder. These forces are derived using Newtons first law.

Let d = internal diameter of cylinder

T = thickness of cylinder

P = internal pressure (gauge) in the cylinder

C = circumferential or hoop stress

L = longitudinal stress

L = length of cylinder or pipe

Hoop stress C = pd/2t

Longitudinal stress L = pd/4t

Maximum Shear Stress Tmax = pd = C - L

8t 2
Bursting force (pressure) = pdL

Resisting strength = 2LtC

Busting force = resisting strength ( pdL = 2LtC )

Note: the maximum stress developed must not exceed the permissible

tensile stress (t) of the material. (Rajput, 2010)

BASIC DIMENSIONS OF COMPONENT MEMBER.

Lift Extension

- At maximum extension, an X arrangement of the lift moves 0.9m =

900mm.
- Total number of tiers of scissors (combined) = 3
36
- Thus, total height of extension = 3 0.9 = 2.7m.
- Length of base = 1400mm
- Width of base = 800mm
- Height of base from ground = 500mm
- At maximum extension, Angle of inclination = 50
- At maximum extension, distance between two scissors feet = 800mm
- Distance moved by sliding foot to full extension = 400mm

Bearings

- Number of ball bearings = 4

- Number of shell bearings = 36
- Internal diameter of ball bearings = 30mm
- Internal diameter of shell bearings = 11mm
- External diameter of ball bearings = 50mm
- External diameter of shell bearings = 15mm
- Pivot pin diameter = 14.6mm

Platform

- Total height of platform = 1400mm.

- Total width of plat form = 800mm
- Total height of platform = 800mm
- Permissible load on plat form + platform weight = 300kg = 2.94kn.

Jointed Members

- Thickness of rectangular pipe = 3mm

- Thickness of angle bar = 3mm.

Scissors Arm

The material used for the scissors arms (members), is stainless steel.

With the density and the dimensions of the scissors arms known,

the mass can be calculated using the relationship.

Density (p) = Mass (M) kg/m3

Volume
Mass = p.v

Density of stainless steel (type 304) = 7900kg/m3

37
Area (cross sectional area) = A1 A2

A1 = Outer cross sectional area

A2 = Inner cross sectional area

A1 = Height breadth = h b

A2 = (h t)(b t)

Where h = scissors arm height

b = breadth

t = thickness of material.

Volume (v) = area length

V = AL (m3) X

h Section X - . - - X

38
 Scissors Arm Cross Section

DESIGN OF SCISSOR LIFT WITH FORCE APPLIED FROM THE SIDE

Actuator
F

W + Wf W + Wf
2 2

F = W + Wa
2tan

Where
39
F = force provide by the hydraulic Ram

W = combined weight of the pay load and plat form

Wa = combined weight of two scissors arms themselves

= Angle between the scissors arm and the horizontal.

Psin = (W+WF)
2

P = [(W+WF)/2sin] where WF = Frame weight.

F = Pcos

F = cos [(W+WF)/2sin]

F = (W+WF)/2tan

40
3.2 DESIGN CALCULATIONS
Input Processing Output
h =50MM A1 = b h A1 = 1250m2
b = 25MM = 25 50
t = 3mm A2 = (b t)(h t)
= (25 3)(50 3) A2 = 1034M2
= 22 47

A = 216MM2 A = A1 A2 A = 216mm2
L = 1200MM = 1250 1034

V =A L V = 2.5910-4m3
= 216 10-6 120010-3
stainless steel =
7900Kg/M3
M = PV M = 2.05kg
V = 2,59 10-4 M3
= 7900 2.54 10-4
M = 2.05Kg
Mass of one tier = M 4
= 2.05 4 8.2kg

Ms = 8.2Kg
g = 9.81M/s2
Wa = Msg W = 80.4N
= 8.2 9.81
Mp = 300Kg
g = 9.81M/s2
WA = 80.4N
= 500
41
 W = 2943
F=
[ W+
WA
2 ]
tan

