Trigonometry and Geometry concepts

CONTENTS
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIO
TOPIC PAGE NO.
Key Concepts . ............................................................................................................................................. 07

Solved Examples . ........................................................................................................................................ 11
1. Exercise # 1. .................................................................................................................................................. 18
2. Exercise # 2. .................................................................................................................................................. 21
Part - A (Single correct answer type questions)
Part - B (One or more than one correct answer type questions)
Part - C (Assertion & Reason type questions)
Part - D (Column matching)
Part - E (Fill in the blanks type questions)
3. Exercise # 3. .................................................................................................................................................. 24
Part - A (Subjective type questions)
Part - B (Passage based questions)
4. Exercise # 4. .................................................................................................................................................. 26
Old IIT-JEE questions
5. Exercise # 5. .................................................................................................................................................. 27
6. Answer Key. ................................................................................................................................................. 28
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
TOPIC PAGE NO.
Key Concepts . ............................................................................................................................................. 32

Solved Examples . ........................................................................................................................................ 33
1. Exercise # 1. .................................................................................................................................................. 41
2. Exercise # 2. .................................................................................................................................................. 44
3. Exercise # 3. .................................................................................................................................................. 49
4. Exercise # 4. .................................................................................................................................................. 50
5. Exercise # 5. .................................................................................................................................................. 51
6. Answer Key. ................................................................................................................................................. 52
1
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION
TOPIC PAGE NO.
Key Concepts . ............................................................................................................................................. 56

Solved Examples . ........................................................................................................................................ 59
1. Exercise # 1. .................................................................................................................................................. 66
2. Exercise # 2. .................................................................................................................................................. 68
3. Exercise # 3. .................................................................................................................................................. 71
4. Exercise # 4. .................................................................................................................................................. 73
5. Exercise # 5. .................................................................................................................................................. 74
6. Answer Key. ................................................................................................................................................. 75
PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLE
TOPIC PAGE NO.
Key Concepts . ............................................................................................................................................. 78

Solved Examples . ........................................................................................................................................ 80
1. Exercise # 1. .................................................................................................................................................. 85
2. Exercise # 2. .................................................................................................................................................. 87
3. Exercise # 3. .................................................................................................................................................. 89
4. Exercise # 4. .................................................................................................................................................. 90
5. Exercise # 5. .................................................................................................................................................. 91
6. Answer Key. ................................................................................................................................................. 92
2
RADII OF CIRCLE
TOPIC PAGE NO.
Key Concepts . ............................................................................................................................................. 95

Solved Examples . ........................................................................................................................................ 97
1. Exercise # 1. ................................................................................................................................................ 102
2. Exercise # 2. ................................................................................................................................................ 103
3. Exercise # 3. ................................................................................................................................................ 105
4. Exercise # 4. ................................................................................................................................................ 106
5. Exercise # 5. ................................................................................................................................................ 107
6. Answer Key. ............................................................................................................................................... 108
3
Trigonometric Ratio
IIT-JEE Syllabus
1. Trigonometric ratios of compound angles

2. Trigonometric ratios of multiple angles, sub multiple angles
3. Conditional identities
4. Greatest and the least value of the expression
Total No. of questions in Trigonometric Ratio are:
Solved examples......23
Exercise # 1 ..26
Exercise # 2 ..35
Exercise # 3 ..26
Exercise # 4 ..09
Exercise # 5 ..15
Total No. of questions..134
*** Students are advised to solve the questions of exercises in the same sequence or as directed by the
faculty members.
1
Index: Preparing your own list of Important/Difficult Questions
Instruction to fill
(A) Write down the Question Number you are unable to solve in column A below, by Pen.
(B) After discussing the Questions written in column A with faculties, strike off them in the manner
so that you can see at the time of Revision also, to solve these questions again.
(C) Write down the Question Number you feel are important or good in the column B.
COLUMN :A COLUMN :B
EXERCISE
NO. Questions i am unable
Good/Important questions
to solve in first attempt
Advantages
1. It is advised to the students that they should prepare a question bank for the revision as it is very
difficult to solve all the questions at the time of revision.
2. Using above index you can prepare and maintain the questions for your revision.
2
KEY CONCEPTS
1. Relation between systems of measurement
Y
of angles
D G 2C 3/2 /2 /2 3/2
tan = X' O X
90 100
2. Fundamental Trigonometric identities

Y'
(i) sin2 + cos2 = 1
(ii) 1 + tan2 = sec2
Y
(iii) 1 + cot2 = cosec2
3. Sign of Trigonometrical ratios or functions 3/2 /2 /2 3/2

X
cot = X' 2 O 2
Y
II-quadrant I-quadrant
S A Y'
sin and cosec all positive
Y
are positive
X' X
III- quadrant IV-quadrant
T C
(2,1) (0,1) (2,1)
tan and cot cos and sec
are positive are positive secX' O
X
(,1) (,1)
Y'
A crude aid to memorise the signs of trigonometrical
ratio in different quadrant is
Y'
" All Students To Career point
Y
4. Graphs of different Trigonometrical ratios
Y
(3/2,1) (/2, 1)
1 cosec = X' X
/2 O
sin = X' 2 3/2 /2 3/2
X (3/2,1)
O 2 (/2,1)
1
Y'
Y'
Y
1
/2 O /2
cos = X' 3/2 3/2
X
1
Y'
3
5. Trigonometric ratios of allied angles
Allied (90 ) (90 + ) (180 ) (180 + ) (270 ) (270 + ) (360 )

angles
or or or or or or or
( )
Trigo. ( ) ( + ) 3 3 (2 )
Ratio
2 2 2 2
sin sin cos cos sin sin cos cos sin
cos cos sin sin cos cos sin sin cos
tan tan cot cot tan tan cot cot tan
6. Sum & difference formulae CD C D

(vi) sin C sin D = 2 cos .sin
2 2
(i) sin (A B) = sin A cos B cos A sin B
C D CD
(ii) cos (A B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B (vii) cos C + cos D = 2 cos .cos
2 2
tan A tan B
(iii) tan (A B) = C D DC
1 tan A tan B *(viii) cos C cos D = 2sin . sin
2 2
cot A. cot B 1
(iv) cot (A B) =
cot B cot A 8. Trigonometrical ratios of multiple angles
(v) sin (A + B).sin (A B) = sin2 A sin2 B
2 t an
= cos2 B cos2 A (i) sin 2 = 2 sin cos =
1 t an2
(vi) cos (A + B).cos (A B) = cos2 A sin2 B
(ii) cos 2 = cos2 sin2 = 2 cos2 1
= cos2 B sin2 A
1 tan2
(vii) tan (A + B + C) = 1 2 sin2 =
1 tan2
tan A tan B tan C tan A tan B tan C
= 2 tan
1 tan A tan B tan B tan C tan C tan A (iii) tan 2 =
1 tan2
(viii) sin(A + B + C) = sinAcosBcosC
(iv) sin 3 = 3 sin 4 sin3
+ cosAsinBcosC + cosAcosBsinC
(v) cos 3= 4 cos3 3 cos
sinAsinBsinC
3 tan tan3
(ix) cos(A + B + C) = cosA cosB cosC (vi) tan 3 =
1 3 tan2
cosA sinB sinC sinA cosB sinC
sinA sinB cosC 1 cos
(vii) sin /2) =
2
7. Formulae for product into sum or
difference conversion 1 cos
(viii) cos /2) =
2
(i) 2sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A B)
1 cos 1 cos sin
(ii) 2cos A sin B = sin (A + B) sin (A B) (ix) tan /2) = = =
1 cos sin 1 cos
(iii) 2cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A B)
(iv) 2sin A sin B = cos (A B) cos (A + B) (x) 1 sin 2A = |sin A + cos A|
CD CD (xi) 1 sin 2A = |sin A cos A|

(v) sin C + sin D = 2 sin .cos
2 2
4
9. The greatest & least value of the and sin (C + A) = sin ( B) = sin B
expression [a sin + b cos] (iii) cos(A + B) = cos( C) = cosC
Similarly, cos (B + C) = cos( A) = cos A
Greatest value = a 2 b2 and and cos (C + A) = cos ( B) = cos B
Least value = a 2 b2 (iv) tan(A + B) = tan( C) = tan C
Similarly, tan (B + C) = tan( A) = tan A and
10. Some useful identities tan (C + A) = tan ( B) = tan B
AB C
(i) tan (A + B + C) =
tan A tan A tan B tanC (v) If A + B + C = , then
2
=
2 2
and
1 tanA. tanB BC A
= and
CA B
=
2 2 2 2 2 2
(ii) tan = cot 2 cot 2
A B C C
(iii) tan 3 = tan.tan(60 ).tan (60 + ) sin = sin = cos
2 2 2 2
(iv) tan(A + B) tanA tanB = tanA.tanB.tan(A + B)
A B C C
1 cos = cos = sin
(v) sin sin(60 ) sin (60 + ) = sin 3 2 2 2 2
4
A B C C
tan = tan = cot .
1 2 2 2 2
(vi) cos cos(60 )cos(60 + ) = cos 3
4
(vi) sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 sin A. sin B. sin C
11. Some useful series (vii) cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C
= 1 4 cos A. cos B. cos C
(i) sin + sin( + ) + sin( + 2) +..... to n terms
n 1 n A B C
sin sin (viii) sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos cos cos
2 2 2 2 2
= ; 2n
(ix) cos A + cos B + cos C
sin
2 A B C
= 1 + 4 sin sin sin
(ii) cos + cos ( + ) + cos ( + 2) +.....to n terms 2 2 2
(x) cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = 1 2 cos A. cosB cos C

n 1 n
cos sin
2 2 (xi) tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A. tan B. tan C
= ; 2n
(xii) tan(A/2) tan(B/2) + tan(B/2) tan(C/2)
sin
2 + tan(C/2) tan(A/2) = 1
(iii) p = cos. cos 2.cos 22....... cos (2n1 ) (xiii) cos+ cos+ cos+ cos(++)
sin 2 n
n , if n
= 4cos cos cos
2 sin 2 2 2

=
1, if 2k

1, if (2k 1) (xiv) sin + sin + sin sin( + + )

= 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2
12. Conditional Trigonometrical identities
(xv) If n I then
If A + B + C = then (a) sin n = 0
(i) A + B = C, B + C = A & C + A = B (b) cos n = (1)n
(ii) sin(A + B) = sin( C) = sinC n
(c) cos = 0 ( If n is odd)
Similarly, sin (B + C) = sin( A) = sin A 2
5
n 1
n 13. sine, cosine and tangent of some angle
(d) sin = (1) 2 (If n is odd)
2 less than 90
(e) cos (n ) = (1)n cos
1
S 15 18 22 36
(f) sin(n + ) = (1)n sin 2
n 1
n 3 1 5 1 1
(g) cos = (1) 2 sin, n is odd integer. sin 2 2 10 2 5
2 2 2 4 2 4
n 1
n 3 1 1 5 1
(h) sin = (1) 2 cos, n is odd integer. cos 10 2 5 2 2
2 2 2 4 2 4
25 10 5
tan 2 3 2 1 52 5
5
6
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 The value of the expression (A) a3 = 3/8 , a2 = 0
2
sin y 1 cos y sin y (B) n = 6, a1 = 1/2
1 + is equal to (C) n = 5, a1 = 1/4
1 cos y sin y 1 cos y
(D) a m = 3/4
(A) 0 (B) 1
cos3x 3 cosx
(C) sin y (D) cos y Sol. cos3x. sin 2x = .sin 2x
4
Sol. Taking L.C.M.
1 3
sin 2 y 1 cos y sin y = (sin5x sin x) + (sin3x + sin x)
1 + 8 8
1 cos y sin y 1 cos y 1 3 1
= sin x + sin 3x + sin 5x.
1 cosy sin 2 y 1 cos2 y sin 2 y 4 8 8
= +
1 cosy sin y.(1 cos y)
1 3
n = 5, a1 = , a2 = 0 , a3 = , a4 = 0, a5 =
1
4 8 8
cosy cos y2
= + 0 = cos y Ans.[D] Ans.[A, C, D]
1 cosy
Ex.4 If ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral such that
12 tan A 5 = 0 and 5 cos B + 3 = 0 then the
Ex.2 If A + B = and cos A + cos B = 1 then
3 quadratic equation whose roots are cos C, tan D is
1 (A) 39x2 16x 48 = 0
(A) cos (A B) =
3 (B) 39x2 + 88x + 48 = 0
2 (C) 39x2 88x+ 48 = 0
(B) |cos A cos B| =
3 (D) None of these
1 Sol. In a convex quadrilateral no angle is greater than
(C) cos (A B) = 180
3
1 Here tan A = 5/12
(D) |cos A cos B| =
2 3 So, 0 < A < and < C <
2 2
Sol. cosA + cosB = 1
AB AB ( A + C = 180)
so, 2cos . cos =1
2 2 tan ( C) = 5/12, i.e., tan C = 5/12
3 AB cos C = 12/13.
or 2. . cos =1 Also, cos B = 3/5 ,
2 2
AB 1
cos = so, < B < and 0 < D < [B + D = 180]
2 3 2 2
A B 3 3
cos (A B) = 2 cos2 1 cos( D) = , i.e. cos D = .
5 5
2
tan D = 4/3
2 1
= 1= The required equation is
3 3
AB AB 12 4 12 4
|cos A cos B| = 2 sin .sin x2 x + . =0 Ans.[A]
2 2 13 3 13 3
1 1 2 Ex.5 The value of tan 63 cot 63 is equal to -

= 2. . 1 =
2 3 3
2
Ans.[B, C] (A) . 10 2 5
5 1
n
Ex.3 cos3x. sin2x = a
m 1
m sin mx is an identity in x.
(B)
2
. 10 2 5
5 1
Then
7
5 1 = 1 2a2 2b2 Ans.[B]
(C) . 5 5
4 Ex.7 The angles of the triangle are in A.P. The number
(D) None of these of grades in the least, is to the number of radians
cos126o in the greatest as 40 : . Find the angle in degrees.
Sol. Value = = 2cot 126
1 o Sol. Let the angle of the triangle be (a d), a, and
sin 126
2 (a + d)
= 2cot(90 + 36) = 2 tan 36 so, (a d) + a + (a + d) = 180
o
4. sin 18 cos18 o 3a = 180 a = 60
=
cos36o so, the angles are (60 d), 60 and (60 + d)
2 clearly, the least angle is (60 d) and the greatest
5 1 5 1
4. . 1 angle is (60 + d)
4 4
then, 90 = 100g
=
5 1 g g
10 600 10d
4 (60 d) = (60 d) =
9 9
5 1
= 10 2 5
c
5 1 Also, (60 + d) = (60 d)
180
( 5 1) 2 (10 2 5 ) It is given that,
=
5 1 Number of grades in theleast angle 40
=
=
2
. 10 2 5 Ans.[A] Number of radiansin thegreatestangle
5 1
600 10d

Ex.6 If sin (+) = a and sin (+) = b, then 9 = 40

cos 2() 4ab cos () is equal to (60 d)
180
(A) 1 a2 b2 (B) 1 2a2 2b2
600 10d 180 40
(C) 2 + a2 + b2 (D) 2 a2 b2 =
9 ( 60 d )
Sol. sin (+) = a, sin (+) = b
600 10d = 120 + 2d
+ = sin1 a. + = sin1 b
12d = 480
= sin1a sin1 b
d = 40

= cos1 a + cos1 b The angles of the triangle are 20, 60 and 100
2 2
= cos1 b cos1 a Ans.
= cos1 ab 1 b 2 1 a 2
Ex.8 Prove that

1 1

cos () = ab + (1 a b a b )
2 2 2 2 sec cos cosec sin
2 2 2 2
cos2 () = a2b2 + 1 a2 b2 + a2b2 1 sin 2 cos2

sin2 cos2 =
2 sin 2 cos2
+ 2ab 1 a 2 b 2 a 2 b 2
cos2 sin 2 2
cos 2() 4 ab cos () Sol. LHS = sin cos2

1 cos4
1 sin 4

= 2 cos2 ) 1 4ab cos ()
= 2a2b2 + 2 2a2 2b2 +2a2b2 cos4 sin sin 4 cos2
= +
(1 cos2 )(1 cos2 ) (1 sin 2 )(1 sin 2 )
+ 4ab 1 a 2 b 2 a 2 b 2 1 4a2b2
4ab 1 a 2 b 2 a 2 b 2
8
cos4 sin 2 sin 4 cos2 then
1
(3 + 5 ) > 1,
= +
sin 2 (1 cos2 ) cos2 (1 sin 2 ) 2
1
cos4 sin 4 so, sin2x = (3 5 ) < 1,
= + 2
1 cos2 1 sin 2
5 1
cos4 (1 sin 2 ) sin 4 (1 cos2 ) sin x = = 2 sin 18
= 2
(1 cos2 )(1 sin 2 )
Similarly, sin y = 2 sin 18 and sin z = 2 sin 18.
cos sin sin cos (cos sin )
4 4 2 2 2 2
= 1
1 (sin 2 cos2 ) sin 2 cos2 Ex.11 Given tan 15 = 2 3 , find tan 7 .
2
(cos2 sin 2 ) 2 2 sin 2 cos2 sin 2 cos2 Sol. We know that
=
2 sin 2 cos2
A 1 t an A 1
2
tan = ...(1)
1 sin cos
2 2
2 t anA
= = RHS
2 sin 2 cos2 Putting A = 15 we have, from equation (1),
1 1 (2 3 ) 2 1
tan 7 =
Ex.9 If sec = 13/5 (0 < < ),
2 2 2 3
2 3 cot 8 4 3 1
find the value of . =
4 9 sec 12
2 3
13 169 1
Sol. sec = sec2 1 = 1 Now tan 7 is positive, so that we must take the
5 25 2
upper sign.
144 12
tan2 = tan =
25 5 1 ( 6 2) 1
Hence, tan 7 =
Now, the given expression is equal to 2 2 3
5 =( 6 2 1) (2 + 3)
2 3.
2 3 cot 12 = (24 15)5
= = 6 3 + 2 2=( 3 2 ) ( 2 1)
4 9 tan 12 12(20 108)
4 9.
5
tan( ) t an
45 Ex.12 If = , show that
= =
15
Ans. tan( ) t an
12.88 352
sin () = 0 or sin 2 + sin 2 + sin 2 = 0.
Ex.10 If cos x = tan y, cos y = tan z and cos z = tan x, Sol. By componendo and dividendo,
prove that sin x = sin y = sin z = 2 sin 18. tan( ) tan( )
or
Sol. cos2x = tan2y = sec2y 1 = cot2z 1 tan( ) tan
cos2 z tan tan
1 + cos2x = cot2 z = =
1 cos2 z tan tan
tan2 x
= sin( ) sin( )
1 tan2 x
cos( ).cos( ) cos . cos
or =
sin 2` x sin 2` x sin( ) sin( )
2 sin2 x = =
cos2 x sin 2 x 1 2 sin 2 x cos( ).cos( ) cos . cos
(2 sin2x) (1 2sin2x) = sin2x sin 2 sin( )
or =
2 sin4x 6 sin2x + 2 = 0 sin 2( ) sin( )
sin4x 3 sin2x + 1 = 0 or sin 2( ). sin ()
3 94 1 + sin 2. sin () = 0
sin2x = = (3 5)
2 2
9
or sin () {2cos() sin ()+sin 2}= 0 sin( ) sin( )

or sin () {sin 2sin 2 + sin 20 cos( ) cos( )
=
sin ( ) sin ( )
either sin () =0
cos( ) cos( )
or sin 2sin 2sin 2=0
sin( ) sin(2 )
= =
Ex.13 Prove that sin ( ) sin ( )
cos3 cos3 xy 2
= (cos + cos) cos ( + ) sin () = sin (2).sin ()
2 cos( ) 1 xy
sin ( + ) (sin + sin ) 1
= [cos 2() cos 2()] ....(1)
2
3 3 3 3 yz 2
2 cos cos Similarly, sin ()
Sol. LHS = 2 2 yz

2 2 cos2 1 1 1
2 = [cos 2() cos 2()] ....(2)
2
3 3 3 zx
2 cos 4 cos 3 cos sin2()
2 2 2 zx
=

4 cos2 3 1
2 = [cos 2() cos 2()] ....(3)
2
3 3 Adding (1), (2) and (3); LHS = 0 = RHS.
= 2 cos cos
2 2

RHS = 2 cos cos cos ()
2 2
Ex.15 Prove that 4 sin 27 = (5 + 5 )1/2 (3 5 )1/2

2sin cos sin )
2 2 5 1
Sol. sin54 = cos36 =
4
= 2 cos [ cos cos ()
2 2 5 1
2
cos 54 = 1 = 1 10 2 5
4 4
sin sin )]
2
1
1 2 sin2 27 = 10 2 5
3 3 4
= 2 cos cos = LHS
2 2 1
2 sin2 27 = 1 10 2 5
4
x y z
Ex.14 If = =
tan( ) t an( ) t an( ) 16 sin2 27 = 8 2 10 2 5
xy
show that xy sin2 () = 0. = [(5 + 5 )1/2 (3 5 )1/2]2
4 sin 27 = (5 + 5 )1/2 (2 5 )1/2

x tan( )
Sol. Here = . [ sin27 is positive]
y tan( )
By componendo and dividendo, Ex.16 If a and b are positive quantities, a being the
xy tan( ) tan( ) greater, find the minimum value of
=
xy tan( ) tan( ) a sec b tan .
Sol. Let a sec b tan = x ,
so a2 sec2 = (x + b tan )2
10
a2 (1 + tan2) = x2 + 2bx tan + b2 tan2 = cos2 sin2
tan2 (a2 b2) 2bx tan + a2 x2 = 0 or cos 2 + cos 2 + 2cos () = cos 2
This equation, being quadratic in tan , will have or 2cos().cos() + 2cos) = cos 2
real roots if the discriminate D 0
or cos () + 2 cos () = cos 2
4b2x2 4 (a2 b2) (a2 x2) 0
1
0 > a2 (a2 x2 b2) cos( )
2
x2 > a2 b2
or cos () = cos 2, etc.
Thus the minimum value of x is a 2 b2 ,
Now , (cos + cos + cos )2
so, a >b
(sin + sin + sin )2 = 0
1
1 or cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2
Ex.17 Prove that 2sinx + 2cosx 2 2
for all real x.
+ 2[cos () + cos () + cos ()] = 0
Sol. Clearly, 2sinx and 2cosx are positive; so their
or cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2
AM GM
+ 2 [cos 2cos 2cos 2] = 0
2sin x 2cos x sin x cos x
2sin x
.2 cos x
= 2 { cos (cos 2etc.}
2
....(1) cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 = 0
1 1 or 2cos2 1 + 2cos2 1 + 2cos2 1 = 0
Now, sin x + cos x = 2 sin x cosx
2 2 or 2 (cos2cos2cos2 ) 3 = 0
cos2 cos2 + cos2 = 3/2
= 2 sin x
4 1 sin2 + 1 sin2 + 1 sin2 = 3/2
minimum value of sin x + cos x = 2 or sin2 + sin2 + sin2
from (1), Ex.19 Given that the angles ,, are connected by the
relation 2 tan2 tan2 tan2 + tan2 tan2 + tan2
2sin x + 2cos x 2 . 2sin x cos x 2 2 2
tan2 + tan2 tan2 = 1, find the value of sin2 +

2 1
1
sin2 + sin2.
= 2. 2 2 2 2
Sol. Suppose tan = x, tan = y, tan = z

Ex.18 If cos cos + cos = 0 = sin + sin + sin , Now given relation becomes
show that 2x2y2z2 + x2y2 + y2z2 + z2x2 = 1 ....(1)
3 Again sin2 + sin2 + sin2
sin2 + sin2 + sin2 = cos2cos2 + cos2 =
2 1 1 1

Sol. Here cos + cos = cos (1) cosec cosec
2 2
cosec2
sin + sin = sin .... (2) 1 1 1

Squaring these and adding, 1 cot
2
1 cot 1 cot2
2
2 + 2 cos () = 1 tan2 tan2 t an2

P, say
or cos () = 1/2 1 tan2 1 tan2 1 t an2
1 1 Now putting various values in terms of x,y,z;

Similarly, cos () = & cos () =
2 2 x2 y2 z2
P= ,
Again, squaring (1) and (2) , and subtracting, then 1 x 2 1 y2 1 z2
cos2 sin2 + cos2 sin2 + 2 cos ()
11
[ x 2 (1 y 2 )(1 z 2 ) y 2 (1 x 2 )(1 z 2 ) (Using formula)
z 2 (1 x 2 )(1 y 2 )] n
= sin
(1 x 2 )(1 y 2 )(1 z 2 ) = 2 4 . cos (n + 1).
4
sin
[ x (1 y z y z ) y (1 x z x z )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4
z 2 (1 x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2 )]
=
[1 x 2 y 2 z 2 ( x 2 y 2 y 2 z 2 z 2 x 2 ) x 2 y 2 z 2 ] Ex.22 If 4 cos (y z) cos (z x) cos (x y) = 1,
prove that
[(x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2(x 2 y 2 y 2 z 2 z 2 x 2 ) 3x 2 y 2 z 2 ]
= 1 + 12 cos 2(y z). cos 2(z x). cos 2(x y)
[1 (x 2 y 2 z 2 ) (x 2 y 2 y 2 z 2 z 2 x 2 ) x 2 y 2 z 2 ]
= 4 cos 3(y z) cos 3(z x) cos 3(x y).
(x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2(1 2x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 3x 2 y 2 z 2 ) Sol. Let y z = A, z x = B, x y = C
=
1 (x 2 y 2 z 2 ) (1 2x 2 y 2 z 2 ) x 2 y 2 z 2
then A + B + C = 0
putting value from (1) the given relation is
2 (x y z ) x y z
2 2 2 2 2 2
= =1
2 (x 2 y 2 z 2 ) x 2 y 2 z 2 4 cos A cos B cos C = 1 where A + B + C = 0
sin2 + sin2 + sin2 = 1 2 cos A. {cos (B C) + cos (B + C)} = 1
2 cos A. cos (B C) + 2 cos2A 1 = 0
Ex.20 If sin (y + z x), sin (z + x y), sin (x + y z) be
2 cos (B + C). cos (B C) + 2cos2A 1 = 0
in A.P., prove that tan x, tan y, tan z are also in
cos 2B + cos 2C + cos 2A = 0 ....(1)
A.P.
RHS = 4cos 3(y z). cos 3(z x). cos 3(x y)
Sol. Here sin (y + z x), sin (z + x y),
= 4 cos 3A. cos 3B. cos 3C
sin (x + y z) are in A.P.
= 2 cos 3A {cos 3(B C) + cos 3(B + C)}
so sin (z + x y) sin (y + z x)
= 2 cos 3A {cos 3(B C) + cos 3A}
= sin (x + y z) sin (z + x y)
= 2 cos 3(B + C). cos 3(B C) + 2 cos2 3A
2 cos z sin (x y) = 2 cos x sin (y z)
= 2 (cos2 3B sin2 3C) + 2 cos2 3A
cos z (sin x cos y cos x sin y)
= 2 (cos2 3A + cos2 3B + cos2 3C) 2
= cos x (sin y cos z cos y sin z)
= 1 + cos 6A + cos 6B + cos 6C
Dividing both side by cos x cos y cos z
= 1 + 4 (cos3 2A + cos3 2B + cos3 2C)
then,tan x tan y = tan y tan z
3 (cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C)
tan x, tan y, tan z are also in A.P.
= 1 + 4 (cos3 2A + cos3 2B + cos3 2C),
Ex.21 Sum of the series because cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = 0 from (1)
1 cos + 1 cos2 + 1 cos3 + ... .... = 1 + 4 {cos3 2A + cos3 2B + cos3 2C 3 cos 2A cos
2B cos 2C} + 12 cos 2A cos 2B cos 2C

to n terms, where n , . = 1 + 4 {(cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C)
2 2
(cos2 2A + cos2 2B + cos2 2C cos 2A cos 2B
Sol. Series
cos 2B cos 2C cos 2C cos 2A}
3
= 2 cos +2
2 cos +
2
2 cos 2
+ ...... + 12 cos 2A cos 2B cos 2C
2 2
{ a3 + b3 + c3 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2
.... to n terms
bc ca ab)}
3
= 2 cos cos cos ...to n terms = 1 + 12 cos 2A cos 2B cos 2C
2 2
= 1 + 12 cos 2(y z). cos 2(z x). cos 2(x y)
n = LHS
sin
= 2 4 .cos n 1 .
2
sin 2 2
4
12
Ex.23 Prove that = cot . tan (r + 1) tan r
n n n
tan r. tan(r +1) = cot . tan(n +1) n 1

r 1
tan r. tan (r + 1) + 1
r 1 r 1
Sol. tan r. tan (r + 1) + 1 n
sin r. sin(r 1) cosr. cos(r 1)

= cot {tan (r + 1) tan r}
r 1
=
cos r. cos (r 1) n
=
cos{(r 1) r} or tan r. tan (r + 1) + n.
r 1
cos r. cos (r 1)
= cot [(tan 2 tan ) + (tan 3 tan 2) + (tan
cos
= 4tan 3) + .....+ {tan (n + 1)tan n}]
cos r. cos (r 1)
LHS = n + cot {tan (n + 1) tan }
sin
= cot . = n + cot . tan (n + 1) cot tan
cos r. cos (r 1)
=cot . tan (n + 1) n 1 = RHS
sin{(r 1) r}
= cot .
cos r. cos (r 1)
sin(r 1). cos r cos(r 1). sin r
= cot .
cos r. cos (r 1)
EXERCISE # 1
Questions Relation between systems of Questions
based on measurement of angles based on Trigonometric ratio or functions
Q.1 The angle subtended at the centre of the circle Q.3 If a cos b sin = c, then a sin + b cos =
of diameter 50 cm by an arc of 11 cm, is (A) a 2 b2 c2 (B) a 2 b2 c2
(in degree)
(A) 22 10' (B) 23 10' (C) a 2 b2 c2 (D) None of these
(C) 20 12' (D) 25 12'
Q.4 If sin x + sin2 x = 1, then
Q.2 The angles of a triangle are in A.P. and the number cos8 x + 2 cos6 x + cos4 x = ....
of degrees in the least is to the number of radians (A) 0 (B) 1
in the greatest as 60 to ; then the angles in (C) 2 (D) 1
degree, are
(A) 24, 60, 96 (B) 30, 60, 90 Sign of Trigonometric ratio and
Questions
(C) 45, 60, 75 (D) None of these based on allied angle
13
1 cos 140 cos 200 =
Q.5 If sin = and < < . Then the value of
2 2 (A) 0 (B) 3/4
sin cos (C) 3/4 (D) 4/3
is
tan
(A) 0 (B) 1 5
Q.11 2 sin sin =
1
12 12
(C) (D) 2
2 1 1
(A) (B)
2 2
1 1
Q.6 The expression (C) (D)
4 6
3
3 [sin4 + sin4 (3 +)]
2
Questions Transformation of sum or difference
1 based on into product
2 [sin6 + sin6 (5 )] is equal to-
2
(A) 0 (B) 1 cosl2 sin 12 sin 147
Q.12 =
(C) 3 (D) sin 4 + cos 6 cos12 sin 12 cos147
(A) 1 (B) 1
3 15 (C) 0 (D) None
Q.7 If < < , < < ; sin = and
2 2 17 Q.13 If m sin = n sin ( + 2),
12
tan = , the value of sin ( ) is - then tan ( + ) cot =
5
1 n mn
21 21 (A) (B)
(A) (B) 1 n mn
221 221
mn
171 171 (C) (D) None
(C) (D) mn
221 221
n n
cos A cos B sin A sin B
Questions Q.14
based on Sum or Difference of angles sin A sin B cos A cos B
when n is odd, is-
tan 2 tan
2 2
Q.8 = A B
1 tan2 2 tan2 (A) 2 cotn (B) zero
2
(A) tan 3/ tan (B) cot 3/ cot
A B
(C) tan 3 tan (D) cot 3 cot (C) 2 tann (D) None
2
Q.9 If tan A = 1/3 and tan B = 1/7 then the value of Questions Trigonometric Ratio of multiple
2A + B is - basedon angles
(A) 30 (B) 60
(C) 45 (D) 145 Q.15 2 sin2 + 4 cos ( + ) sin sin + cos 2( + ) is
equal to
Questions Transformation of product into (A) sin 2 (B) cos 2

based on sum & difference (C) cos 2 (D) sin 2
Q.10 cos 20 cos 100 + cos 100 cos 140
14
Questions
Q.16 If tan = cos.tan, then tan2 = based on Miscellaneous Points
2
sin( ) cos( )
(A) (B) Q.21 96 3 sin . cos .cos .cos .cos
sin( ) cos( ) 48 48 24 12 6
sin( ) cos( ) has the value
(C) (D)
sin( ) cos( ) (A) 8 (B) 9
(C) 10 (D) None
1 cos 4 1 cos 4
Q.17 + is equal to -
sec 2 2 1 cos ec 2 2 1 Q.22 The value of tan 6 tan 42 tan 66 tan 78 is-
(A) 0 (B) 2 (A) 1 (B) 1/2
(C) 1 (D) 4 (C) 1/4 (D) 1/8
Questions Conditional Trig. identities & Greatest 3 5

Q.23 The value of sin + sin + sin +.....to n
based on and least value of the expression n n n
terms is equal to
sin 2A sin 2B sin C (A) 1 (B) 0
Q.18 In a ABC, =
sin A sin B sin C n
(C) (D) none
A B C 2
(A) 8 sin sin sin
2 2 2
A B C
(B) 8 cos cos cos
2 2 2
A B C
(C) 8 tan tan tan
2 2 2
A B C
(D) 8 cot cot cot True or false type questions
2 2 2
Q.24 If sec ( ), sec and sec ( + ) are in A.P.,
Q.19 Maximum value of
then cos sec (/2) = 2 .
(5 sin x 12 cos x) (5 cos x + 12 sin x) is
169 169 Q.25 If sin = sin, then we always have sin 2 = sin 2
(A) (B)
2 4
196 Fill in the blanks type questions
(C) (D) 1
2
Q.26 If and are the solutions of
a cos + b sin = c, then
Q.20 The least value of
(i) sin + sin = ............
[cos2 6 sin . cos + 3 sin2 + 2] is- (ii) sin sin = .......
(A) 4 + 10 (B) 4 10 (iii) cos + cos = .......
(C) 0 (D) 4 (iv) cos cos = ........
(v) In a triangle ABC, C = 90 then the equation
whose roots are tan A and tan B is ......
15
EXERCISE # 2
Only single correct answer type
Part-A Q.7 If tan and tan are the roots of the
questions 2 2
equation 8x2 26x + 15 = 0 then cos ( + ) is
Q.1 Maximum value of
equal to-
cos3 x + cos3 (120 x) + cos3 (120 + x) is
627 627
1 3 (A) (B)
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D) 3/8 725 725
2 4
725
(C) (D) 1

2 3 5 7 627
Q.2 cos + cos2 + cos2 + cos2
16 16 16 16
Q.8 cot 5 tan 5 2 tan 10 4 tan 20 8 cot 40 is
is equal to -
equal to -
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
(A) 0 (B) 8 tan 40
336 (C) 8 tan 80 (D) None of these
Q.3 If sin A = , where 450 < A < 540, then
625
Q.9 If 0 < < 180 then
A
sin is -
4
2 2 2 2 ............. 2(1 cos )
(A) 3/5 (B) 3/5
(C) 4/5 (D) 4/5 there being n number of 2s , is equal to-
n 1
2 r (A) 2 cos n (B) 2 cos n 1
Q.4 cos n
r 1
is equal to - 2 2

n n 1 (C) 2 cos n 1 (D) None of these
(A) (B) 2
2 2
n Q.10 The sign of the product sin 2 sin 3 sin 5 is -
(C) 1 (D) None of these
2 (A) Negative (B) Positive
Q.5 If an angle is divided into two parts A and B
such that A B = x and tan A : tan B = k : 1, cos 20 8 sin 70 sin 50 sin 10
then the value of sin x is- Q.11 is equal to -
sin 2 80
k 1 k
(A) sin (B) sin (A) 1 (B) 2
k 1 k 1 3
(C) (D) None of these
k 1 4
(C) sin (D) None of these
k 1
4
Q.12 It is known that sin = and 0 < < then the
Q.6 If , ,, are the smallest positive angles in 5
ascending order of magnitude which have their 2
sines equal to the positive quantity k, then the 3 sin( ) cos( )
value of cos /6 is -
value of
sin
(A) Independent of for all in (0, )
4 sin + 3 sin + 2 sin + sin
2 2 2 2 5
is equal to- (B) for tan < 0
13
(A) 2 1 k (B) 2 1 k 3 (7 24 cot )
(C) for tan > 0
1 k 15
2 (D) None of these
16
Q.13 In a triangle ABC, angle A is greater than angle B.
(A) cot (B) cot
If the measures of angles A and B satisfy the 8 16
equation 3 sin x 4 sin3 x k = 0, 0 < k < 1, then
(C) cot (D) None
the measure of angle C is- 32

(A) (B)
3 2 Q.21 3 tan6 27 tan4 + 33 tan2 equals -
18 18 18
2 5
(C) (D) (A) 0 (B) 1
3 6
(C) 2 (D) 3
Q.14 If A = cos2 + sin4 , then for all values of
(A) 1 A 2 (B) 13/16 A 1 One or more than one correct
Part-B
(C) 3/4 A 13/16 (D) 3/4 A 1 answer type questions
Q.15 The value of the expression

Q.22 If 7 cos x 24 sin x = cos (x + ), 0 < < , be
2 10 3 5 2
cos cos cos sin sin sin is
7 7 7 14 14 14 true for all x R then
24
(A) 0 (B)
1 (A) = 25 (B) = sin1
4 25
7
(C)
1
(D)
1 (C) = 25 (D) = cos1
4 8 25
Q.16 The minimum and maximum value of Q.23 The set of values of k R such that the equation
cos 2 + cos + k = 0 admits of a solution for is
ab sin x + b (1 a 2 ) cos x + c (| a | < 1, b > 0)
9
respectively are (A) 0, (B) [0, )
8
(A) {b c, b + c} (B) {b + c, b c}
(C) [2, 0] (D) none of these
(C) {c b, b + c} (D) None of these
Q.24 If sin A + sin B + sin C = cos A + cos B + cos C = 0,
sin 7x 6 sin 5x 17 sin 3x 12 sin x
Q.17 = then
sin 6x 5 sin 4x 12 sin 2x
1
(A) cos x (B) 2 cos x (A) cos (A B) =
(C) sin x (D) 2 sin x 2
(B) sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 0
1 (C) sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C = 3/2
Q.18 If product of sin 1 sin 3 sin 5. sin 89 = n
2 (D) cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C = 3/2
then n equals
89 Q.25 If tan and tan are the roots of the equation
(A) 44 (B)
2 x2 + px + q = 0 (p 0), then
(C) 45 (D) None (A) sin2 ( + ) + p sin ( + ) cos ( + )
+ q cos2 ( + ) = q
3 (B) tan ( + ) = p/q 1
Q.19 If x , then
2 (C) cos ( + ) = 1 q
x (D) sin ( + ) = p
4 cos2 + 4 sin 4 x sin 2 2x equals -
4 2
(A) 2 (B) 2 Q.26 If 3 sin = sin (2 + ) then
(C) 3 (D) 3 (A) [cot + cot ( + )]
[cot 3 cot (2 + )] = 6