W= Mpg F 2503.1N
= 300 9.81
80.4
2
F 2943+
tan 50
Foverall = 7509N
= 7.5kN
40.2
2943+
1.1918

Foverall = 2503.1 3
HYDRAULIC CYLINDER
CALCULATION

Selected cylinder diameter from

standard cylinder sizes

D=36 A1=D 2/4

D=50 = 502/4 A1 =1963.5mm2

A2=/4[D2-d2]
=/4[502-362] A2=945.6mm2

F=7.5KN Supplied pressure

A=1.963510-3m2 P=F/A P=38.20bar
=7.5103/1.963510-3
DESIGN OF CYLINDER FOR
BUCKLING

For both ends pinned,

Buckling load

PE =2EI/L2

42
L=0.8m I=d4/64 I=8.2410-8m4
E=210GN/m2 I=(0.036)4/64
(for mild steel)

D = 0.036m PE =22101098.2410-8/0.82 PE=267KN

d2
PE = 267004.7N A= 4 A = 1.0210-3m2
D = 0.036 0.036
2

Buckling stress
E
267004.7 3
10
1.02

Since the load required

43
 (7.5kN) is less than the E = 262Mn/m2
Buckling load (PE) =
267kN, the cylinder is
safe in operation

SLENDERNESS RATIO
d = 0.036 Radius of gyration
L = 0.8m d
K 4
K = 0.009
0.036

4

L = 89
Slenderness Ratio = K long column
0.8

0.009

3.5.2.2 DESIGN OF CYLINDER FOR

STRESSES

P = 38.2 bar Pd c=19.1MN/M2

Hoop stress c = 2t
D = 50mm
t = 5mm 6
3.83 1 0 50 1 0
3

3
2 5 1 0

P = 38.2 bar Longitudinal stress

D = 50mm Pd
L 4 t
t = 5mm L = 9.55mn/m2

44
 6 103
3.82 10 50 5 103
L = 450mm 4
D = 50mm
P = 38.2 bar
Bursting force (pressure) = PdL
3.82 106 50 10-3 0.45

Therefore Bursting force = Resisting

force.
Since the Hoop stress is less than
the tensile stress of the material of
the cylinder, the cylinder will not
burst.
c = 19.1MN/M2 < 410MN/M2 = t
DESIGN OF PINS FOR SHEARING
AND CRUSHING

F F

16 9

60mm
Head body thread

F = 750 Area of pin Ap = 6.3610-5m2

d = 9mm Ap = dp2/4
As = 2.969 10-2
(9 10-3)2 / 4

= 22/7 total surface area of pin

r = 0.045m As = 2r (r + h)
= 118mn/m2
h = 0.06m = 2 0.045 (0.045 + 0.06)

45
 Shear stress =shear load/share
Area cr = 253kn/m2

load
crushng stress=shear sruface area
total

7509
F/ As 10 x 2
2.969

DESIGN OF MEMNERS FOR

BUCKLING

D d

b
B

B = 50mm b = B t = 50 3 b = 47mm
D = 25mm d = D t = 25 3 d = 22mm
T = 3mm b d3
I =B D3
12

22 3 /12 I = 2.34 10-8m2

25 347
50

= 22/7 Buckling load for the members

E = 193 109 PE =
2 EI
I = 2.34 10-8 L2
PE = 37.144kN
L = 1.2m 2.341 o8
2 193 109
1.2
A = 216mm2
Critical stress

E = 172MN/M2

46
 l 2
P
E E k
A
2 E /

1.2 2

k
2 193 109 /

3
10
37.144 106
216

Since the critical stress (E =

172MN/M2) is less than the yield
stress of stainless steel (415MN/M2),
therefore the material is safe I
operation.

DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR BENDING

W/
2

0.6m

0.6m

47
 W+WF/2

Where WF = Weight of frame

W = weight of platform +
payload
= angle of inclination of scissors arm=
10, 20, 30,40, 500
W=2943N
WF=20.111N
+ M = force perpendicular
0

distance.