Q.20 1 + cosec + cosec + cosec equals - (B) sin = cos ( + ) sin
4 8 16
(C) 2 sin = sin ( + ) cos
(D) tan ( + ) = 2 tan
17
Reason (R) : In any triangle,
7
Q.27 If A lies between 270 & 360 and sin A = , then tan B tan C
25 tan A = .
tan B tan C 1
336 A 2
(A) sin 2A = (B) cos =
625 2 5 Part-D Column Matching type Questions
A 1 A 2
(C) tan = (D) sin = Q.32 In a ABC,
2 7 2 10 Column 1 Column 2
A
6
(A) tan A
C
3 m (P) 12 sin
Q.28 If sin x sin 3x = m cos x , where 2
m 0
B C
C0, C1, C2, .....C6 are constant, then (B) tan tan (Q) tan A
2 2
(A) C0 + C2 + C4 + C6 = 0
A A
(B) C1 + C3 + C5 = 0 (C) cot (R) cot
(C) 2C2 3C6 = 0 2 2
A
(D) C4 + 2C6 = 0 (D) sin2 (S) 1
2
Q.29 If sin(x + 20) = 2 sin x cos 40 where
Q.33 The value of
x 0, , then which of the following is true
2 Column 1 Column 2
(A) tan 4x = 3 (B) cosec 4x = 2 (A) cot (/4 + ). (P) tan 56
x x cot (/4 )
(C) sec = 6 2 (D) cot =2+ 3
2 2 (B) sin (45 + ) (Q) 1
cos (45 )
Part-C Assertion Reason type Questions cos11 sin 11
(C) (R)3/2
cos11 sin 11
The following questions 30 to 31 consists of two
(D) sin2 75 sin2 15 (S) 0
statements each, printed as Assertion and
Reason. While answering these questions you
Part-E Fill in The Blanks type Questions
are to choose any one of the following four
responses.
Q.34 If and are the solution of the equation
(A) If both Assertion and Reason are true
and the Reason is correct explanation of a tan + b sec = c, then tan ( + ) = ..........
the Assertion.
(B) If both Assertion and Reason are true but 1 1
Q.35 + =.............
Reason is not correct explanation of the cos 290 3 sin 250
Assertion.
(C) If Assertion is true but the Reason is
false.
(D) If Assertion is false but Reason is true
4xy
Q.30 Assertion (A) : sec2 = is true if and
( x y) 2
only if x = y and x 0.
Reason (R) : Because sec decreases in IIIrd and
IVth quadrant.
Q.31 Assertion (A): If A, B, C are the angles of a

triangle such that angle A is obtuse then
tan B tan C > 1.
18
EXERCISE # 3
= cosec cosec 4
Part-A Subjective Type Questions
Q.10 Prove that
ax by
Q.1 If + = (a2 b2), and (3 cos2 2) cos 2
cos sin (cos6 sin6) =
4
ax sin by cos
= 0, show that
cos 2
sin 2 Q.11 Prove the identity, sin 2 (1 + tan 2. tan) +
(ax)2/3+ (by)2/3 = (a2 b2)2/3 1 sin
= tan 2 + tan2
1 sin 4 2
1 2 cos2
Q.2 Prove that = 1.
2
2 tan sin Q.12 Two parallel chords of a circle, which are on the
4 4 same side of the centre, subtend angles of 72 and
144 respectively at the centre. Prove that the
Q.3 Prove that
perpendicular distance between the chords is half
sin (A B) sin (B C) sin (C A)
+ + =0 the radius of the circle.
cos A cos B cos B cos C cos C cos A
cos u e
Q.4 Prove that Q.13 If cos = .
1 e cos u
cos 3 2 cos 5 cos 7
= cos2 sin2 tan3 1 e u
cos 2 cos cos 5 Prove that tan = tan
2 1 e 2
Q.5 Prove that
tan tan
2 Q.14 If tan = , show that
tan 1 1 tan . tan
9
4 cos . cot 4 sec
tan2 2 2 sin 2 sin 2
1 sin 2 =
4 1 sin 2. sin 2
= cosec 4.
sin n
Q.15 If = (|m| > |n|) then prove that
Q.6 If cos =
a
, cos =
b
and cos =
c
, sin (2 ) m
bc ac ab t an
where , , lies between 0 and then prove that 1
t an = 1 t an t an
mn mn
tan2 + tan2 + tan2 = 1.
2 2 2
Q.16 Prove that cot 16. cot 44 + cot 44 . cot 76
cot 76 . cot 16 = 3
Q.7 Prove that the identity,
3 Q.17 Calculate without using trigonometric tables
cos 4 + sin (3 8) sin(4 12) =
2 (a) [2 cos 40 cos 20]/sin20
4 cos 2. cos 4 . sin 6. sec 5 cos40
(b) 2 2 sin 10 2 sin 35
2 sin 5
cos 4 tan 2 sin 4
Q.8 Prove that = tan2 2
cos 4 cot 2 sin 4
Part-B Passage based objective questions
cot tan Passage # 1 (Q. 18 to 20)

Q.9 Prove that
2 sin cos (90 3) sin 5
19
3 1 Q.23 Greatest possible difference between two of roots
In a ABC, if cos A cos B cos C = and sin if [0, 2] is
8
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 2 2
3 3
A sin B sin C = , then
8 Passage # 3 (Q. 24 to 26)
On the basis of above passage, answer the
following questions : The graph of all 6 trigonometric functions are

Q.18 The value of tan A + tan B + tan C is- drawn from 0, . Let the graph y = sinx be A1;
2
3 3 34 y = cos x be A2; y = tan x be A3; y = cot x be A4; y
(A) (B)
3 1 3 1 = sec x be A5 and y = cosec x be A6
6 3 3 2
(C) (D) following questions:
3 1 3 1
Q.24 A vertical line is drawn through intersection of A2
Q.19 The value of and A3 intersecting A1 and A6 at P and Q
tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A is- respectively. The length of PQ is-
(A) 5 4 3 (B) 5 + 4 3 5 1
(A) 1 (B)
(C) 6 + 3 (D) 6 3 2
5 1
Q.20 The value of tan A, tan B and tan C are- (C) 2 (D)
2
(A) 1, 3, 2 (B) 1, 3,2
Q.25 A vertical line is drawn through intersection of A3
(C) 1, 2, 3 (D) 1, 3,2+ 3 and A6 intersecting A2 and A5 at R and S
respectively. Then length of RS is-
Passage # 2 (Q. 21 to 23) 5 1
(A) 1 (B)
Consider the cubic equation 2
x3 (1 + cos + sin)x2 + (cossin + cos + sin)x 5 1
(C) 2 (D)
sin cos = 0 where x1, x2, x3 are roots. 2
Q.26 A horizontal line is drawn through intersection A5
following questions :
and A6 to intersect A3 and A4 at C and D
respectively. Then length of CD is-
Q.21 The value of x12 x 22 x 32 is
(A) tan12 (B) tan1 2 2
(A) 1 (B) 2cos
(C) 2sin (D) 2 (C) cot1 2 2 (D) cot12
Q.22 Number of values of in [0, 2] for which at least

two roots are equal
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6
EXERCISE # 4
Old IIT-JEE questions A B C
= cot cot cot [IIT 2000]
Q.1 In any ABC, prove that
2
2 2
A B C
cot + cot + cot Q.2 Let f() = sin (sin + sin 3) . Then f()

2
2 2
[IIT Scr.2000]
(A) 0 only when 0
20
(B) 0 for all real [IIT Scr. 2005]
(C) 0 for all real (A) 0 (B) 1
(D) 0 only when 0 (C) 2 (D) 4
sin 4 x cos4 x 1
Q.3 If + = and + = , then tan equals- Q.7 If + = then [IIT -2009]
2 2 3 5
[IIT Scr. 2001] 2
(A) tan2 x =
(A) 2(tan + tan ) (B) tan + tan 3
(C) tan + 2 tan (D) 2 tan + tan sin 8 x cos8 x 1
(B) + =
8 27 125
Q.4 The maximum value of (cos 1).cos(2) ..........
1
(cos n), under the restrictions 0 1.2 .... ...n (C) tan2 x =
3

and (cot 1).(cot 2).(cot 3)...... sin 8 x cos8 x 2
2 (D) + =
8 27 125
...(cot n) = 1 is [IIT Scr. 2001]
1 1
(A) (B) Q.8 For 0 < < , the solution (s) of
2 n/2
2n 2
1 6
(m 1) m
cosec
(C) (D) 1
2n cosec 4 2
m 1
4 4
Q.5 If and are acute angles such that is (are) : [IIT -2009]
1 1
sin = and cos = then + lies in-
(A) (B)
2 3 4 6
[IIT Scr. 2004] 5
(C) (D)
2 12 12
(A) , (B) ,
3 2 2 3
Q.9 The maximum value of the expression
2 5
(C) , (D) , 1
is [IIT -2010]
3 6 6 sin 3 sin cos 5 cos 2
2
1
Q.6 cos () = , cos () =1 find no. of ordered
e
pair of (, ),
EXERCISE # 5
Q.1 Prove that that A, B, C are the angles of a triangle.
tan + 2 tan 2 + 4 tan 4 + 8 cot 8 = cot [IIT 1997]
[IIT 1988]
Q.4 Prove that a triangle ABC is equilateral if and only
Q.2 Find the value of if tan A + tan B + tan C = 3 3 .[IIT 1998]
3 5 7 9 11 13
sin sin sin sin sin sin sin .
14 14 14 14 14 14 14 m2 1
Q.5 If cos2 = & tan3 = tan
[IIT 1991] 3 2
2/3
2
Prove that cos2/3 + sin2/3 = .
Q.3 Let A, B, C be three angles such that A = /4 and m
tan B tan C = p. Find all possible values of p such
21
y x Q.11 Prove that (4 cos2 9 3)(4 cos2 27 3) = tan 9.
Q.6 If tan = tan3 . Prove that
4 2 4 2
3
3 sin 2 x Q.12 In ABC, prove that cos A + cos B + cos C .
sin y = sin x 2
. 2
1 3 sin x
Q.13 If A , B & C are angles of a triangle then prove
Q.7 If A + B + C = 2S, then prove that,
A B C
sin (S A) + sin (S B) + sin (S C) that tan2 + tan2 + tan2 1.
2 2 2
A B C
sin S = 4 sin sin sin .

2
2 2
tan2 n
Q.14 Prove that = ( 1 + sec2). (1 + sec22)
tan
Q.8 If = 2
Prove that cos + cos + cos + cos (1 + sec23) .. (1 + sec2n).

+ 4 cos cos cos = 0. Q.15 Show that
2 2 2
1 sin x sin 3x sin 9x
[tan27x tanx] = + + .
2 cos3x cos9x cos27x
Q.9 Show that tan = 4 2 2 ( 2 + 1).
16
Q.10 If A + B + C = 2 , prove that

A B
sin3A + sin3B + sin3C = 3sin sin
2 2
C 3A 3B 3C
sin sin . sin sin .
2 2 2 2
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE # 1
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. D B C D A B D C C C B C B B C
Q.No. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Ans. C B A A B B A B
24. True 25. False
2bc c2 a 2 2ac c2 b2
26. (i) , (ii) , (iii) (iv) , (v) sin2A x2 2x + sin2A = 0
a 2 b2 a 2 b2 a 2 b2 a 2 b2
EXERCISE # 2
PART-A
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. C C C C C B A A A A B D C D B
Q.No. 16 17 18 19 20 21
Ans. C B B A C B
22
PART-B
Q.No. 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Ans. A,B,D A A,C,D A,B A,B,C,D A,C A,B,C C,D
PART-C
Q.No. 30 31
Ans. B D
PART-D
32. A Q, B S, C R, D P 33.AQ, BS, C P, D R
PART-E
2ac 4
34. 2 2
35.
a c 3
EXERCISE # 3
17. (a) 3 (b) 4 18. (A) 19. (B) 20. (D) 21. (D)
22. (C) 23. (A) 24. (A) 25. (A) 26. (C)
EXERCISE # 4
Q.No. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ans. C C A B D A, B C, D
9. 2
EXERCISE # 5
1
2. 3. ( , 0) [( 2 + 1)2 , )
64
23
Trigonometric Equation
IIT-JEE Syllabus
1. General solution of trigonometric equation

2. Method for finding principal value
3. Find the general solution in the case of more than one equations
Total No. of questions in Trigonometric Equation are:
Exercise # 1 ..29
Exercise # 2 ..39
Exercise # 3 ..28
Exercise # 4 ..06
Exercise # 5 ..12
*** Students are advised to solve the questions of exercises in the same sequence or as directed
by the faculty members.
30
Instruction to fill
COLUMN :A COLUMN :B
EXERCISE
Advantages
31
KEY CONCEPTS
1. Trigonometric Equation General solution of Trigonometrical
5.
equation : acos + bsin = c
An equation involving one or more trigonometric
ratios of an unknown angle is called a trigonometric
Working methods -
equation.
(i) Put a = r cos and b = r sin , where
2. Solution of Trigonometric Equation
b b
A solution of trigonometric equation is the value of r = a 2 b2 and tan = i.e. = tan1
the unknown angle that satisfies the equation.
a a
1 3 9 11 (ii) Using the substitution in (i), the equation

e.g. if sin = = , , , ,
2 4 4 4 4 reduces
Thus, the trigonometric equation may have infinite r cos ( ) = c
number of solutions (because of their periodic
c
nature) and can be classified as : cos ( ) = cos( ) = cos (say)
r
(i) Principal solution
Solve the equation by using the formula.
Numerically least value of the unknown angle
is called as principal solution.
(ii) General solution 6. Solutions in the case of two equations
are given
The expression involving an integer 'n' which
gives all solutions of a trigonometric If two equations are given then find the common
equation is called General solution.
values of between 0 and 2 and then add 2n to
General solution of some Standard this common value.
3.
Trigonometric equations
Important point to remember to solve a
sin = sin = n + (1)n, n I 7.
trigonometric equation
cos = cos = 2n , nI
tan = tan = n + , nI (a) Free style method
sin2 = sin2 = n , nI Any trigonometric equation can be solved
cos2 = cos2 = n , nI without using any formulae. Find all angles in [0,
tan2 = tan2 = n , nI 2] which satisfy the equation and then add 2n
to each.
4. Some Important deductions
(b) Do not divide any equation by a common factor,
sin = 0 = n, n I just take it common from all terms of equation.

sin = 1 = (4n + 1) , nI For example
2
2 sin x . cos x = sin x

sin = 1 = (4n 1) , nI sin x (2 cos x 1) = 0 is the way to do.
2
(c) While equating one of the factors to zero, take
cos = 0 = (2n + 1) , nI
2 care of the other factor that it should not become
cos = 1 = 2n, nI infinite.
cos = 1 = (2n + 1), nI (d) Avoid squaring
tan = 0 = n, n I (e) Alway's verify your results
32
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 The number of solutions of equation, 2
x = 2n ;nI
sin 5x cos 3x = sin 6x cos 2x, in the interval 3
[0, ] are 2 4
and 0 x 2then x = ,
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6 3 3
Sol. The given equation can be written as 2
But cot x < 0 x = Ans. [B]
1 1 3
(sin 8x + sin 2x) = (sin 8x + sin 4x)
2 2
Ex.4 Let n be positive integer such that
or, sin 2x sin 4x 2 sin x cos 3x = 0
Hence sin x = 0 or cos 3x = 0. n
sin + cos = . Then
2n 2n 2
That is, x = n (n I), or 3x = k + (k I).
2 (A) 6 n 8 (B) 4 n 8
Therefore, (C) 6 < n < 8 (D) 4 n 8
since x [0, the given equation is satisfied if
Sol. sin + cos = 2 sin
5 2n 2n 2n 4
x = 0, , , or . Ans.[C]
6 6
n
or, sin =
Ex.2 If the equation 2 cos x + cos 2x = 3 has only one 2n 4 2 2
solution then is 3
since < + < for n > 1
(A) 1 4 2n 4 4
(B) A rational number 1 n
(C) An irrational number or, < 1
2 2 2
(D) None of these
or, 2 < n 2 2 or, 4 < n 8.
Sol. As max. cos = 1, 2 cos x + cos 2x = 3 is
possible only when cos x = 1 and cos 2x = 1, If n = 1, L.H.S. = 1, R.H.S. = 1/2
i.e., cos x = 1 and sin x = 0
Similarly for n = 8, sin 1
Clearly, if is rational, say p/q , then x = 2q, 16 4
q I, satisfies both the equations. Therefore, for 4<n<8 Ans.[D]
exactly one solution, x = 0, should be irrational.
Ex.5 The number of solutions of the equation
Ans.[C]
5 sec 13 = 12 tan in [0 , 2] is
Ex.3 The number of solutions of the equation (A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 4 (D) 0
1 Sol. 5 sec 13 = 12 tan
|cot x| = cot x + (0 x 2) is -
sin x or, 13 cos + 12 sin = 5
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 13 12
or, cos + sin
Sol. If cot x > 0 13 12
2 2
13 122
2
1 5
then = 0 (impossible) =
sin x 132 122
Now if cot x < 0, then 5 13
or, cos( ) = , where cos =
1 313 313
cotx = cot x +
sin x 5
= 2n cos1 +
2 cos x 1 1
= 0 cos x = 313
sin x 2
5 13
2 = 2n cos1 + cos1
cos x = cos 313 313
3
33
5 13 or, cos [4 sin2 + 2 sin 1] = 0
As cos1 > cos1 , then
313 313 so either cos = 0 or 4 sin2 + 2sin 1= 0
[0, 2], when n = 0 (One value, taking But =18 cos 0
positive sign) and when n = 1 (One value, taking so, cos = 0 is rejected.
4sin2 + 2sin 1 = 0
negative sign.) Ans.[A]
2 46 1 5
or, sin = =
Ex.6 The number of solution of equation 2(4) 4
x3 + x2 + 4x + 2 sinx = 0 in 0 x 2 is
or, sin = (1 + 5 )/4 = sin18
(A) Zero (B) One (C) Two (D) Four
[ sin 18 can not be negative] Ans.
Sol. Here, x3 + (x + 2)2 + 2sinx = 4. Clearly, x = 0
satisfies the equation. Ex.8 Solve for x, 2sin3 x = cos x.
cos x
If 0 < x , x3 + (x + 2)2 + 2 sin x > 4. Sol. Here 2sin2 x =
sin x
If < x 2, x + (x + 2) + 2 sin x > 27 + 25 2.
3 2
{ sinx 0 because sin x = 0 does not satisfy the
so, x = 0 is the only solution. Ans.[B] given equation}
2
Ex.7 Find value of for sin2 = cos3, where or, = cot x or, 2 = cot x. (1 + cot2 x)
2
cosec x
0 2 Use the above equation to find the
or, cot3 x + cot x 2 = 0
value of sin 18.
By trial, cot x = 1 satisfies the equation.
Sol. The given equation is sin 2 = cos 3 (cot x 1)(cot2 x + cot x + 2) = 0
or, cos 3 = sin 2 or, cot x = 1or cot2 x + cot x + 2 = 0
or, cos 3 = cos {(/2) 2}
When cot x = 1, tan x = 1 x = n + , n I.
or, 3 =2n {(/2) 2} where n I 4
When cot2x + cotx + 2 = 0,
Taking + sign, 3 = 2n + {/2 2}
cot x has no real value because D = 1 8 < 0
or, 5 = (4n + 1)(/2)
Solutions are x = n + , n I. Ans.
or, = (4n+1) (/10) , where n I ....(1) 4
Again taking sign, 3 = 2n {(/2) 2}
Ex.9 Solve the equation
or, = (4n + 1)(/2) ....(2) 2
cos2[ (sinx + 2 cos2x)] tan2 (x + tan x) = 1
Putting n = 0,1, 2, 3, ......., in (1) the values of in 4 4
the interval 0 2 are given by Sol. Given
= /10, 5/10, 9/10,13/10,17/10. 2
cos2[ (sinx + 2 cos2x)] tan2 (x + tan x) = 1
or 18, 90, 162, 234, 346. 4 4
Again putting n = 0, 1, 2, ....., in (2) the value
or sin2{ (sinx + 2 cos2x)}
of in the interval 0 2 is 3/2 i.e. 270 4

only. + tan2 (x + tan2x) = 0
4
Hence the required values of in 0 2 are
It is possible only when
18, 90, 162, 234, 270, 306. Ans.

sin2 { (sinx + 2 cos2x)} = 0 ......(1)
4
IInd Part : For the value of sin18
and tan2 (x + tan2x) = 0 ......(2)
Let = 18 4
or, 5 = 90 2 = 90 3 from equation (1)
or, sin2 = sin(90 3) = cos 3
sin2 { (sinx + 2 cos2x)} = 0
or, 2 sin cos (4cos3 3 cos) = 0 4
or, cos (2sin 4 cos2 + 3) = 0
(sinx + 2 cos2x) = n, n I.
or, cos [2 sin 4(1 sin2 ) + 3] = 0 4
34
or, sinx + 2 cos2x = 4n x y 1
which satisfy cos =
| sinx + 2 cos2x | | sin x | + 2 | cosx |2 2 2
Hence required solution is
1+ 2 <4
5
The equation has no solution for n 0 we x= and y= . Ans.
6 6
consider n = 0
sinx + 2 cos2 x = 0 Ex.11 Solve the equation :
i.e., 2 sin2 x sin x 2 =0 cos(3x) 2cos2(3x) + 2cos (43x) cos (73x)
= sin(3x) + 2 sin2 (3x) 2sin (43x)
or, (sinx 2 ) ( 2 sin x + 1) = 0
+ 2sin(3x+1) sin (73x)
1
sinx 2 sinx = Sol. Denote 3x by y to get
2
cos y 2 cos2y + 2cos4y cos7y
The value of x satisfy the equation (2), then
= siny + 2sin2y 2sin4y + 2sin3y sin7y
general solution of given equation is
Transposing all terms to the left side. We have
or (cosy cos7y) + (sin 7y siny)
x = k + (1)k+1 , kI Ans.
4
+ 2(cos4y + sin4y) 2(sin3y +1) = 0
Ex.10 Solve the equation, or, 2sin4ysin3y + 2cos4y sin 3y
2(sinx + sin y) 2 cos (x y) = 3, for smallest +2(cos4y + sin 4y) 2(sin3y + 1) = 0
positive values of x and y. [use C & D formulae]
Sol. Given equation is, or, 2sin 3y(sin4y + cos4y) + 2(cos 4y + sin 4y)
2 (sin x + sin y) 2cos (x y) = 3 2 (sin3y +1) = 0
x y x y or, (sin 3y + 1)(sin 4y + cos 4y1) = 0
or 2.2 sin cos
2 2 This enables us to write down three groups of
solutions :
x y
2 2 cos2 1 = 3 2 k n m
2 y1 = + , y2 = , y3 = +
6 3 2 8 2
x y x y x y where k, n and m are arbitary integers. Recalling
or 4sin .cos 4 cos2 =1
2 2 2 that y = 3x we obtain an infinity of equations for
x y x y x y determining the roots of the original equations:
or 4cos . sin cos =1
2 2 2 3x =
1
+
2k
, k = 0, 1, 2, ........
6 3
x y x y x y
or 4cos . sin sin =1 n
2 2 2 2 3x = , n = 0, 1, 2, .........
2
x y 2y 2x
or 4cos .2cos .sin =1 3x =
1
+
m
, m = 0, 1, 2, .........
2 4 4 8 2
3
x y y x 1 1 The equation 3x = a has a (unique) root only for
or cos cos sin = =
2 4 2 2 4 8 2 positive a and it is given by the formula
If x and y be positive and smallest, then x = log3 a. Therefore, the equation (1) has solution
only for those (integral) values of k, n, m for
x y y x 1
cos = cos = sin = which the corresponding right members of the
2 4 2 2 4 2
relations (1) are positive.
y x
+ = , = It is easy to see that of the first equation of (1) is
4 2 3 2 4 6
positive for integer k > 0; the right side of second
y x 5 5
= , = ,y= , x= equation of (1) is positive for integral n > 0; and
2 12 2 12 6 6
the right side of the third equation of (1) is positive
for m 0. Thus we have to solve
35
(1) only for the indicated values of k, m, n. The 2
or, 2n 2x > 2n
resulting values of x are then the roots of the 3 3
original equation :
n + < x n + and
1 2k 6 3
x = log3 ; k = 1, 2, ...........
6 6
n x > n ....(2)
n 3 6
x = log3 , n = 1, 2, ............
2 Hence solution from (1) & (2) is

1 1 n + x n + and
x = log3 m = 0, 1, 2 Ans. 6 3
8 m

n x n where n I. Ans.
3 6
Ex.12 Solve the equation :
1 1 2
Ex.13 Find the general solution of the equation
cos x cos x
4
16 2 sin4x + cos4x = sinx cos x.