For = 100 ,

Bending moment =(W+WF/2)cos0.6

+W/2cos0.6
=0.6cos(W+WF/2 + W/2)
= 0.6 cos10(2943+20.111/2 +2943/2)
=0.60.9848(2953.06).
=1744Nm

FOR =200

Bending moment= 0.6cos(W+WF/2

+W/2)
=0.6cos20(2943+20.111/2 +2943/2)
=835.331 +829.661

FOR =300 =1664.99Nm

Bending moment= 0.6cos(W+WF/2 +w/2)

48
 =0.6cos30(2943+20.111/2 +2943/2)
=769.84 + 764.59

FOR =400 =1534.43Nm

Bending moment= 0.6cos(W+WF/2

+W/2)

= 0.6cos40(2943+20.111/2 +2943/2)

=0.4596(2953.06)

FOR =500

=1357.23Nm

Bending moment = 0.6cos(W+WF/2

+W/2)

= 0.6cos50 (2943+20.111/2 +2943/2)

=0.38572953.06

M/I=/Y=E/R

Therefore from the analysis of the bending

moment above, the Maximum bending =1138.91Nm

moment = 1744.92Nm occurs at the point

when =100

Therefore, the smaller the angle, the

higher the bending moment and vis-visa.

49
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 MATERIAL SELECTION, CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES, COST

ANALYSIS AND MAINTENANCE

4.1: MATERIAL SELECTION

Material selection plays a very important role in machine design.

For example, the cost of materials in any machine is a good determinant

of the cost of the machi8ne. more than the cost is the fact that materials

are always a very decisive factor for a good design. The choice of the

particular material for the machine depends on the particular purpose

50
 and the material for the machine depends on the particular purpose and

the mode of operation of the machine components. Also, it depends on

the expected mode of failure of the components.

Engineering materials are mainly classified as:

1 Metal and their alloys, such as iron, steel, copper, aluminum etc.
2 Non-metals such as glass, rubber, plastic etc. metals are further

classified as ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals.

Ferrous metals are those metals which have iron as their main

constituent, such as cast iron, wrought iron and steels.

Non-ferrous metals are those which have a metal other than iron as

there main constituent, such as copper, aluminum, brass, tin, zinc etc.

For the purpose of this project, based on the particular working

conditions machine component were designed for only the ferrous

metals have been considered.

Also, certain mechanical properties of metals have greatly

influenced our decisions. These properties include:

1 Strength: it is the ability of a material to resist the externally applied

force without break down or yielding the internal resistance offered

without break down or yielding the internally applied force is called

stress.
2 Stiffness: it is the ability of a material to resist deformation under stress.
3 Elasticity: it is the property of a material to regain its original shape after

deformation when the external force are removed.

51
 4. Plasticity: it is property of a material which retains the deformation

produced under load, permanently.

4 Ductility: a very important property of the material enabling it to be

drawn into wire with the application of a tensile force. A ductile material is

both strong and plastic. Ductile materials commonly used in engineering

practical (in order of diminishing ductility) are mold steel, copper,

aluminum, nickel, zinc tin and lead.

5 Malleability: it is a special case of ductility which permit materials to be

rolled or hammered into thin sheets. A malleable material is plastic but

not 80 essentially strong. Examples include; lead soft steel, wrought iron,

wrought iron, copper and aluminum in order of diminishing malleability.

6 Toughness: it is the property of a material to resist fracture due to high

impact loads like hammer blows, when heated. This property decreases.
7 Brittleness: it is the properties of a material opposite to ductility, it is the

property of breaking of a material with little permanent deformation when

subjected to tensile load, brittle materials snap off without giving any

sensible elongation. Cast iron is a brittle material.

8 Hardness it embraces difference properties such as resistance to water,

scratching, deformation and machinability etc. it also measure of the

ability of a metal to cut another metal.

ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL PROPERTY REQUIREMENT OF

ESSENTIAL MACHINE COMPONENTS.