Sol. The given equation can be written as
+ cos4 x cos2 x =
9 3 1
4sin4 x + 4 cos4 x = 4sinx cos x
16 2 2
or, (1 cos 2x)2 + (1 + cos 2x)2 = 2sin 2x
Sol. The given equation is
or, 2(1 + cos2 2x) = 2 sin 2x
1 1 2 1 + cos2 2x = sin 2x
cos x cos x
4
16 2 or, 1 + 1 sin2 2x = sin2x

sin2 2x + sin 2x = 2
+ cos4 x cos2 x =
9 3 1
16 2 2
1 3 1 This relation is possible if and only if sin 2x =1

or, cos2 x + cos2 x =
4 4 2
or 2x = 2n +
2
3
Case I : If cos2x (4n 1)
4 x = n + = (n I) Ans.
4 4
1 3 1
then cos2x + cos2x =
4 4 2 Ex.14 Solve the equation sin6x = 1 + cos4 3x
or 2 cos2 x 1 =
1 Sol. L.H.S. = sin6x 1
2 R.H.S = 1 + cos4 3x 1
1 Hence sin6x = 1 + cos4 3x is possible only
or cos 2x = = cos 2x = 2n
2 3 3 When L.H.S. = R.H.S. = 1
sin6x = 1 and 1 + cos4 3x = 1
x = n , n = 0, 1, 2, ..... ...(1)
6 sin2x = 1 and cos4 3x = 0
Case II : If
1
cos2 x <
3 cos2 x = 0 and cos 3x = 0
4 4 cosx = 0 and cos 3x = 0
1 3 1 1 1
then cos2 x + cos2x = = x = (2m + 1)
4 4 2 2 2 2

1
cos2 x <
3
4 4 and 3x = (2x + 1) where m, n I
2
1
2cos2 x <
3
or,
1
cos 2x <
1
or, x = (2m + 1) and x = (2x + 1) .
2 2 2 2 2 6
2
or, cos cos 2x < cos common values of x is (2n + 1) , where n I
3 3 2
36
or, 16 tan2 x 8 tanx sec x sec2 x
The required solution x = (2n + 1) , n I
2
= 2tanx(1 + 4 sin x)
Ans.
or, 4 tanx + sec x = 2 tan x (1 + 4 sin x)
Ex.15 Solve for x and y : or, 8 sin2 x 2 sin x 1 = 0
1 1 1
sin x = and sin x =
4sin x + 3 cos y = 11 & 5. 16sin x 2. 3sec y = 2 2 4
1
1
Sol. Let, 4sin x = , 3 cos y = or, sin x = sin /6 and x = sin1
4
Then the equation becomes
Solution of (1) are
+ = 11 .....(1)

52 2 = 2 .....(2) x = n + (1)n and
6
Now apply operation, 2 (1) + (2)
1
or, 2 + 52 = 24 x = n + (1)n+1 sin1 where n I.
4
or 52 + 2 24 = 0 or 52 + 12 10 24 = 0
Ans.
or, (5 + 12) 2(5 + 12) = 0
or, (5 + 12) ( 2) = 0 So = 2,
12
. Ex.17 For all 0, ,show that
5 2
If = 2, 4sin x = 2; 22 sin x = 2; cos(sin) > sin(cos)
2 sinx = 1; sin x =
1 Sol. cos (sin) sin (cos)
2
= cos (sin) cos cos
If =
12
then 4sinx =
12
which is impossible 2
5 5 1 1
for 4sinx > 0 = 2sin ( + sin cos).sin ( cos sin)
2 2 2 2
When = 2, we get = 11 2 = 9 sin cos sin cos
1 = 2sin .sin
4 2 4 2
3 cos y
= 9 =32

1
= 2; cosy =
1 sin 4 sin 4
cos y 2 = 2sin .sin
4 2 4 2
When = 12/5, x has no solution. So y has no

solution.
...(1)
1 1 Now, minimum value of
Thus we have sin x = , cos y =
2 2
1
sin
x = n + (1)n and y = 2m 4
= 2 = 1 for 0
6 3 2 2
2 2
where m, n I. Ans. Maximum value of
Ex.16 Solve the equation :
sin
4 1
1 = , for 0
17sec 2 x 16 tanx sec x 1 2 2 2
2

= 2 tan x (1 + 4 sin x) sin
1 4 1
Sol. The given equation is + +
4 2 4 2 4 2
1
17sec 2 x 16 tanx sec x 1 Also minimum value of
2
= 2 tan x (1 + 4 sin x) .....(1)
37

sin
1
p 2 1 2

4 1
= 2 = , for 0
p < 0, p > 1 ...(2) &
2 2 2 2 (p 1)
Maximum value of p ( 2 + 1)2, p < 1 ...(3)
from (2) & (3)
sin
4 1 p ( 0) [( 2 + 1)2,
= for 0
2 2 2
Ex.19 For x (, ) find the value of x for which the
sin
1 4 1 given equation

4 2 4 2 4 2
3 sin x cosx 3 sin 2 x cos 2 x 2
=4
1 1 1
Clearly, ; ; and
4 2 4 2 4 2
Sol. The given equation is
1
radians are all angles between 0 and .
4 2 3 sin x cosx 3 sin 2 x cos 2 x 2
=4
(3 sin x cos x 2 3 sin x cos x )
2 2

Hence both the factors in (1) are positive. or 2 sin x =4
6
Hence cos (sin) sin (cos) > 0
3 sin x cos x
cos (sin) > sin (cos)
or 2 sin x =4
6
Ex.18 Let A, B, C are three angles such that A = /4 and

2 sin x
tan B.tan C = p then find all possible value of p so 6
or 2 sin x =4
that A, B, C are three angles of a triangle. 6
Sol. In ABC, A+B+C=
Hence, 2sin x = 2 or, sin x = 1
B + C = 3/4 [ A = /4] 6 6
0 < B, C <
3

or x + = 2n
4 6 2
sin B sin C p
Now, tan B tan C = p = or x = 2n
cosB cosC 1 2 6
Using componendo & dividendo at n = 0, 1,
cosB cosC sin B sin C 1 p 5 2
= x= , and x = are the solutions of
cosB cosC sin B sin C 1 p 3 3 3
the given equation. Ans.
cos(B C) 1 p
=
cos(B C) 1 p Ex.20 Solve the equation :
29
1 p 1 sin10 x + cos10 x = cos4 2x.
cos(B C) = ....(1) 16
p 1 2 29
Sol. sin10 x + cos10 x = cos4 2x
3 1 16
0 < B, C < < cos(B C) 1
4 2 5 5
1 cos2x 1 cos2x 29
or, + = cos4 2x
using (1) we get 2 2 16
1 p 1 Let cos 2x = t
< 1
2 2 (p 1) 1 t
5
1 t 29 4
5
then + = t
1 p 1 p 1 2 2 16
< & 1
2 2 (p 1) 2 (p 1) or, 24t4 10t2 1 = 0
or, (2t2 1)(12t2 + 1) = 0
2p p 1 2 (p 1)
>0 & 0 or, 12t2 + 1 0
p 1 2 (p 1)
38
1 Ex.22 Solve for x and y :
so, 2t2 1 = 0 then t2 =
2 12sinx + 5 cosx = 2y2 8y +21.
Put the value of t Sol. 12sin x + 5cosx = 2y2 8y + 21
1
so, cos2 2x = or, 2 cos2 2x 1 = 0 12 5
2 122 52 sin x cosx
13 13
or, cos 4x = 0
= 2(y2 4y + 4) + 13
n
or, 4x = n + or, x = + ,nI
2 4 8
Ans. or 13cos(x ) = 2(y 2)2 + 13,
where cos = 5/13
Ex.21 Find the smallest positive root of the equation
Clearly , LHS 13 because the greatest value of
sin(1 x ) = cosx
cos(x ) is 1 when x = .
Sol. The given equation is possible if sin (1 x) 0 Also RHS 13 because the least value of RHS is
and cos x 0 13 when y = 2
Squaring, we get the equation can hold if the value of each side =
13
sin (1 x) = cos x = sin x
2 Thus cos(x ) = 1 and y = 2
x = 2n and y = 2
1 x = n + (1)n x where n I
2 x = 2n + and y = 2
But for n = 2m (m I) we get no value of x 5
x = 2n + cos1 and y = 2 where n I.
13
1 x = (2m + 1) x
2 Ans.
1 4m 1 Ex.23 Consider the system of linear equations in x, y and
x= (m I)
2 4 z;
If m 0, x < 0 (sin 3) x y + z = 0 ......(i)
1 3 (cos 2)x + 4y + 3z = 0 ......(ii)
for, m = 1, x = + ,
2 4 2x + 7y+ 7z = 0 ......(iii)
1 3 Find the value of for which the system has
1x=
2 4 nontrivial solution.
1 Sol. Eliminating x, y, z from the system of linear
so that sin (1 x) = sin
2 4 equations(i) , (ii), (iii), then
1 sin 3 1 1
= sin < 0 cos2 4 3 = 0
4 2
2 7 7
1 7 1 7
for m = 2, x = + , 1x=
2 4 2 4 or (28 21)sin3 (7 7)cos2 + 2(3 4) = 0
1 or, 7sin3 + 14cos2 14 =0
so that, sin(1 x) = sin 2 > 0
2 4 or, sin3 + cos2 2 = 0
1 or, (3sin 4 sin3 ) + 2(1 2sin2 ) 2 = 0
and cos x = cos 2 > 0
4 2 or 4sin3 + 4 sin2 3sin = 0
1 7 or sin (4sin2 + 4sin 3) = 0
Hence, x = + is the smallest positive root
2 4 or sin (2 sin 1)(2 sin+ 3) = 0
of the given equation.
39
Either sin = 0 or sin =1/2
or sin = 3/2 but sin = 0,
1 3
or sin = is possible or sin = is not
2 2
possible.
Now, sin = 0
or, = n where n I.
And sin =1/2 = sin(/6),
or, = n (1)n/6, where n I.
Hence the required values of are = n,
n+ (1)n (/6), where n I. Ans.
Ex.24 Solve for x, the inequation,

1
1
y2 y 1
2
2 cos x
2
1
1
y2 y 1
2
Sol. 2 cos x ....(1)
2
1 2 2
1 1
y 1
2
2 cos x
2 2
1
2
Minimum value of 2 cos x =2
2 2
1 1 1
Minimum value of y =
2
2 2
minimum value of (1) is 1.
(1) is possible when
1 2 2
1 1
y
2
2 cos x =1
2 2
1
cos2x = 1 and y=
2
1
y= , x = 2n Ans.
2
40
EXERCISE # 1
(C) {/3, 5/3, cos1(3/2)}
Questions
based on General Formulas (D) None of these
tan 2 tan Q.7 Find the general solution of 2 sinx + tanx = 0

Q.1 f = 0, then the general value of 2
1 tan tan 2 (A) n, (3k 1) ;kI
is 3
2
(A) n ; n I (B)
n
;nI (B) 2n, (3k + 1) ;kI
3 3
n n 2
(C) ;nI (D) ;nI (C) 2n, (3k 1) ;kI
4 6 3
(D) None of these
x 3
Q.2 Find the general solution of x, cot
4 3 3 Questions Solution of Equation reducible to
based on Quadratic Equation

(A) (12n 1) ; n I
2
Q.8 The general solution of the equation
(B) (12n + 1) ; n I
2 tan2 + 2 3 tan = 1 is given by -
1
(C) (12n + 1) ; n I (A) = (B) n ; n I
4 2 12

(D) (12n + 1); n I n
4 (C) (6n + 1) (D)
12 12
Q.3 If tan a tan b = 0, then the values of for a
series in Q.9 Find the general solution of when
(A) A.P. (B) G.P. tan2 (1 + 3 ) tan + 3 =0
(C) H.P. (D) None of these
(A) n + /3 & n + /4, n I
Q.4 Find the general solution of x when (B) n + /2 & n + /4, n I
4tan2 = 3sec2
(C) (2n + 1) & n + /6, n I
(A) n , n I (B) n , n I 6
4 6 (D) None of these

(C) n , n I (D) None of these
3 Transformation of sum & difference
Questions
Questions
based on into product & vice versa
based on Solved by use of Factorization
Q.5 Find the general solution of x when
Q.10 If x 0, , the number of solutions of the
2cosx . cos2x = cosx 2
equation, sin 7x + sin 4x + sin x = 0 is
(A) n & k , n, k I
2 6 (A) 3 (B) 5

(B) n & k , n, k I (C) 6 (D) None
3 Q.11 sin x, sin 2x, sin 3x are in A.P if x =

(C) (2n + 1)& k , n, k I (A) n/2, n I (B) n , n I
2
(D) None of these (C) 2n, n I (D) (2n + 1) , n I
Q.6 The solution set of (2 cos x 1)(3 + 2 cos x) = 0 in Q.12 The general solution of
the interval 0 x 2 is - cos2x + cos2 2x + cos2 3x = 1
(A) {/3}
(A)(2n + 1) , (2n + 1) , n , n I
(B) {/3, 5/3} 6 2 3
41
Q.17 Find the general solution for x when
(B) (2n + 1) , (2n + 1) , n ,nI
4 2 6 x
sinx (cos 2 sin x)
(C) (2n + 1) , (2n + 1) , n ,nI 4
3 2 4
x
(D) None of these + (1 + sin 2 cos x) cos x = 0
4
Q.13 The general solution of (A) 2pp I (B) (8p 6)p I
4 sin x . sin 2x. sin 4x = sin 3x
(C) (3p 2)p I (D) (2p + 1)p I
n
(A) 2n, ,nI
3 6 Q.18 Find the general solution for x when
n
(B) n, ,nI sin 3x + cos 2x = 2
6 9

(C) n,
n
,nI (A) (4p 3) ,pI (B) (4p 2) ,pI
3 9 3 3
(D) None of these
(C) (4p + 1) ,pI (D) None of these
7
Q.14 If tan + tan 4 + tan 7 = tan tan 4 tan 7,
then =
Questions Solution in the case of two Equations
n n are given
(A) , n I (B) , n I based on
4 7
n 1
(C) , n I (D) nn I Q.19 If cos = and tan = 1, then the most
12 2
general value of which satisfies both the
Questions Solution of Equation in form of equations is
based on a sinx + b cosx = c

(A) = 2n + ,nI
4
Q.15 sin x + cos x = 1 if -
7
(A) sin x =
1 (B) = 2n + ,nI
4
4 2
7
(B) sin x =
1 (C) = n + ,nI
4 4
2
1 (D) None of these
(C) cos x =
4 2
Questions
1 based on Miscellaneous points
(D) cos x =
4 2
Q.20 The equation sin6 x + cos6 x = , has a solution
Q.16 The equation a sin x + b cos x = c, where if -
1 1
|c| > a 2 b 2 has (A) ,1 (B) 4 ,1
2
(A) A unique solution
1
(B) Infinite no. of solutions (C) [1, 1] (D) 0,
2
(C) No solution
(D) None of these Q.21 Set of values of x lying in [0, 2] satisfying the
inequality | sin x | > 2 sin2 x contains
Questions Trig. Eq. which can be solved by 7 7
based on Boundness of the Trig. Ratio (A) 0, , (B) 0,
6 6 6
(C) /6 (D) None of these
42
Q.22 Number of solutions of the equation Q.25 The equation 2cos2 (x/2) sin2(x/2) = x2 + x2,
sin2 x cos 2 x
2 + 5.2 = 7 in the interval [, ] is 0 x /2 has a real solution.
(A) 4 (B) 2
(C) 6 (D) 0 Q.26 For the equation
sin + 3 cos 1, /6 /2.
Q.23 The general solution of the equation
7 cos2 x + sin x cos x 3 = 0 is given by Fill in The Blanks type Questions

(A) n + (n I) Q.27 The solution set of the system of equations:
2
x + y = 2/3, cos x + cos y = 3/2, where x and y

(B) n (n I) are real is ..........
4
4 1
(C) n + tan1 (n I) Q.28 If cos 2 = (2 + 1) cos , then
3
2
3 4
(D) n + , k + tan1 (n, k I) = ...........
4 3
Q.29 If 4 cos2 x sin x 2 sin2 x = 3 sin x,
True or False type Questions
then x = ...................
Q.24 sin 2x + cos 2x + sinx + cos x + 1 = 0 has no
solution in the first quadrant.
EXERCISE # 2
Q.5 The number of solutions of
Only single correct answer type tan(5 cos) = cot(5 sin) for in (0, 2) is
Part-A
questions (A) 7 (B) 14 (C) 21 (D) 28
Q.1 If cos x = 1 sin 2x , 0 < x < , then a value of x
Q.6 The values of x between 0 and 2 which satisfy
is-
(A) tan1 2 (B) 0 the equation sin x 8 cos2 x = 1 are in A.P. with
(C) (D) None of these common difference
3 5
Q.2 Which of the following can be a root of the (A) (B) (C) (D)
4 8 8 8
equation; sin (x 2) = sin (3x 4) in (, )
7 3 5 3 Q.7 The solution of the inequality
(A) + (B) +
2 2 4 2 log1/2 sinx > log1/2 cos x in (0, 2) is
3 3 5
(C) + (D) None of these (A) x ,2
4 2 4

Q.3 3log tan x + 3log cot x = 2 then x is - (B) x 0,
4
(A) n + (B) (4n + 1)
5
2 4 (C) x 0, , 2
4 4
(C) n (D) n
4 (D) None of these
Q.4 Find the number of solutions of the equation Q.8 Find the general solution of x when
30 |sin x| = x in 0 x 2 3cos2x 10cos x + 3 = 0
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 8 (D) 6
(A) 2n cos1 (1/3), n I
43
(B) 2n cos1 (1/4), n I sin 3 cos3 cos
Q.14 If
(C) 2n cos (1/5), n I
1 sin cos 1 cot2
(D) None of these 2 tan cot = 1, [0, 2], then
All value of , between 0 & , which satisfy the

Q.9 (A) 0,
1 2 4
equation; cos . cos2 . cos 3 = is
4 3
(B) ,
3 5 2 7 2 4
(A) , , , , ,
8 3 8 8 3 8 3 5
(C) ,
5 2 7 2 4
(B) , , , ,
8 3 8 3 8
(D) (0, ) ,
3 5 7 4 2
(C) , , , ,
8 3 8 8 8
5 5
(D) None of these Q.15 If x , , the greatest positive solution
2 2
Q.10 The number of solutions of the equation of 1 + sin4 x = cos2 3x is -
(A) (B) 2
x
sin = x2 2 3 x + 4 5
2 3 (C) (D) None of these
2
(A) forms an empty set
(B) is only one Q.16 Find the general solution of x,
(C) is only two cos2 2x + cos2 3x = 1
(D) is greater than 2
(A) (2k + 1) , k I
10
Q.11 If tan2 [ (x + y)] + cot2 [ (x + y)]

(B) (k + 1) ;k I
2x 10
=1 + where x, y R, then least positive
1 x2
(C) (2k 1) , k I
value of y is 10
5 1 (D) None of these
(A) (B)
4 4
Q.17 The equation sin4 x + cos4 x + sin 2x + = 0 is
3 solvable for -
(C) (D) 2
4 1 1
n
(A)
2 2
Q.12 Solve for x, sin (rx) . sin (r x) = 1
r 1
2
(B) 3 1
3 1
(2m 1) (4m 1) (C)
(A) (B) 2 2
n (n 1) (n 1)
(D) 11
(2m 1)
n (n 1) Q.18 x1 and x2 are two positive values of x for which
Q.13 The set of values of x for which 2 cos x, |cos x| and 3 sin2 x 2 are in G.P. The
sin x . cos3 x > cos x . sin3 x, 0 x 2, is- minimum value of |x1 x2| is equal to
4
(A) (0, ) (B) 0, (A) (B)
3 3
4
2
(C) (D) cos1
(C) , (D) None of these 6 3
4
44
Q.19 The set of values of x satisfying the equation (A) 8 (B) 10
sin2 x
4
tan x
4 cos 2 x
2 2.(0.25) + 1 = 0 is-
Q.25 The number of real solutions of
5 sin ex . cos ex = 2x2 + 2x2 is -
(A) A set of 2 values; ,
2 4 (A) Two (B) One
(B) An infinite set (C) Zero (D) Infinite
(C) An empty set
(D) None of these Q.26 If the equation sin (sin + 2 cos ) = a has real
solution then the shortest interval containing ' a '
Q.20 Find the general solution of x,
given by -
sin 5x + sin x + 2sin2 x = 1
n k 1 3 1 3
(A) (1) n , when n, k I (A) ,
3 18 2 4 2 2
n k
(B) (1) n , ; n, k I 1 7 1 7
3 9 2 4 (B) ,
n k 2 2
(C) (1) n , when n, k I
3 9 2 4 1 5 1 5
(C) ,
(D) None of these 2 2
Q.21 If max {5sin + 3sin ( )} = 7 then the set of (D) None of these
R
possible values of is Q.27 The general solution of the equation

sin100 x cos100 x = 1 is
(A) x | x 2n ; n Z
3
(A) 2n + , n (B) n + , n
3 2
2
(B) x | x 2n ; n Z
3 (C) n + , n (D) 2n , n
4 3
2
(C) ,
3 3 Q.28 The number of roots of the equation
(D) None of these x + 2 tan x = /2 in the interval [0, 2] is
(A) 1 (B) 2
Q.22 If 0 x 3, 0 y 3 and cos x sin y = 1 then the
(C) 3 (D) infinite
possible number of values of the ordered pair (x,
y) is
(A) 6 (B) 12 One or more than one correct
Part-B
(C) 8 (D) 15 answer type questions

Q.23 If x
n
and (cosx)sin x 3 sin x 2 = 1, then all
2
Q.29 If 5 cos 2 + 2 cos2 + 1 = 0, < < ,
2 2
solutions of x are given by then =
3
(A) 2n + (B) (2n + 1) (A) (B) , cos1
2 2 3 3 5
3 3
(C) n + (1)n (D) None of these (C) cos1 (D) , cos1
2 5 3 5
Q.24 If [0, 5] and r R such that

Q.30 If [2, 2] and cos sin =
2 sin = r4 2r2 + 3 then the maximum number of 2 2
value of the pair (r, ) is - 2 (cos36 sin 18) then a value of is
45
7 5 Reason (R) : As A.M. G.M.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 6 6 6
Q.36 Assertion (A) : The most general values of x for
3
sin x sin x
2 1 which sinx + cosx = min {1, a2 4a + 6} are
2 2 a R
Q.31 If | cos x | = 1 then possible values of
x are
given by n + (1)n .
(A) n or n + (1)n /6, n 4 4
Reason (R) : The number of values of
(B) n or 2n + /2 or n + (1)n /6, n
x [0, 2] that satisfy cot x cosec x = 2 sin x is
(C) n + (1)n /6, n
2.
(D) n, n
n n
Q.32 sin + 3 cos = 6x x2 11, 0 4, Q.37 Assertion (A) : If
i 1
sin x i = n, then cot x
i 1
i is
x R, holds for
equal to n.
(A) no value of x and two values of
Reason (R) : Number of solutions of the equation
(B) one value of x and two values of
cos x = x is one.
(C) two values of x and one value of
(D) two pairs of values of (x, )
Part-D Column Matching type questions
Q.33 The equation
Q.38 Solution of
2 sin x/2 cos2 x 2 sin x/2 sin2x =
Column-1
cos2 x sin2 x has a root for which
(A) sin 2x = 1 (B) sin 2x = 1 (A) sin + sin 5 = sin 3, 0 is
(C) cos x = 1/2 (D) cos 2x = 1/2 (B) sec x cos 5x + 1 = 0, 0 < x < 2 is
(C) tan = 3 and cosec = 2/3 is
Q.34 In a right angled triangle the hypotenuse is 2 2 (D) cos = 1/2 and tan = 1 is
times the length of perpendicular drawn from the Column-2
opposite vertex on the hypotenuse, then the other
(P) 2n + 4/3
two angles are
(Q) /6, /4, /2, 3/4, 7/6, 5/4, 3/2,
(A) /3, /6 (B) /4, /4
7/4, 11/6
(C) /8, 3/8 (D) /12, 5/12
(R) (2n + 1) + /4
Part-C Assertion-Reason type questions (S) 0, /6, /3, 2/3,5/6,
Q.39 The solution of
statements each, printed as Assertion and
Column-1
Reason. While answering these questions you
are to choose any one of the following four (A) sin x cos3 x > cos x sin3x, 0 x 2 is
responses. (B) 4 sin2 x 8 sinx + 3 0 is
(A) If both Assertion and Reason are true (C) | tan x | 1 and x [ , ] is
and the Reason is correct explanation of (D) cos x sin x 1 and 0 x 2is
the Assertion. Column-2
(B) If both Assertion and Reason are true but
3 3
Reason is not correct explanation of the (P) , , ,
Assertion. 4 4 4 4
(C) If Assertion is true but the Reason is false. 3
(Q) ,2 {0}
(D) If Assertion is false but Reason is true 2
(R) (0, /4)
Q.35 Assertion (A) : The most general solution of
1
1 5
(S) ,
2sinx + 2cosx = 2 2
are n + 6 6
4
46
EXERCISE # 3
x
Part-A Subjective Type Questions Q.12 Solve the equation cos 2 sin x sin x +
4
Q.1 Find most general value of x
1 sin 2 cosx cos x = 0.
(a) sin 2= cos 3 4
(b) tan ( cot ) = cot ( tan )
Q.13 Solve the equation
1 3
(c) cos (2x + 3y) = & cos (3x + 2y) = 4sin 2x 2 cos
2
x
41sin 2x 2sin x = 65 is satisfied.
2
2 2
Q.2 Solve the equation Q.14 Find all values of k, x and y for which the system
of equations satisfies
tan2 2x + cot2 2x + 2 tan 2x + 2 cot 2x = 6
sin x cos 2y = (k2 1)2 +
Q.3 Solve the equation 1
cos x sin 2y = k + 1
4 cos2 + 3 = 2( 3 + 1) cos .
Q.15 Solve the system of equations,
Q.4 Find all the solution of the equation
sin x sin y = 3/4

sin x + sin (1 cos x ) 2 sin 2 x 0 in cos x cos y = 3/4
8
5 7 Q.16 If 32tan8 = 2cos2 3cos and 3cos2 = 1 then
interval , .
2 2 find the general value of .
Q.5 Solve for , tan + tan 2 + tan 3 = 0 Q.17 Solve for , 4 cot 2 = cot2 tan2
Q.6 Solve for x Q.18 Determine for which value of 'a' the equation
3 a2 2a + sec2 (a + x) = 0 has solutions and find
2 log25 (52sinx 4) = 2sin x + sin . the solution.
2
Q.7 The angle B and C (B > C) of a triangle satisfy the Q.19 If 0 x 2, then solve the inequality
equation 2 tan x (1 + tan2 x) = 0 then 1
determine the angle A if 0 < < 1. y2 2y 2 2
2
2 sin x
cos x Part-B Passage based objective questions

Q.8 Solve for x, tan x + =2
1 sin 2x
Passage # 1 (Q. 20 to 22)

Q.9 Find the value of and , 0 < , < ; is root of equation
2
(2 sinx cosx ) (1 + cosx) = sin2 x,
satisfying the following equations :
is root of equation
1 3 cos2x 10 cosx + 3 = 0 and
cos cos cos( + ) =
8 is root of the equation
Q.10 Solve for , 5 sin + 2 cos = 5 1 sin 2x = cos x sin x, 0 /2
(given tan 2148' = 0.4) Q.20 cos + cos + cos can be equal to -
Q.11 Let A= {; 2cos2 + sin 2} & 3 6 2 2 6 3 3 8
(A) (B)
3 6 2 6
B = ; find A B.
2 2 3 32
6
Q.21 sin + sin + sin can be equal to-
47
14 3 2 Q.24 The smallest positive number p for which the
(A) (B) 5/6 equation cos (p sin x) = sin (p cos x) has a solution
6 2
in [0, 2] is -
3 4 2 1 2
(C) (D) (A) /4 (B) /3
6 2

(C) (D)
Q.22 sin ( ) is equal to- 4 2 2 2
(A) 1 (B) 0 Q.25 The value of the k for which the equation
sin x + cos (k + x) + cos (k x) = 2 has real
1 2 6 32 2
(D) (D) solutions, satisfy-
6 6
(A) sin2x 1/2
(B) cos2x 1/4
(C) sin2x 1/4
Consider an equation sin x + sin y = 2 ...(1) (D) cos2x 3/4
We know that sin x 1 and sin y 1 for all x, y
so, sin x + sin y 2 for all x and y Passage # 3 (Q. 26 to 28)
i.e. sin x + sin y = 2 if and only if sin x = 1 = sin y so, If Pn = sinn + cosn where n N then
x = 2n + /2 and y = 2m + /2. answer the following
In general, one or more of the following extreme
value conditions Q.26 If P1 = m then value of 4(1 P6) is
1) 1 sin x 1 |sin x| 1 and sin2 x 1 (A) 3(m 1)2 (B) 3(m2 1)2
2) 1 cos x 1 |cos x| 1 and cos2 x 1 (C) 3(m2 + 1)2 (D) none
3) a 2 b 2 (a sin x + b cos x) a 2 b 2
Q.27 Value of 2P6 3P4 + 10 is-
|a sin x + b cos x| a b
2 2 (A) 0 (B) 6
(C) 9 (D) none
following questions:
Q.28 If Pn 2 Pn = sin2cos2 P then value of is
Q.23 Number of roots of the equation (A) n 1 (B) n 2
cos7x + sin4x = 1 in the interval [0, 2] is- (C) n 3 (D) none
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4
EXERCISE # 4
Old IIT-JEE questions Q.3 The number of solutions of the pair of equations
2sin2 cos 2 = 0, 2cos2 3 sin = 0 in the
Q.1 If 1+ cos + cos2 + .......... = 2 2 , then interval [0, 2] is- [IIT- 2007]
, (0 < < ) is [REE 2000] (A) zero (B) one
(A) /8 (B) /6 (C) two (D) four
(C) /4 (D) 3/4
Q.4 The number of values of in the interval
Q.2 The number of integral values of k for which the
n
equation 7 cos x + 5 sin x = 2k + 1 has a solution , such that for n = 0, 1, 2 and
is- [IIT 2002] 2 2 5
(A) 4 (B) 8 tan = cot 5 as well as sin 2 = cos 4 is
(C) 10 (D) 12 [IIT- 2010]
48
Q.5 Let P = { : sin cos = 2 cos } and Q.6 The positive integer value of n > 3 satisfying the
1 1 1
Q = { : sin + cos = 2 sin } be two sets. equation = + is
2 3
Then [IIT-2011] sin sin sin
n n n
(A) P Q and Q P
[IIT-2011]
(B) Q P
(C) P Q
(D) P = Q
EXERCISE # 5
Q.1 Find the general solution of
sinx 3 sin2x + sin3x = cosx 3 cos2x + cos3x.
[IIT 1989] Q.7 If cos p = sin q, then find the general values
of .
Q.2 Find the number of solutions of the equation [REE 97]
sin (e)x = 5x + 5x. [IIT 1991]
Q.8 Find the general values of x and y satisfying the
Q.3 If exp. {(sin2x + sin4 x+ sin6 x + ......). n 2} equations 5 sin x cos y = 1, 4 tan x = tan y.
satisfies the equation 9x + 8 = 0, find the
x2
[REE 98]
cos x
value of ,0<x< [IIT 1991] Q.9 Find the smallest positive values of x and y
cos x sin x 2

satisfying x y = , cot x + cot y = 2.
tanx 4
Q.4 Show that the value of , whenever defined
tan3x [REE 2000]
never lies between 1/3 and 3. [IIT 1992]
Q.10 Find real value of x for which 27 cos2x.81sin 2x
Q.5 Determine the smallest positive value of x is minimum. Also find this minimum value.
(in degrees) for which [REE 2000]
tan (x + 100) = tan (x + 50) tan (x) tan (x 50)
Q.11 No. of values of 't' satisfying the equation
cos(sin(cos t)) = 1 for t [0, 2]. Also find those
Q.6 Find the value of in the interval (/2, /2)
values.
satisfying equation
Q.12 Find x for
(1 tan) (1 + tan) sec2 + 2 tan = 0 [IIT 96]
2
(sin13)cot3x + cotx
= sin2(4 x) cos(3 x).cos(2 + x).
49
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE # 1
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. B C A C A B A B A B A B C C A,C
Q.No. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Ans. C B D B B A B D
24. True 25. False 26. True 27. Null set
28. 2n /4, 2n /3 29. n, n + (1)n /10, n (1)n 3/10
EXERCISE # 2
PART-A
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. A C B A D A B A A B B C B D B
Q.No. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Ans. A C C C A A A D C C C B C
PART-B
Q.No. 29 30 31 32 33 34
Ans. D A,D C,D B,D A,B,C,D C
PART-C
Q.No. 35 36 37
Ans. D C D
PART-D
38. A S, B Q, C P, D R 39. A R, B S, C P, D Q
EXERCISE # 3
1 2n 1 4n 2 4n 15
1. (a) 2n or 2n where n I, (b) tan = where n > 1 or n < 2
2 5 2 4
1 2 1
(c) x (6m 4n ) or y (6n 4m) where n, m I
5 2 3 5 3
n n
2. x = + (1)n or + (1)n+1 ; (n I)
4 8 4 24
13
3. 2n or 2n where n I 4.
3 6 4
n 2
5. = or n ; also = n , where cos = where n I
2 3 2 3
6. x = n + (1)n (/6) ; where n I 7. A = 90
1 5 1 13
8. n + tan1 ; m + tan1 ; where m, n I
2 2
50
9. = = /3 10. = 2148 + n.180 + (1)n [6812'] where n I
11. {/ 3/2 or /2 5/6} 12. 2 + 8m (m I)
1
13. x = n + , x = n ;nI 14. k = 1, x = (n + m) + ; y = (n m) ; n, m I
2 4 2 2

15. x1 = + (2n + k) ; x2 = + (2n + k), y1 = + (k 2n) ; y2 = + (k 2n) ; n, k I
3 2 6 2 6 2 3 2

16. = 2n 2/3; where n I 17. n where n I
4
18. a = 1, x = n 1; where n I
3
19. x = /2; 3/2 and y = 1 and ,1 ; ,1
2 2
20. (A,B) 21. (A,C) 22. (C) 23. (D) 24. (D)
25. (C,D) 26. (B) 27. (C) 28. (D)
EXERCISE # 4
Q.No. 1 2 3
Ans. D B C
4. 3 5. (D) 6. 7
EXERCISE # 5
n 3 1
1. + 2. 0 3. 5. 30 6. ,
2 8 2 3 3
(4n 1) (4n 1)
7. ,
2 (p q) 2 (p q)
1 1 1
8. x2n sin1 , y = 2m + cos1 , y = 2m cos1 where n , m I
5 5 5
5
9.x = , y= are the smallest +ve values of x and y
12 6
1 4 1
10. x = (2n 1) + tan1 where n I and the minimum value is
2 2 3 243
3 n
11. 2, , 12. x = , n 4k, k I
2 2 4
51
Inverse Trigonometric Function
IIT-JEE Syllabus
1. Inverse trigonometric functions and its properties

2. Limitations of sin1 x, cos1 x, tan1 x etc. for principal values
Total No. of questions in Inverse Trigonometric Function are:
Exercise # 1 ..27
Exercise # 2 ..33
Exercise # 3 ..16
Exercise # 4 ..06
Exercise # 5 ..15
faculty members.
54
Instruction to fill
COLUMN :A COLUMN :B
EXERCISE
Advantages
55
KEY CONCEPTS
1. Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions y
(i) Graph of y = sin1x

y
/2

(1,0)
x' x x' x
(1,0) 4 3 2 1 O 1 2 3 4

y'
(ii) Graph of y = cos1 x y'
y (vi) Graph of y = cosec1x

x' x
O (1,0)
(1,0) /2

4 3 2 1
x' x
y' O 1 2 3 4
(iii) Graph of y = tan1x
/2
y
/2 y'
x' x Function Domain Range

4 3 2 1 O 1 2 3 4

/2
sin1x [1, 1] 2 , 2

y' cos1x [1, 1] [0, ]

(iv) Graph of y = cot1x

y tan1x R ,
2 2

cot1x R (0, )
/2 ( , 1]
sec1x 0, 2 ,
[1, ) 2
x' x
4 3 2 1 O 1 2 3 4
( , 1]
cosec1x 2 ,0 0,
[1, ) 2
y'
2. Properties of inverse trigonometric
(v) Graph of y = sec1x
function
Property I :
56
1
(i) sin1 (sin) = , Provided that (ii) cos1x = sec1 , x [1, 1] ~ {0} and
2 2 x
(ii) cos1 (cos) = , Provided that 0
1
sec1x = cos1 , x (, 1] [1, )
(iii) tan1 (tan) = , Provided that x
2 2
1
(iv) cot1 (cot) = , Provided that 0 (iii) tan1x = cot1 , x (0, )
x

(v) sec1 (sec) = , Provided that 0 <
2 1
= + cot1 , x (, 0) and
x
or <
2 1
cot1x = tan1 , x (0, )
x
(vi) cosec1 (cosec) = , Provided that 0
2
1
or 0 < = + tan1 , x (, 0)
2 x
Property II : Property VI :
(i) sin (sin1x) = x, Provided that 1x1 xy
(i) tan1x + tan1y = tan1 ,
(ii) cos (cos1x) = x, Provided that 1x1 1 xy
1
(iii) tan (tan x) = x, Provided that x if x > 0, y > 0 and xy < 1
(iv) cot (cot1x) = x, Provided that x
xy
(v) sec (sec1x) = x, Provided that x 1 (ii) tan1x + tan1y = + tan1 ,
or 1 x 1 xy
(vi) cosec (cosec1x) = x, Provided that x 1 if x > 0, y > 0 and xy > 1

or 1 x xy
(iii) tan1x tan1y = tan1
Property III : 1 xy
(i) sin1 (x) = sin1x x [1, 1] (iv) tan1x + tan1y + tan1z
(ii) cos1 (x) = cos1 x x [1, 1]
x y z xyz
(iii) tan1 (x) = tan1x xR = tan1
1 xy yz zx
(iv) cot1 (x) = cot1x x R
Note :
(v) sec1 (x) = sec1x x (, 1] [1, )
The above results can be generalized as follows :
(vi) cosec1 (x) = cosec1x x (, 1] [1, )
Property IV : tan1x1 + tan1x2 + .................... + tan1xn
S S S5 ..............
(i) sin1x + cos1x = x [1, 1] = tan1 1 3
2 1 S2 S4 S6 ......