52
 It is necessary to evaluate the particular type of forces imposed on

components with a view to determining the exact mechanical properties

and necessary material for each equipment. A very brief analysis of each

component follows thus:

I Scissors arms
II Hydraulic cylinder
III Top plat form
IV Base plat form
V Wheels

Scissors Arms: this component is subjected to buckling load and

bending load tending to break or cause bending of the components.

Hence based on strength, stiffness, plasticity an hardness. A

recommended material is stainless steel.

Hydraulic Cylinder: this component is considered as a strut with both

ends pinned. It is subjected to direct compressive force which imposes a

bending stress which may cause buckling of the component. It is also

subjected to internal compressive pressure which generates

circumferential and longitudinal stresses all around the wall thickness.

Hence necessary material property must include strength, ductility,

toughness and hardness. The recommended material is mild steel.

Top Platform: this component is subjected to the weight of the workman

and his equipment, hence strength is required, the frame of the plat form

is mild steel and the base is wood.

53
 Base Platform: this component is subjected to the weight of the top plat

form and the scissors arms. It is also responsible for the stability of the

whole assembly, therefore strength. Hardness and stiffness are needed

mechanical properties. Mild steel is used.

Wheels: the wheels are position at the base part of the scissors lift and

enable the lift to move from one place to the other without necessary

employment of external equipment like car.

Choice of stainless and mild steel

1 Mild Steel contains 0.05 to 0.3 percent carbons it has for almost all

purpose replaced wrought iron, its greater strength giving it under viable

advantages. Mild steel can be rolled, wielded and down. It can even be

cast, though not very successfully. Among its application are plates for

ship building, bicycle frame tubes, mesh work, bolts, nuts, studs etc.

solid and hollow constructional sections, sheet metal parts and steel

castings such as flywheels and locomotive wheel centers.

2 Stainless Steel: these are steel with high rust and corrosion resistance

to meet specific application requirements. They also have high strength

and toughness.

It is an alloy of iron with about 11% chromium and other metals like

nickel, molybdenum etc. the properties of rust and corrosion resistance,

toughness and strength, aesthetics and how coefficient of friction were

54
 considered to meet all requirements and the choice of stainless steel for

the scissors members.

4.2 CONSTRUCTION OPERATION AND TOOLS

In the design and construction of the hydraulic scissors lift, the

procedures followed to achieve a positive result are laid down in the

preceding text. But first, a look at the operations and tools involved.

Operations

1 Marking out
2 Cutting
3 Drilling
4 Joining (welding and bolt and nut)

Tools

1 Engineers rule
2 Scriber
3 Hack saw
4 Hand file
5 Drilling machine
6 Welding machine
7 Pliers
8 spanner
9 Try square
10 Electric grinder

Construction Procedure

1 Base Platform the material used for this purpose is mild steel angle bar.

(33 inch) thickness 3mm. this is used because the base frame is

55
 responsible for the stability of the platform. The basic dimensions were

marked out using on Engrs rule and scriber and then cut with the use of

hack saw after being welded firmly clamped to the vice. They are then

joined together by welding to give the base frame.

2 Scissors Arms these include the members that are arranged in a cross-

cross X pattern and whose construction is responsible for lifting the

platform and extension and lowering of the platform.

It is usually made up of pipes with rectangular cross-section and have

high resistance to bending. The material is stainless steel for corrosion

and rust resistance to give high strength.

After marking out, they were cut to the required sizes holes of

appropriate diameter were drilled at both ends and the middle of each

member. Hollow pins of external diameter corresponding to the drilled

holes we then fit into holes and welded in order to strengthen the

position then joined together to give the X pattern using bolts and nuts.

The scissors arms were brazed to increase the strength and bending

resistance.

Top Platform

The material used for the construction of this component is mild steel

angle bar for the frame and timber for the base of the platform. The

56
angle bar is cut into the required sizes and welded to form a rigid

platform. The timber was equally into the required dimensions, drilled at

the edges and fastened using bolt and nut to secures it in position at the

base of the platform.

Assembling of various components of the hydraulic scissors lift.