(ii) tan1x + cot1x = xR Where Sk denotes the sum of the product x1, x2,
2 ........., xn taken k at a time.
Property VII :
(iii) sec1x + cosec1x = x (, 1][1, )
2 (i) sin1x sin1y
Property V :
= sin1[x 1 y 2 y 1 x 2 ],
1
(i) sin1x = cosec1 , x [1, 1] ~ {0} and if x, y 0 and x2 + y2 1
x
1 (ii) sin1x sin1y
cosec1x = sin1 , x (, 1] [1, )
x
= sin1[x 1 y 2 y 1 x 2 ],
if x, y 0 and x2 + y2 1
57
Property VIII :
(i) cos1x cos1y Property XI :

(i) sin1 x = cos1 1 x 2 = tan1
= cos1[xy 1 x 2 1 y 2 ], x

1 x
2

if x, y 0 and x2 + y2 1
(ii) cos1x cos1y 1 x2
= cot1 = sec1 1

x 1 x
2
= cos1[xy 1 x 2 1 y 2 ],
if x, y 0 and x2 + y2 1 1
= cosec1
x
Property IX :
1 x2
(i) 2sin1x = sin1(2x 1 x 2 ), if 1 x 1 (ii) cos1x = sin1 1 x 2 = tan1
x
(ii) 2cos1x = cos1(2x2 1), if 1 x 1
2x
(iii) 2tan1x = tan1 2
, if 1 x 1 = cot1
x = sec1 1
1 x x
1 x
2

2x
= sin1 2
, if 1 x 1 1
1 x = cosec1

1 x
2

1 x2
= cos1 ,
2
if 0 x x 1
1 x (iii) tan1x = sin1 = cos1

1 x 1 x
2 2

Property X :
1
(i) 3 sin1x = sin1(3x 4x3), if
1
x
1 = cot1 = sec1 1 x 2
x
2 2
1 1 x2
(ii) 3 cos1x = cos1(4x3 3x), if x 1 = cosec1
2 x

3x x 3 1 1
(iii) 3 tan1x = tan1 2
, if <x<
1 3x 3 3
SOLVED EXAMPLES
1 1 1
Ex.1 The value of cos cos1 is equal to - Now cos1 =
2 8 8
(A) 3/4 (B) 3/4 cos =
1
(C) 1/16 (D) 1/4 8
1 1
Sol. Let cos1 = , where 0 < < . Then 2cos2 1 =
8 2 2 8
1 1 1 9
cos1 = cos2 =
2 8 2 2 16
1 1 1 3
cos cos1 = cos cos =
2 8 2 2 4
58
3 1 1
[0 < < , so cos ] Ans.[A] Sol. tan1 (1) + cot1 + sin1
2 4 2 4 2 2
Ex.2 The number of real solution of (x, y) where 2 3
= + = + = Ans.[C]
| y | = sinx, y = cos1(cosx), 2 x 2, is - 4 3 6 4 2 4
(A) 2 (B) 1 Ex.4 The inequality sin1(sin 5) > x2 4x holds if-
(C) 3 (D) 4
(A) x = 2 9 2
Sol. In [, 2]
| y | = sinx, y = cos1cos(2 x) = 2 x (B) x = 2 + 9 2
One solution : x = 2, y = 0 (C) x (2 9 2 , 2 + 9 2 )
y
(D) x > 2 + 9 2
|y| = sinx y = 2x
1(sin
5) > x2 4x
Sol. sin
sin1(sin(5 2) > x2 4x
x 5 2 > x2 4x 9 2 > (x 2)2
O 2
In [0, ], |y| = sinx (x 2)2 < 9 2
y = cos1(cosx) = x 9 2 < x 2 < 9 2
One solution : x = 0, y = 0 2 9 2 < x < 2 + 9 2 Ans.[C]
y
y=x Ex.5 If 1 < x < 0 then sin1x equals -
|y| = sin x (A) cos1 1 x 2

x
x
In [2, ] (B) tan1

1 x
2
|y| = sinx,
y = cos1{cos(2 + x)} = 2 + x 1 x2
One solution : x = 2, y = 0 (C) cot1
x

y = 2 +x (D) cosec1 x
|y| = sinx
Sol. 1 < x < 0, then < sin1 x < 0
2
x
2 Let sin1 x = sin = x
In [, 0], |y| = sinx x
y = cos1(cos(x)) = x then, tan =

1 x
2
One solution : x = 0, y = 0
x
= tan1
y = x
1 x
2

x
x sin1 x = tan1 Ans.[B]

1 x
2

There are 3 solutions (0, 0), (2, 0), (2, 0)
Ans.[C] Ex.6 The number of solution of the equation
tan1(x 1) + tan1x + tan1(x + 1) = tan13x is
1 1
Ex.3 The value of tan1 (1) + cot1 + sin1 is (A) 1 (B) 2
2 2
(C) 3 (D) 4
equal to -
Sol. The given equation can be written as
5 3 13
(A) (B) (C) (D) tan1(x 1) + tan1(x + 1) = tan13x tan1x
4 12 4 12
x 1 x 1 3x x
tan1 = tan1
1 ( x 1)(x 1) 1 3x 2
59

2x 2x
x + 3x3 = 2x x3 3
= , but , and from the
2x 2
1 3x 2 4 4 4 4
4x3 x = 0 x(4x2 1) = 0 1
principal value of tan x,
x = 0, x =
1
Ans.[C] , . Hence, ,
2 2 2 4 2
Ex.7 If x1, x2, x3, x4 are roots of the equation 2x
, tan1 x + sin1 = ,
x4 x3sin 2 + x2cos 2 xcos sin = 0, then 4 2 1 x2
4 2x
tan
i 1
1
xi = also at =
4
, 2 tan1 x + sin1
1 x2
(A) (B) /2
= 2. + sin1 (1) = + =
4 2 2
(C) (D)
the given function = = constant
Sol. x = sin 2, x x = cos 2,
1 1 2

if , , i.e., x [1, )
x x x = cos and x x x x = sin
Ans.[A]
1 2 3 1 2 3 4 4 2
tan1 x1 + tan1 x2 + tan1 x3 + tan1 x4

= tan1
x x x x
1 1 2 3

Ex.9

The value of sin1 sin
3
x

( x k kx)
x x x x x x
1

2 2

1 2 1 2 3 4

sin 2 cos x
= tan1 cos1 cos , where
1 cos2 sin

6 ( x k kx)
2 2

cos(2 sin 1) k
= tan1 = tan1 cot ( < x < 2k, k > 0) is-
sin (2 sin 1) 2
2x 2 xk k 2
= tan1 tan = Ans.[B] (A) tan1 2
2
2 2 x 2xk k
2x x 2 2xk 2k 2
Ex.8 If 2 tan1 x + sin1 is independent of x then - (B) tan1 2
2
1 x2 x 2 xk k
(A) x [1, ) (B) x [1, 1]
x 2 2xk 2k 2
(C) x ( , 1] (D) None of these (C) tan1 2
2
2x 2xk 2k
2x
Sol. Let x = tan then sin1 (D) None of these
1 x2
Sol. We have
2 tan
= sin1 = sin1 (sin 2)
1 tan2 x
sin1 sin
2x 3 ( x 2 k 2 kx)
2 tan1x + sin1 = 2 + sin1(sin2)
1 x2

cos1 cos
x
If 2 ,
2 2 6 ( x 2 k 2 kx)

2x
2 tan1 x + sin1 = 2 + 2
3x

1 x2 = sin1

2 x k kx
2 2

= 4 tan1 x independent of x.
2x
3x

If 2 , 2 tan1 x + sin1 cos1
2 2 1 x2
2 x k kx
2 2

= 2 + sin1{sin( 2)} = 2 + 2

= = independent of x. 3x
= 2 cos1
2
( 4 x 2
4 kx 4 k 2
)

60
6x 2 1 1
= cos1 2 1
2 4x 4kx 4k
2
+ tan1 c 2 c3 + ....... + tan1 1

1 c
1 n
2x 2 4xk 4k 2
= sin1 2
2
c 2c3
4 x 4 xk 4 k
x 1 1
x 2 2xk 2k 2 = tan1 tan1 + tan1
= sin1 2
2
Ans.[D] y c1 c1
2x 2xk 2k
1 1 1
tan1 + tan1 tan1
1
Ex.10 Let f(x) = e cos sin(x / 3)
then c2 c2 c3
8 8 1 1 1
(A) f = e5/18 (B) f = e13/18 + tan1 + .... tan1 + tan1
9 9 c3 cn cn
7 7 x
(C) f = e/12 (D) f = e11/12 = tan1 Ans.[B]
4 4 y
1 8 11
8 cos sin
9 3
cos1 sin
Sol. f = e = e 9 Ex.12 The number of real solutions of the equation
9
1 cos2x = 2 sin1 (sinx), x , is -
13
cos1 cos
= e 18 = e13/18 (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) Infinite
1
7
Sol. Here | cos x | = sin (sinx).
1
7 cos sin
4 3

y
and f = e
4 y=x
17
cos1 sin
12
= e
y = cosx

cos1 cos
= e 12
= e/12 Ans.[B, C]
y

cx y
1 c 2 c1

Ex.11 tan1 1
c y x + tan 1 c c
1 2 1
x
c c 1
+ tan1 3 2 + ....... + tan1 =
1 c 3c 2 cn
If x then cos x = x
y x 2 2
(A) tan1 (B) tan1
x y In the case there is one solution obtained
y graphically.
(C) tan1 (D) None of these
x
If < x then
Sol. We have 2
c xy c c cosx = sin1 {sin( x)} = x
tan1 1 + tan1 2 1 cosx = x
c1 y x 1 c 2 c1
In this case there is one solution, obtained
c c 1
+ tan1 3 2 + ....... + tan1 graphically.
1 c 3c 2 cn
If x < then
x 1 1 1 2

y c1 + tan1 1
c c cosx = sin1{sin( x)} = x
= tan1 2
x 1 1 i.e., cos x = x + .
1 1
y c1 c1c 2 This gives no solution as can be seen from their
graphs. Ans.[A]
61
1
Ex.13 The value of sin(2 tan1 ) + cos (tan1 2 2 ) is xy
[ tan1 x + tan1 y = tan1
3 1 xy
6 7 14
(A) (B) (C) (D) None
15 15 15 if x > 0, y > 0 and xy < 1]
cot A(1 cot2 A) 1 cot A
1 = tan1 = tan
Sol. Let tan 1
= and tan1 2 2 = . 1 cot A
4
1 cot 2 A
3
1 1
Then tan = and tan = 2 2 , so that t anA tanA
3 = tan1 = tan1
tan A 1
1 2
1 1
sin (2 tan1 ) + cos (tan1 2 2 ) t an2 A
3
2 t an 1
= sin 2 + cos = +
1 t an2 1 tan2 cotA < 1
1 cotA > 1
2.
= 3 + 1 2 9
= . +
1 O
1
1 1 8 3 10 3
9
3 1 14
= + = Ans.[C]
5 3 15
1 2 tanA 1
= tan1 . = tan1 tan2A
2 1 tan A 2
2
Ex.14 Solve : cos1 x + cos1 y = /2,
tan1 x tan1 y = 0 1
tan1 tan2A + tan1(cotA) + tan1(cot3A) = 0
Sol. From the second of the given equations, we have x 2
= y.
Substituting x = y in the first, we have Case II : When 0 < A <
4
2cos1 x = /2 or cos1 x = /4 cotA > 1 and cot3A > 1 cotA . cot3A > 1
or x = cos /4 = 1/ 2 = y Hence, tan1 (cotA) + tan1 (cot3A)
It can easily be seen that these values actually cot A cot3 A
satisfy the given equations. Hence the solution set = + tan1
1 cot A. cot A
3
of the given equations is (1/ 2 , 1/ 2 ).

xy
Ans. [ tan1 x + tan1 y = + tan1
1 xy
Ex.15 Prove that
if x > 0, y > 0 and xy > 1]
1
tan1 tan2A + tan1(cotA) + tan1(cot3A) 1
2 = tan1 tan2A [as shown in case I]
2

= 0 if <A< 1
4 2 tan1 tan2A + tan1(cotA)
2
= if 0 < A <
Sol. Case I : + tan1(cot3A) =
1
When <A< Ex.16 Solve : tan(cos1 x) = sin (cot1 )
4 2 2
0 < cotA < 1 and 0 < cot3A < 1 1
Sol. sin cot1 = sin sin1 (2/ 5 ) = 2/ 5
cot A . cot3 A < 1 2
Hence, tan1 (cotA) + tan1 (cot3A) Also 0 cos1 x ,
cot A cot3 A tan(cos1 x) =
2
> 0 0 < cos1 x < 1
= tan1
1 cot A. cot A 5
3
or 0 < x < 1.
62

2 , 2 being the range of sin (function).
1
5 2
Hence result (1) is valid. Ans.
1 x y c2
Ex.18 If sin1 + sin1 = sin1 , show that
1 x 2 a b ab
Now tan(cos1 x) = tan tan1
x b2 x2 + 2xy a 2 b 2 c 4 + a2y2 = c4.
1 x2 2 x a2 x2
= = 5(1 x2) = 4x2 Sol. We have sin1 = cos1
x 5 a a
5 y b2 y2
2
or 9x = 5 or x = as x > 0. Ans. and sin1 = cos1
3 b b
2 x 2 4 c2 a 2b2 c4
sin1 = cos1
Ex.17 Solve for x : sin1 sin < 3.
2 ab ab
1 x Thus, we get
2 x 2 4
sin1 sin <3 a2 x2 b2 y2
2
Sol. ...(1)
cos1 + cos1
1 x a b
2x 2 4 a 2b2 c4
cannot be < 3 = cos1
1 x2 ab
2x 2 4
sin1 sin <3 a x
2 2
b2 y2
1 x2 or cos1
a b

2x 2 4
<3 2 2
1 x2 a2 x2 2
. 1 b y
2
1
2x 2 4 a b
> 3 2x2 + 4 > 3 + 3x2
1 x2
x2 1 < 0 | x | < 1 a 2b2 c4
1 < x < 1 x (1, 1) = cos1
ab
2x 2 4 2 [Using cos1x + cos1y
Now, = +2
1 x 2
1 x2 = cos1{xy 1 x 2 1 y 2 }]
2 2
0< < 2 2 < +2<4
1 x2 1 x2 a2 x2 b2 y2 x y a 2b2 c4
or . . =
2x 2 4 a b a b ab
2< < 4
1 x2 or, a2 x2 . b 2 y 2 xy = a 2b2 c4
2x 2 4
and hence 2 > >4 or (a2 x2)(b2 y2) = (xy + a 2 b 2 c 4 )2
1 x2
or, a2b2 a2y2 b2x2 + x2y2
2x 2 4
2 > >4 = x2y2 + a2b2 c4 + 2xy a 2 b 2 c 4
1 x2
2x 2 4 or b2x2 + 2xy a 2 b 2 c 4 + a2y2 = c4. Ans.
> >
2 1 x 2
2
x y
[since < 4 and > 2] Ex.19 If cos1 + cos1 = , prove that
2 2 2 3
9x2 12xy cos + 4y2 = 36 sin2.
2x 2 4
< < x y
2 1 x 2
2 Sol. Let cos1 = , and cos1 =
2 3
63
x y
cos = and cos = 2 sin 2
2 3
= 2 tan1
1 cos
= 2 tan1 2

Given, + = cos( + ) = cos sin 2 sin . cos
or cos cos sin sin = cos 2 2

x y x2 y2 = 2 tan1 tan = 2. =
or . 1 . 1 = cos 2 2
2 3 4 9
= tan1 x = LHS. Ans.
xy 4 x 2 . 9 y2
or = cos Ex.22 If tan1y : tan1x = 4 : 1, express y as an algebraic
6 6
function of x. Hence or otherwise proved that tan
or (xy 6 cos)2 = (4 x2)(9 y2)
1
or x2y2 + 36 cos2 12xy cos 22 is a root of the equation
2
= 36 9x2 4y2 + x2y2
x4 + 1 = 6x2.
or 9x2 12xycos + 4y2 = 36(1 cos2)
Sol. Here tan1y = 4 tan1 x = 2(2 tan1 x)
or 9x2 12xycos + 4y2 = 36 sin2. Ans.
2x
= 2 tan1

x 3
1 x2
Ex.20 Evaluate cos1 x + cos1 1 x2 , 2x

2 2
2.
1 x2 4x (1 x 2 )
1 = tan1 = tan 1
x , 1 2x
2
(1 x 2 ) 2 4x 2
2 1
1 x
2
x 1
Sol. Expression = cos1 x + cos1 3 3x 2 4x (1 x 2 )
2 2 or y =
1 x 4 6x 2

= cos1 x + cos1 cos . cos sin . sin 1
3 3 Let tan1x = 22 ; then 4 tan1 x = 90
2
tan1 y = 90 { tan1 y = 4 tan1 x}
where cos = x = cos1 x + cos1 cos
3
4x (1 x 2 )
1 y = tan90 =
{ from the question, cos 1, < } 1 x 4 6x 2
2 3
1 + x4 6x2 = 0 1 + x4 = 6x2

= cos1 x + = cos1 x + cos1 x = 1
3 3 3 x = tan 22 is a root of the equation
2
Ans.
1 + x4 = 6x2. Ans.
Ex.21 Prove that
tan1x = 2tan1[ cosec tan1 x tan cot1 x] Ex.23 Find the integral values of p at which the system
Sol. RHS = 2tan1[ cosec tan1 x tan cot1 x] of equations
1 x2 1 cos1x + (sin1y)2 = p2/4;
= 2 tan1[cosec cosec1 tan. tan1 ]
x x (cos1x)(sin1y)2 = 2/16 possesses solutions. Also
1 x2 1 1 x 2 1 find these solutions.
= 2 tan1 = 2 tan1 Sol. The given system of the equation is
x x
x
cos1x + (sin1y)2 = p 2/4 ...(1)
1 x 2 (cos x)(sin y) = /16
1 1 2 2 ...(2)
x It is clear that
0 < cos1x , /2 sin1y /2.
1 so, 0 < (sin1y)2 2/4, sin1 y 0 [From 2]
Now, let x = tan. 0 < cos1 x + (sin1 y)2 + 2/4
sec 1 p 2 2
Then RHS = 2 tan1 i.e. 0 < + ...(3)
tan 4 4
From (1) and (2) we get p 0
64
4 p 2
cos1 x + =
16cos1 x 4
1x)2 4p 2cos1 x + 4 = 0
or 16(cos ...(4)
As cos1x is real, 16 p24 644 0
or p2 4 i.e. p 2 or p 2 ...(5)
From (3) and (5)
0 < p (4/) + 1, p 2,
p is integer so p = 2 ...(6)
for p = 2, (4) gives
16(cos1x)2 82 cos1 x + 4 = 0
or [4 cos1 x 2]2 = 0
or cos1x = 2/4 i.e. x = cos(2/4) ...(7)
Then (2) gives (sin1y)2 = 2/4
or sin1 y = /2 i.e. y = 1 ...(8)
Hence p = 2, (x, y) = [cos(2/4), 1] Ans.
65
EXERCISE # 1
Questions
based on Principal Value 33
Q.9 The value of sin1 cos is -
5
Q.1 cos1 (1) = 3 7
(A) (B)
(A) (B) 0 (C) (D) 2 5 5
2

(C) (D)
3 10 10
Q.2 tan1 tan is equal to-
4 Q.10 If x 2, then cos1(cos x) is equal to-
(A) x (B) x
(A) (B)
4 4 (C) 2 + x (D) 2 x
3 3
(C) (D) Questions
4 4 based on Properties V and VI
Q.3 cos1(cos 5/4) is given by -
(A) 5/4 (B) 3/4
Q.11 If tan1 2x + tan1 3x = then x =
(C) /4 (D) None of these 4
1
Questions (A) 1 (B)
based on Properties I to IV 6
1
(C) 1, (D) None of these
17 6
Q.4 cos1 cos is equal to -
15 1 1 1
Q.12 cot [tan1 tan1 tan1 ] =
17 17 2 5 8
(A) (B)
15 15 (A) 1 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 2
2 13
(C) (D)
15 15 x 1 x 1
Q.13 If tan1 + tan1 = , then x =
x2 x2 4
1
Q.5 The value of sin arc cos is- 1 1
2 (A) (B)
2 2
1
(A) (B) 1 5 1
2 (C) (D)
2 2
3
(C) (D) none of these
2 Questions
based on Properties VII and VIII
2
Q.6 If sin1 x + sin1 y = , then
3
3 4
cos1 x + cos1 y = Q.14 If cos1 sin1 = cos 1x, then x =
5 5
2
(A) (B) (C) (D) (A) 0 (B) 1
3 3 6
(C) 1/2 (D) 1/4
Q.7 tan1 [tan (6)] is equal to
Q.15 If sin1 x/5 + cosec1 5/4 = /2, then x =
(A) 2 6 (B) 2 + 6
(A) 4 (B) 5
(C) 2 + 6 (D) 6 (C) 1 (D) 3
Q.8 cos1 (cos 10) is equal to
Q.16 If sin1 x + sin1 (1 x) = cos 1x, then x =
(A) 4 + 10 (B) 4 10 (A) 1, 1 (B) 1, 0
(C) 4 + 10 (D) 10
66
(C) 0, 1/2 (D) None cos sin
Q.23 2 tan1 tan tan = tan1
2 4 2 sin cos
Questions
based on Properties IX , X & XI
Fill in The Blanks type Questions
Q.17 1 + cot2 (sin1 x) = Q.24 If y = 2 tan1 x + sin1 [2x/(1 + x2)] for all x, then
1 < y <
(A) (B) x2
2x
a b
1 2 Q.25 If tan1 + tan1 = ,
(C) 2 (D)
x x x 2
x
then x =......
Q.18 sin [cot1 cos tan1 x] is equal to -
1 1 1
x2 1 Q.26 If tan1 = tan1 + tan1 2 ,
x2 a 1 x a x 1
(A) x2 2 (B) 2
x 1 then x = .......
x 1
2
(C) (D) None of these If sin1
3x
+ sin1
4x
= sin1 x,
x2 2 Q.27
5 5
then x =.......
Q.19 If the sum of the acute angles tan1 x and
1
tan1 is 45, then the value of x is -
3
1 1
(A) (B)
3 4
1 1
(C) (D)
5 2
1 4
Q.20 If x = sin (2 tan1 2), y = sin ( tan1 ). Then
2 3
(A) x = y2 (B) y = 1 x
2
y
(B) x2 = (D) y2 = 1 + x
2
Q.21 If = sin1 x + cos1 x tan1 x (0 x 1),

then the interval in which lies is given by
/4 /2
1 2 3
Q.22 cos 2 tan1 tan1 =
4 9 5
67
EXERCISE # 2
Part-A Only Single Correct Answer type (D) None of these
Questions
Q.9 If = cot1 cos x tan1 cos x , then sin =
Q.1 If sin1 x = + and sin1 y = , then 1 + xy = 1
(A) tan x (B) tan2 (x/2)
(A) sin2 + sin2 (B) sin2 + cos2 2
(C) cos2 + cos2 (D) cos2 + sin2 1
(C) tan1 (x/2) (D) None of these
2
Q.2 The value of
Q.10 If a, b, c be positive real numbers and the value of
cot 1 2 3
1 12
1

sin cot sec 2 a ( a b c) b ( a b c)
4 4 = tan1 + tan1

bc ca
is equal to -
c ( a b c)
(A) 0 (B) /4 (C) /6 (D) /2 + tan1 then tan is equal to -
ab
Q.3 The number of positive integral solutions of (A) 0 (B) 1
7 abc
cos1 4x 2 8x = are (C)
abc
(D) None of these
2 3
(A) one (B) two 3
(C) three (D) none of these Q.11 tan1 2x + tan1 3x = n + , then x =
4
Q.4 If we consider only the principal values of the 1 1 1
(A) 1, (B) ,
inverse trigonometric functions, then the value of 6 2 3
(C) 4, 5 (D) None of these
1 4
tan cos1 sin 1 is-
5 2 17 Q.12 If tan(x + y) = 33 and x = tan1 3, then y will be-
(A) 0.3 (B) tan1 (1.3)
29 29
(A) (B) 1
3 3 (C) tan1 (0.3) (D) tan1
18
(C) 3 /29 (D) None of these
5 2 1 x 2 1
Q.5 If (tan1 x)2 + (cot1 x)2 = , then x equals- Q.13 The value of 2 tan1 is equal to-
8 x
(A) 1 (B) 1 (A) cot1 x (B) sec1 x
(C) 0 (D) None of these (C) tan1 x (D) None of these
33 Q.14 In a ABC, if A = tan1 2 and B = tan1 3, then C

Q.6 cos1 sin + sin1 cos =
9 9 is equal to-
30 7
(A) (B) (A) (B)
22 9 3 4
36
(C) (D) None of these (C) (D) none of these
89 6
1 x2 1 x2
Q.7 The value of sin1 (sin 10) is - Q.15 If tan1 = , then x2 is equal to-
(A) 10 (B) 10 3 1 x 1 x
2 2
(C) 3 10 (D) None of these (A) sin 2 (B) sin

Q.8 If x = tan (1/7) and y = tan1 (1/3), then -
1 (C) cos 2 (D) cos
(A) cos 2x = sin 4y 1
(B) cos 4y = cos 2x Q.16 The value of cos (2 cos1 x + sin1 x) at x = is -
5
(C) cos 2y = sin 4x
68
2 6 2 6 1
(A) (B) tan (sec1x) = sin cos1 is-
5 5 5
3 6 5 3
(C) (D) none of these (A) (B)
5 3 5
p q 5 3
Q.17 If cos1 + cos1 = , then (C) (D)
a b 3 5
2 2
p 2pq q
cos + 2 equals- 5 2
Let = tan1 tan and = tan1 tan
2
a ab b Q.24
(A) sin2 (B) cos2 4 3
(C) tan2 (D) cot2 then-
(A) > (B) 4 3 = 0
1 2a 1 1 1 a
2
Q.18 tan sin 1 cos = (C) + =
7
(D) None of these
2 1 a2 2 1 a2 12
2a a
(A) (B) 1
1 a 2
1 a 2 Q.25 If < |x| < 1 then which of the following are real-
2
2a 2
(C) (D) (A) sin1 x (B) tan1 x
1 a 2
1 a 2 1
(C) sec x (D) cos1 x
Q.19 Solution of the equation
2 tan1 (cos x) = tan1 (2 cosec x) is-
Q.26 Let f (x) = sin1x + cos1x. Then is equal to-
2
(A) x = 2n + (B) x = n +
4 4 1
(A) f
2
(C) x = n + (D) none of these
2 (B) f(k2 2k + 3), k R
(1 sin x ) (1 sin x ) 1
(C) f , k R
2
Q.20 The value of cot1 is 1 k
(1 sin x ) (1 sin x )
(D) f(2)
(A) x (B) 2 x
(C) x/2 (D) x/2 Q.27 The greatest and least values of
(sin1 x)3 + (cos1 x)3 are-
1 5
tan cos1 =
3 3 3
Q.21
2 (A) (B)
32 8
3 5 3 5 7 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 8 2
2 2
(C) (D) Q.28 sin1 x > cos1 x holds for-
3 5 3 5
(A) all values of x (B) x (0, 1/2)
Q.22 The number of real solution of (C) x (1/2, 1) (D) x = 0.75.

tan1 x (x 1) + sin1 x 2 x 1 = is -
2 Q.29 , and are three angles given by
(A) Zero (B) One 1 1
= 2tan1 (2 1), = 3 sin1 + sin1 and
(C) Two (D) Infinite 2 2
1
Part-B One or More Than one correct = cos1 . Then-
Answer Type Questions 3
(A) > (B) >
Q.23 One of the values of x satisfying (C) < (D) none of these
69
Part-C Assertion Reason type Questions (A) cos1 + cos 1 + cos 1 = 3(P) 2n
then + + is
(B) If sin1 x + tan1x = , (Q)sin1x
statements each, printed as Assertion and 2 6
Reason. While answering these questions you then 2 5 (2x2 + 1) is
are to choose any one of the following four 2n 2n
responses. (C) sin
i 1
1
x i = n then x
i 1
i is (R) 10
(A) If both Assertion and Reason are true
and the Reason is correct explanation of
3 1

the Assertion. (D) f(x) = sin1 x 1 x 2 , (S) 3

2 2

(B) If both Assertion and Reason are true but
1
Reason is not correct explanation of the x 1 is
Assertion. 2
(C) If Assertion is true but the Reason is Q.33 Let f(x) = sin1x , g(x) = cos1x and h(x) = tan1x. For
false. what interval of variation of x the following are true.
(D) If Assertion is false but Reason is true Column I Column II
Q.30 Assertion (A) : The solution of (A) f ( x ) g( x ) / 2 (P) [0, )

sin1 (6x) + sin1 (63)x = is x = 1/12. (B) f (x ) g 1 x 2 0 (Q) [0, 1]
2
Reason (R): As, sin1x is defined for | x | 1. 1 x2
(C) g 2h ( x )
2
(R) (, 1)
Q.31 Assertion (A) : The solution set for 1 x
cos1 (cos 4) > 3x2 4x is 1 x
(D) h(x) + h(1) = h (S) [1, 0]
Reason (R) : The value of cos1 (cos x) = 2 x, for 1 x
x (, 2).
Part-D Column Matching type Questions
Q.32 Column I Column II
EXERCISE # 3
Part-A Subjective Type Questions 2 n 1
+ tan1 2n 1
+.......
1 1 2
Q.1 Solve for x, sin cos1 x = 1.
5 Q.5 Find the sum of the series
Q.2 Solve for x, cot1 (x) cot1 (x + 2) = 15. 1 2 1

sin1 + sin1 +........
2 6
Q.3 Let x, y be positive integers. Then find the pairs
n (n 1)
(x, y) satisfying the equation + sin1 +......
[n (n 1)]
y
tan1x + cos1 = sin1 3 .

1 y
2
10
Q.6 If sin1 x + sin1 y = , prove that
2
Q.4 Find the sum of the series 2(x2 x2y2 + y2) = 1 + x4 + y4.
tan1 (1/3) + tan1 (2/9) +.....
70
Q.7 Prove that,
Q.12 sin1x + cosec1x at x = 1 is -
1 14
sin 2 tan1 + cos (tan12 2 ) = . (A) (B) 2 (C) 3 (D)
3 15
Q.13 If x [1, 1], then range of tan1(x) is
1 63
Q.8 Find the value of sin sin 1 . 3 7 3 5
4 8 (A) , (B) ,
4 4 4 4

Q.9 Prove that, (C) [, 0] (D) ,
4 4
4
2 tan1 (3) = cos1 Passage # 2 (Q. 14 to 16)
5
Let us define here two functions in the domain of
4 1 4
= + cos1 = + tan1 . [1, 1], f(x) = sin1 x, g(x) = cos1 x
5 2 3
Now another function
1 x I (x) = max. {f(x), g(x)}, 1 x 1
Q.10 If = 2 arc tan and
1 x J (x) = min {f(x), g(x)}, 1 x 1
1 x 2 On the basis of above passage, answer the
= arc sin 2
for 0 < x < 1 following questions :
1 x
then prove that + = Q.14 The range of J(x) is-

Part-B Passage based objective questions (A) , 0 (B) ,
2 2 4
(C) , (D) none of these
The domain and range of inverse circular function 2 2
are defined as follows :
Domain Range
3 Q.15 The number of points where I(x) is not differential
sin1x [1, 1] 2 , 2 are -

(A) 1 (B) 2
cos1x [1, 1] [0, ]
(C) 0 (D) Infinite
3
tan1x R ,
2 2 Q.16 The set of x such that J(x) is increases, is -
cot1x R (0, ) (A) (1, 0) (B) (1, 1/2)
3 (C) (1, 1) (D) none of these
cosec1x (, 1] [1, ) , {}
2 2

sec1x (, 1] [1, ) [0, ]
2
3
Q.11 sin1x < then solution set of x is-
4
1 1
(A) ,1 (B) , 1
2 2
1 1
(C) , (D) none of these
2 2
71
EXERCISE # 4
Old IIT-JEE Questions Q.5 Let (x, y) be such that

sin1 (ax) + cos1 (y) + cos1 (bxy) =
x2 x3 2
Q.1 If sin1 x ..........
Match the statement in Column I with statements
2 4
in Column II. [IIT- 2007]
x4 x6
+ cos1 x 2 .......... = Column I
2 4 2 (A) If a = 1 and b = 0, then (x, y)
for 0 < |x| < 2 , then x equals [IIT 2001] (B) If a = 1 and b = 1, then (x, y)
1 (C) If a = 1 and b = 2, then (x, y)
(A) (B) 1 (D) If a = 2 and b = 2, then (x, y)
2
Column II
1
(C) (D) 1 (P) lies on the circle x2 + y2 = 1
2
(Q) lies on (x2 1) (y2 1) = 0
Q.2 cos tan1 sin cot1 x = [IIT-2002] (R) lies on y = x
(S) lies on (4x2 1) (y2 1) = 0
x2 1 x2 1
(A) (B)
x2 2 x2 2 sin
Q.6 Let f() = sin tan1 ,where
cos2
x2 1 x2 1
(C) (D) d(f ())
x2 2 x2 2 < < . Then the value of is
4 4 d(tan)
Q.3 For which value of x, [IIT-2011]
sin (cot1 (x + 1)) = cos (tan1 x) [IIT Scr. 04]
(A) 1/2 (B) 0
(C) 1 (D) 1/2
Q.4 If 0 < x < 1, then

1 x 2 [{x cos (cot1 x) + sin (cot1 x)}2 1]1/2
is equal to [IIT- 2008]
x
(A) (B) x
1 x2
(C) x 1 x 2 (D) 1 x 2
EXERCISE # 5
Q.1 Find the following m tan( ) n tan
Q.3 If = , then prove that
3sin 2 1 tan
cos
2
cos2 ( )
tan1 + tan
5 3 cos2 4 1 n m
= tan tan
where /2 < < /2 2 nm
Q.2 Prove that, Q.4 Find the sum of the series

1 1
2 cot15 + cot1 7 + 2 cot1 8 = cot1 2 2 + cot1 23 2
4 2 2
72
1
+ cot1 2 4 3 + ................
2
Q.5 If sin1x + sin1 y + sin1 z = , prove that

x4 + y4 + z4 + 4x2y2z2 = 2(x2y2 + y2z2 + z2x2)
Q.6 Solve for x,

sin1 (6x) + sin1 (6 3 x) =
2
1 1
Q.7 Prove that, cos (2 tan1 ) = sin (4 tan1 )
7 3
Q.8 Prove that,

ab b a cosx
2tan1 tan( x / 2) = cos1
a b a b cosx
Q.9 The greater of the two angles
A = 2 tan1 (2 2 1) and
B = 3 sin1 (1/3) + sin1 (3/5) is........ [IIT 1989]
Q.10 Solve for ,

1 3 sin 2
= tan1(2 tan2) sin1
2 5 4 cos2
[REE 97]
Q.11 Using the principal values, express the following

as a single angle :
1 1 142
3 tan1 + 2 tan1 + sin1
2 5 65 5
[REE 99]
Q.12 Solve for x,

ax bx
sin1 + sin1 = sin1x,
c c
where a2 + b2 = c2, c 0 [REE 2000]

Q.13 Solve for x, cos1 x 3 + cos1x =
2
Q.14 Prove that,

ax xb
cos1 = sin1
ab ab
a x 1 1 2 (a x ) ( x b)
= cot1 = sin
xb 2 ab
Q.15 If X = cosec(tan1 (cos(cot1 (sec(sin1a))))) and

Y = sec(cot 1 (sin(tan 1 (cosec(cos 1 a)))))
where 0 a 1. Find the relation between X and
Y. Express them in terms of 'a'.
73
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE # 1
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. C A B D C B A B D D B A C B D
Q.No. 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. C C C D B
21. True 22. True 23. False 24. , 25. ab
26. a, a2 a + 1 27. 0, 1
EXERCISE # 2
PART-A
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. B A D D A B C A B A A C C B A
Q.No. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Ans. B A C B D A C
PART-B
Q.No. 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Ans. B,D B,C A,B,D A,C A,C C,D B,C
PART-C
Q.No. 30 31
Ans. D D
PART-D
32. A S, B R, C P, D Q 33. A Q, B S, C P, D P,Q,R,S
EXERCISE # 3
1. No solution 2. x =
3 or x = 2 3 3. (1, 2); (2, 7) 4. /4 8.
2 2
1
11. (A) 12. (C) 13. (B) 14. (B) 15. (A) 16. (B)
EXERCISE # 4
Q.No. 1 2 3 4
Ans. B A D C
5. A P , B Q, C Q, D S 6. 1
EXERCISE # 5
1
1. 4. tan1(1/2) 6. 9. A > B 10. 0, /4, tan1 2
12
11. 12. x = 1 13. x =
1
2
15. X = Y = 3 a
2
74
Properties of Triangle
IIT-JEE Syllabus
1. Sine rule
2. Cosine rule
3. Tangent rule
4. Projection formulae
5. Area of triangle
6. Solution of triangle
7. m - n Theorem
8. Ambiguous case in solution of triangle
Total No. of questions in Properties of Triangle are:
Exercise # 1 ..18
Exercise # 2 ..18
Exercise # 3 ..16
Exercise # 4 ..08
Exercise # 5 ..12
*** Students are advised to solve the questions of exercises in the same sequence or as directed
by the faculty members.
76
Index : Preparing your own list of Important/Difficult Questions
Instruction to fill
COLUMN :A COLUMN :B
EXERCISE
Advantages
77
KEY CONCEPTS
1. Sine rule B (s c)(s a )
(b) sin =
The sine rule is very useful tool to express sides of a 2 ac
triangle in terms of sines of angle and vice-versa in C (s a )(s b)
the following manner. (c) sin =
2 ab
a b c
= = = k (Let) A B C
sin A sin B sin C (ii) Formulae for cos , cos , cos

2
2 2
a = k sinA, b = k sinB, c = k sinC
A s(s a )
(a) cos =
2. Cosine rule 2 bc
b2 c2 a 2 B s(s b)
(i) cos A = (b) cos =
2bc 2 ac
a 2 c2 b2 C s(s c)
(ii) cos B = (c) cos =
2ac 2 ab
a 2 b2 c2 A B C
(iii) cos C = (iii) Formulae for tan , tan , tan
2ab 2 2 2
A (s b)(s c)
3. Projection Formulae (a) tan =
2 s(s a )
(i) a = b cos C + c cos B
B (s c)(s a )
(ii) b = c cos A + a cos C (b) tan =
2 s(s b)
(iii) c = a cos B + b cos A
C (s a )(s b)
(c) tan =
4. Napier's Analogy (Tangent rule) 2 s(s c)
In any ABC, 6. Area of triangle

BC bc A sin A sin B sin C 2
(i) tan = cot = = =
2 bc 2 a b c abc
A B a b C The area of ABC is given by
(ii) tan = cot
2 a b 2 (i) =
1
bc sinA (ii) =
1
ca sinB
2 2
CA ca B
(iii) tan = cot 1
2 c a 2 (iii) = ab sinC
2
5. Trigonometrical ratios of the half angles
7. Hero's Formula
of a triangle
In any ABC
If the perimeter of a triangle ABC is denoted by 2s
then 2s = a + b + c and area denoted by then abc
= s(s a )(s b)(s c) where s
2
A B C
(i) Formulae for sin , sin , sin

2
2 2 8. Solutions of Triangles
A (s b)(s c) 8.1 Solution of a right angled triangle :