The scissors assemblage was mounted on the base frame with

one end hinged and the other fitted with roller (bearing) to produce the

needed motion of rolling along the rail to cause lifting and lowering of the

scissors lift. The scissors arm connected to the platform is also

connected with one end hinged and the other fitted with roller to effect

extension and contraction of the lit. The hydraulic cylinder is connected

to the first arm of the scissors lift with both ends hinged. This cylinder

provides the force needed to lift the load on the platform.

The force is as a result of the pressure of the hydraulic supplied to the

cylinder by the pump from the reservoir.

The lift is fitted with wheels to aid mobility from one location to

another.

Painting of the entire unit is done to improve it aesthetics and

increase the corrosion and resistance to rust.

COST ANALYSIS OF MATERIAL

The table below shows the cost of material used in constructing the

hydraulic scissors lift

57
NO. OF MATERIAL QUANTITY UNIT COST TOTAL COST
ITEM DESCRIPTION REQUIRED
1 3 x 3 lnch Angular 3 2400 7200
bar
2 1 x 1 Inch Angle bar 8 1000 300
3 1 x 2 inch stainless 8 3000 30, 400
steel pipe
4 Mild steel bushins 20 50 1000
5 Stainless steel 13 100 1500
electrode
6 Mild steel electrode 20 25 500
7 Drilling of stainless 12 250 3000
steel pipe
8 Stainless steel drive 2 250 500
bit
9 Bolt and nut 40 25 1000
10 Wood timber 3 650 1300
11 Roller bearing 4 100 400
12 Hydraulic cylinder 1 6500 6500
(Ram)
13 Electric motor and 1 20, 000 20, 000
pump
14 Directional control 1 5000 5000
valve
15 Wheel 4 2500 10, 000
16 Transportation 6000
17 Miscellaneous 2000
TOTAL 96, 600
CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION

The design and fabrication of a portable work platform elevated by

a hydraulic cylinder was carried out meeting the required design

standards. The portable work platform is operated by hydraulic cylinder

58
which is operated by a motor. The scissor lift can be design for high load

also if a suitable high capacity hydraulic cylinder is used. The hydraulic

scissor lift is simple in use and does not required routine maintenance. It

can also lift heavier loads. The main constraint of this device is its high

initial cost, but has a low operating cost. The shearing tool should be

heat treated to have high strength. Savings resulting from the use of this

device will make it pay for itself with in short period of time and it can be

a great companion in any engineering industry dealing with rusted and

unused metals.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

This device affords plenty of scope for modifications for further

improvements and operational efficiency, which should make it

commercially available and attractive. Hence, its wide application in

industries, hydraulic pressure system, for lifting of vehicle in garages,

maintenance of huge machines, and for staking purpose. Thus, it is

recommended for the engineering industry and for commercial

production.

59
REFERENCE

GUPTA S.C (2006). Fluid mechanics and hydraulic machines.

Pearson Education India, 2006. P.p 1296

RAJPUT R.K (2010). Strength of materials (mechanics of solids).

S.Chand and Company LTD; 2010. P.p (928-941, 2-3, 590-592, 264-265).

60
HENRY W. SASLACH JR. and ROWLAND W. ARMSTRONG (2005).
Deformatble bodies and their material behaviour.
John Wiley and Sons inc. P.p (105-212).

KHURMI R.S and GUPTA J.K (2006). Machine design. Fourteenth edition.
P.p (40-45).

DR. SADHU SINGH (2000) Applied stress analysis (fourth edition)

P.p (35-42).

KHURMI R.S and J.K GUPTA (2005). Theory of machines (second edition).
Eurasia publishing house LTD. P.p(99-117).

MICHAEL .A. (2008). Understanding scissors lift deflection.

Autoquip corporation. (2008. PDF book). P.p (1-4).

Aerial platform: Retrieved online from

http://ritchiewiki.com/wiki/index.php/Aerial-platform.
Upright lifts: Retrieved online from www.canliftequipment.ca/inventory/upright.
Scaffolding: http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/scaffolding.

61