(a) sin =
2 bc Case I
78
When two sides are given : Let the triangle be right AB C a sin C
angled at C. Then we can determine the remaining = 90 and c =
2 2 sin A
elements as given in the table.
Case III
Given Required
When one side a and two angle A and B are given
(i) a, b a
tan A = , B = 90 A, : In this case, we use the following formulae to
b determine the remaining elements.
a A + B + C = 180 or C = 180 (A + B)
c=
sin A
a sin B a sin C 1
(ii) a, c a b= and c = , = ca sinB
sin A = , b = c cosA, sin A sin A 2
c
Case IV
B = 90 A
When two sides a, b and the angle A opposite to
Case II one side is given :
When a side and an acute angle are given : In this (i) When A is an acute angle and a < b sinA
case, we can determine the remaining elements as In this case, no triangle is possible.
given in the table.
(ii) When A is acute angle and a = b sinA
Given Required
In this case, only one triangle is possible which
(i) a, A B = 90 A, is right angled at B.
b = a cot A, (iii) When A is an acute angle and a > b sinA
c = a/sinA In this case, there are two values of B given and
(ii) c, A B = 90 A, in this case two triangles are possible.
a = c sin A, 8.3 Some useful results :
b = c cosA (i) In any right angled triangle, the orthocenter
8.2 Solution of a triangle in general : coincides with the vertex containing the right
angled.
Case I
(ii) The mid-point of the hypotenuse of a right angled
When three sides a, b, c are given : In this case, the triangle is equidistant from the 3 vertices of the
remaining elements are determined by using the triangle.
following formulae.
(iii) The mid-point of the hypotenuse of a right
= s(s a )(s b)(s c) , where 2s = a + b + c angled triangle is the circumcenter of the triangle
sinA =
2
, sinB =
2
, sinC =
2 9. m-n Theorem
bc ac ab
If D be a point on the side BC of a ABC such that
A B BD : DC = m : n and ADC = , BAD = and
and tan = ,tan = ,
2 s(s a ) 2 s(s b) DAC = .
C (i) (m + n) cot = m cot n cot
tan =
2 s(s c) (ii) (m + n) cot = n cot B m cot C
Case II A
When two sides a, b and the included angle C are
given : In this case, we use the following formulae.
1 AB ab C
= ab sinC, tan = cot
2 2 a b 2 180
B m D n C
SOLVED EXAMPLES
3 sin A sin B
Ex.1 In a triangle ABC, if a = 3, b = 4 and sinA = , Sol. We have, =
4 a b
then B = b
or sinB = sinA
(A) 60 (B) 90 (C) 45 (D) 30 a
79
since, a = 3 , b = 4 , sinA = 3/4, 2 10
AO = AD = . Therefore, applying the sine
4 3 3 3
we get, sinB = =1
3 4 rule to AOC, we get
B = 90 Ans.[B]
sin
.
OC AO 10 8
Ex.2 If A = 75, B = 45, then b + c 2 = = OC =
3
(A) a (B) a + b + c sin sin sin
8 4 4
1
(C) 2a (D) (a + b + c) 1
2 Area of AOC = .AO.OC.sin AOC
2
Sol. Use sine rule C = 180 120 = 60

(b + c 2 ) = k(sin45 + 2 sin60) sin
1 10 10 8 .sin
= . . .
3 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 8
=k = 2k sin
2 2 2 4
= 2k sin75 = 2k sinA = 2a Ans.[C]
sin cos
. =
50 8 8 50 25
Ex.3 The smallest angle of the triangle whose sides are = =
9 18 9
6 + 12 , 48 , 24 is sin
4
(A) /4 (B) /6 (C) /3 (D) /2 25 25
so, area of ABC = 3. = Ans.[C]
Sol. Let a = 6 + 12 , b = 48 , c = 24 9 3
Here c is the smallest side. Ex.5 If is the median from the vertex A to the side BC
C is the smallest angle of the triangle. of a ABC, then
a 2 b 2 c2 (A) 42 = 2b2 + 2c2 a2
Now cosC =
2ab (B) 42 = b2 + c2 + 2bc cosA
(48 24 3 ) 48 24 3 (C) 42 = a2 + 4bc cosA
= =
4(3 3 ).4 3 2 (D) 42 = (2s a)2 4bc sin2 A/2
so, C = /6 Ans.[B] Sol. D is the mid point
AB2 + AC2 = 2[AD2 + BD2]
Ex.4 In a triangle ABC, medians AD and CE are drawn.
a
2
c2 + b2 = 2 2
If AD = 5, DAC = and ACE = , the area
8 4 2
of triangle ABC is - A
25 25 25 25
(A) (B) (C) (D)
24 9 3 16

Sol. Let O be the point of intersection of the medians B
of triangle ABC (see figure). Then the area of D C
2
ABC is three times that of AOC, because O a
or c2 + b2 = 22 +
being the centroid of ABC, it divides the median 2
through B in the ratio 2 : 1 and the height of or 42 = 2b2 + 2c2 a2
AOC is one-third that of ABC. Now in AOC, = b2 + c2 + (b2 + c2 a2)
B = b2 + c2 + 2bc cosA
= (b2 + c2 a2) + a2 + 2bc cosA
= 2bc cosA + a2 + 2bc cosA
E = 4bc cosA + a2. Ans.[C]
D
O Ex.6 In a ABC, tanA tanB tanC = 9. For such
triangles, if
A C
tan2 A + tan2 B + tan2 C = then
80
(A) 9. 3 3 < < 27 (B) 27 Ex.9 In a triangle a, b , A are given and c1, c2 are two
values of the third side c. The sum of the areas of
(C) < 9. 3 3 (D) 27
two triangles with sides a, b, c1 and a, b, c2 is
Sol. (tanA tanB) +(tanB tanC)2 +(tanC tanA)2 >0
2
1 1
2(tan2A + tan2B + tan2C tanA tanB (A) b2 sin2A (B) a2 sin 2A
2 2
tanB tanC tanC tanA) > 0 (C) b2 sin 2A (D) None of these
3(tan2A + tan2B + tan2C)
b2 c2 a 2
(tanA + tanB + tanC)2 > 0 Sol. cos A =
2bc
3 (tanA tanB tanC)2 > 0
or c (2b cosA)c + (b2 a2) = 0
2
3 81 > 0 > 27 Ans.[B]
Which is a quadratic in c, whose roots are
Ex.7 If a, b, c, d are the sides of a quadrilateral, then the c1 and c2
a 2 b2 c2 c1 + c2 = 2b cosA and c1c2 = b2 a2
minimum value of is sum of areas of two 's with sides a, b, c1 & a,
d2
(A) 1 (B) 1/2 b, c2
(C) 1/3 (D) 1/4 1 1
= bc1 sinA + bc2 sinA
Sol. (a b)2 + (b c)2 + (c a)2 0 2 2
1 1
2(a2 + b2 + c2) 2ab + 2bc + 2ca = b(c1 + c2) sinA = b. 2b cosA. sinA
2 2
3(a2 + b2 + c2) a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
1 2
D = b sin2A Ans.[A]
c 2
d C
Ex.10 In a triangle ABC, the median to side BC is of
A b
length 1/ 11 6 3 , and it divides angle A into
a
B angles of 30 and 45. Find the length of side BC.
3(a2 + b2 + c2) (a + b + c)2 > d2 Sol. Let BD = DC = a/2 (see figure). Then from
a 2 b2 c2 1 ABD, we get
3(a2 + b2 + c2) > d2 2
> a/2 AD
d 3 =
sin 30 sin(105 C)
a 2 b2 c2 1
minimum value of 2
is AD
d 3 sin(105 C) = ....(1)
Ans.[C] a
A
Ex.8 In ABC, A = 15, b = 10 2 cm, the value of 'a'
for which there will be a unique triangle meeting 45 30
these requirement is
(A) 10 2 cm (B) 15 cm 105C
C B
(C) 5( 3 + 1) cm (D) 5( 3 1) cm a/2 D a/2
and from ADC, we get
Sol. A = 15, b = 10 2 cm and for unique triangle
a/2 AD AD
ba = sinC = 2 .....(2)
sin 45 sin C a
3 1
sinB =
b sin A
=
10 2
2 2 = 5 3 1 From (1) and (2), 2 sin(105 C) = sin C
2 (sin105 cosC cos105 sinC) = sinC
a a a
For triangle sinB 1 2 (sin(60 + 45)cosC cos(60 + 45) sinC]

5 3 1
1 a 5( 3 1)
= sinC
3 1
3 1
a 2 cosC sin C = sinC
2 2
a = 10 2 , 15, 5( 3 1) Ans.[A, B, D] 2 2
( 3 + 1)cosC + ( 3 1)sinC = 2sinC
81
( 3 + 1)cosC = (3 3 )sinC 2 ab C
Ex.12 In any triangle ABC, if tan = sin
( 3 + 1)2cos2C = (3 3 )2sin2C ab 2
prove that c = (a b) sec
(4 + 2 3 )(1 sin2C) = 3(4 2 3 )sin2C
2 ab C
sin2C( 4 + 2 3 + 12 6 3 ) = 4 + 2 3 Sol. tan = sin
ab 2
42 3 2 3 82 3
sin2C = = . (a b)2 tan2 = 4ab sin2
C
16 4 3 82 3 82 3 2
22 12 3 11 6 3 C
= = or (a b) 2 (sec2 1) = 4ab sin2
64 12 26 2
Therefore from (2), C
or (a b) 2 sec2 = (a b)2 + 4ab sin2
2 AD 2
BC = a =
sin C C
or (a b)2 sec2 = a2 + b2 2ab. 1 2 sin 2
1 26 2 26 2
= 2. . = = 2
11 6 3 11 6 3 121 108 or (a b)2 sec2 = a2 + b2 2abcosC
Ans. a 2 b2 c2
[ cosC = ]
Ex.11 If p, q are perpendiculars from the angular points 2ab
A and B of the ABC drawn to any or (a b)2 sec2 = c2
line through the vertex C then prove that c = (a b) sec Ans.
a2b2sin2C = a2p2 + b2q2 2abpq cosC.
Ex.13 Prove that (a + b + c)(cosA + cosB + cosC)
Sol. Let ACE = . Clearly, from the figure,
1 1 1
p q = 2 a cos2 A b cos2 B c cos2 C
= sin, = sin( + C) 2 2 2
AC BC
Sol. (a + b + c)(cosA + cosB + cosC)
p q = a cosA + b cosB + c cosC +(b cosC + c cosB)
or = sin , =sin. cosC + cos. sinC
b a + (c cosA + a cosC) + (a cosB + b cosA)
p E = a(1 + cosA) + b(1 + cosB) + c(1 + cosC)
A
b cosC + c cos B = a etc.
= 2(a cos2 A/2 + b cos2 B/2 + c cos2 C/2) Ans.
q D Ex.14 If the angles of the triangle are 30 and 45 and the

B C included side is 3 1 cm, then prove that the
area of the triangle is 3 1sq. cm.

q q 1
cosC + cos. sinC
a a 2
2 Sol. Let A = 30, B = 45
q p
or cosC = cos2. sin2C
a b so that AB = c = 3 1 .......(1)
Also C = 180 (30 + 45) = 105
p2
= 1 2 (1 cos2C) sin C = sin (90 + 15)
b = cos 15
q2 p2 2pq or sin C = cos(45 30)
or 2
+ 2 cos2C cosC
a b ab C
p 2 p2
=1 1 cos2C
b 2 b 2
q 2 p 2 2pq 30 45
or + cosC = sin2C
a 2 b2 ab A B
c = ( 3 +1)
or a2p2 + b2q2 2abpq cosC = a2b2 sin2C
Ans. =
2
1
2
3 1 =
1
2 2
.c by (1) ...(2)
82
b c 1 1 2
by sine formula = = 2 2 , by (2) [ = ab sinC = ac sinB sinB = , sinC
sin B sin C 2 2 bc
b = sinB. 2 2 = 2 B = 45 =
2
]
1 ab
= bc sinA
2 82
= = RHS
=
1
2
1
2. 3 1 . =
2

1
2
3 1 Ans.
abc
Ex.18 If D be the middle point of the side BC of triangle
ABC whose area is and ADB = , prove that
Ex.15 In any , prove that,
AC2 AB2
1 A 1 B 1 C s 2 = cot
cos2 + cos2 + cos2 = 4
a 2 b 2 c 2 abc Sol. Here BD = DC
1 A 1 B 1 C Let AE BC
Sol. LHS = cos2 + cos2 + cos2
a 2 b 2 c 2 Now AC2 AB2 = (AE2 + EC2) (AE2 + BE2)
1 s(s a ) 1 s(s b) 1 s(s c) A
= . + . + .
a bc b ac c ab
s
= (s a + s b + s c) p1
abc
s
= {3s (a + b + c)}
abc B
C D E
s s2
= (3s 2s) = = RHS = EC2 BE2 = (EC + BE)(EC BE)
abc abc
= BC [ (ED + DC) (BD ED)]
Ex.16 In any triangle ABC, prove that = BD. 2ED [ BD = DC] ...(1)
b c a
2 2 2 1
= Also, 4 = 4. BC AE = 2BC. AE ...(2)
4 cot A 2
From (1) and (2) we get
b2 c2 a 2 b2 c2 a 2
Sol. RHS = = .sinA
4 cot A 4 cos A AC2 AB2 BC.2ED ED
= = = cot Ans.
4 2BC.AE AE
b2 c2 a 2
= 2bc. sinA
4(b 2 c 2 a 2 ) Ex.19 The sides of a triangle are in A.P. and its area is
1 3
= bc sin A = = LHS [by cosine rule] th of an equilateral triangle of the same
2 5
perimeter. Prove that sides are in the ratio
Ex.17 In any ABC, prove that 3 : 5 : 7.
82 Sol. Let the sides be a d, a and a + d
a cosA + b cosB + c cosC =
abc 3a
2s = sum of the sides = 3a s =
a b c 2
Sol. = = = k (let) [by sine rule]
sin A sin B sin C Now, 1 = Area of the triangle whose sides are in
Then, a = ksinA, b = ksinB and c = ksinC A.P.
Now, a cosA + b cosB + c cosC
3a 3a 3a 3a
= ksinA cosA + k sinB cosB + k sinC cosC = a d a a d
2 2 2 2
k
= [sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C]
2 3a
= (a 2d)(a 2d)
k 4
= [4 sinA sinB sinC] = 2ksinA sinB sinC
2 3a
or 1 = a 2 4d 2 ....(1)
2 2 4
= 2a sinB sinC = 2a. .
ac ab Perimeter of equilateral triangle = Perimeter of the
given triangle
3 one side of equilateral triangle = 3a
83
side of the equilateral triangle = a
Now, 2 = Area of the equilateral triangle

3 3 2
= (side)2 = a ...(2)
4 4
1 3 a 2 4d 2 3
From question, = or =
2 5 a 5
or 25a2 100d2 = 9a2 or 16a2 = 100d2
a 5
=
d 2
Ratio of the sides = a d : a : a + d
a a a 5 5 5
= 1: : +1= 1: : +1
d d d 2 2 2
3 5 7
= : : =3:5:7 Ans.
2 2 2
Ex.20 In a ABC, C = 90, a = 3, b = 4 and D is a

point on AB so that BCD = 30. Find the length
of CD.
Sol. AB = 32 42 = 5
sinA = 3/5, sinB = 4/5
BD CD
From BCD, =
sin 30 sin B
sin 30 1 5 5
BD = .CD = CD = CD
sin B 2 4 8
And from ACD,
AD CD
=
sin 60 sin A
sin 60
so that AD = CD
sin A
3 5 5 3
= CD = CD
2 3 6
But BD + AD = AB
5 5 3
CD + CD = 5
8 6
15 20 3
or CD = 5
24
24 24(4 3 3)
or CD = =
3 4 3 48 9
Hence CD =
24
39

4 3 3 =
8
13

4 3 3
Ans.
84
EXERCISE # 1
Questions Q.9 If in a triangle ABC, (s a)(s b) = s(s c), then
based on Sine & Cosine Rule
angle C is equal to -
(A) 90 (B) 45 (C) 30 (D) 60
Q.1 In a triangle ABC, (a + b + c) (b + c a) = bc if -
(A) < 0 (B) > 0 Area of Triangle, Solutions of Triangle,
Questions
(C) 0 < < 4 (D) > 4 based on mn theorem & Ambiguous case
Q.2 Let ABC be a triangle such that A = 45,
cosA cosB cosC
B = 75 then a + c 2 is equal to - Q.10 In a ABC, if , and the
a b c
(A) 0 (B) b (C) 2b (D) b side a = 2, then area of the triangle is -
Q.3 Angles A, B and C of a triangle ABC are in A.P. If 3
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) (D) 3
b 3 2
= , then angle A is equal to -
c 2 Q.11 We are given b, c and sin B such that B is acute
5 and b < c sin B. Then -
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 4 12 2 (A) No triangle is possible
(B) One triangle is possible
a 2 b2 sin (A B)
Q.4 If in a triangle ABC, = , then (C) Two triangles are possible
a 2 b2 sin (A B)
(D) A right angled triangle is possible
the triangle is -
(A) Right angled or isosceles Q.12 In the adjacent figure 'P' is any interior point of the
(B) Right angled and isosceles equilateral triangle ABC of side length
(C) Equilateral 2 unit
(D) None of these A
Q.5 In any triangle ABC,

a 2 sin(B C) b 2 sin(C A) c 2 sin(A B)

P
sin B sin C sin C sin A sin A sin B
is equal to - B C
(A) a + b + c (B) a + b c If xa, xb and xc represent the distance of P from the
(C) a b + c (D) 0 sides BC, CA and AB respectively then
xa + xb + xc is equal to -
Q.6 The expression
(a b c) (b c a ) (c a b) (a b c) (A) 6 (B) 3 (C)
3
(D) 2 3
4b 2 c 2 2
is equal to - Q.13 If two sides a, b and the angle A be such that two
(A) cos2 A (B) sin2 A triangles are formed, then the sum of the two
(C) cosA cosB cosC (D) None of these
values of the third side is -
Questions Projection formula, Napier's Analogy, (A) b2 a2 (B) 2b cosA
based on & Half-Angled Formulae bc
(C) 2b sinA (D)
bc
Q.7 In a triangle ABC, Q.14 In the figure, ABC is triangle in which C = 90
a2 cos 2B + b2 cos 2A + 2ab cos(A B) = and AB = 5 cm. D is a point on AB such that AD
(A) a2 (B) c2 (C) b2 (D) a2 + b2 = 3 cm and ACD = 60. Then the length of AC is
Q.8 If in a triangle ABC, b = 3 , c = 1 and
B C = 90 then A is -
(A) 30 (B) 45 (C) 75 (D) 15
85
C Fill in The Blanks type Questions
Q.15 If one angle of a triangle be 60, the area 10 3

60
sq. cm and the perimeter 20 cm, then the lengths
of the sides are ..........
Q.16 If the sines of the angles of a triangle are in the

A B ratio 3 : 5 : 7, their cotangents are in the ratio
3 cm D ..............
5 cm
3 3
(A) 5 cm (B) cm
7 7 Q.17 If one side of a triangle is double of another side
3 and the angles opposite to these differ by 60, then
(C) cm (D) none of these the triangle is right angled.
7
Q.18 If the sides of a triangle are 4m, 5m, 6m then the
smallest angle is half of the greatest angle.
EXERCISE # 2
(A) equilateral
Part-A Only Single Correct Answer type (B) right-angled and isosceles
Questions (C) right-angled with A = 90, B = 60, C = 30
(D) None of these
Q.1 If in a triangle ABC, sinA = sin2B and
2 cos2A = 3cos2B, then the ABC is - Q.6 If in a ABC, a2 cos2 A = b2 + c2, then-
(A) right angled (B) obtuse angled
(A) A < (B) < A<
(C) isosceles (D) equilateral 2 4 2

Q.2 Points D, E are taken on the side BC of a triangle (C) A > (D) A =
2 2
ABC such that BD = DE = EC. If BAD = x,
DAE = y, EAC = z, then the value of Q.7 In a ABC, if a4 + b4 + c4 = 2c2 (a2 + b2), then C
sin(x y) sin(y z) is equal to-
=
sin x sin z (A) 60 (B) 135 (C) 90 (D) 75
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) none
C 7
Q.3 If the base angles of a triangle are 22 and Q.8 In ABC, a = 5, b = 4 and tan = . The side
2 9
112, the height of the triangle is equal to - c is -
(A) half the base (B) the base (A) 6 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) None
(C) twice the base (D) four times the base
2
Q.4 In a ABC if median AD is perpendicular to AB, Q.9 In a ABC, A = , b c = 3 3 cm and
3
then tan A + 2 tan B is equal to -
9 3
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 0 (D)1/2 ar(ABC) = cm2. Then a is -
2
Q.5 In a triangle, a2 + b2 + c2 = ca + ab 3 , then the (A) 6 3 cm (B) 9 cm
triangle is - (C) 18 cm (D) None of these
86
Q.10 In a ABC, cos B.cos C + sinB. sinC sin2 A = 1. Q.15 Assertion (A) : If y2 + y + 1, 2y + 1 and
Then the triangle is- y2 1 represents lengths of the sides of , then
(A) right-angle isosceles y > 1.
(B) isosceles whose equal angles are greater Reason (R) : If a, b, c be the length of sides of ,
than /4 then a + b > c, b + c < a, c + a > b.
(C) equilateral
(D) none of these Q.16 Assertion (A) : If , , are the lengths of
internal bisector of the angles A, B and C
Q.11 If A is the area and 2s the sum of the sides of a
respectively of a triangle, then
triangle, then-
1 A 1 B 1 C 1 1 1
s2 s2 cos cos cos Re
(A) A (B) A
2 2 2 a b c
3 3 3 3
ason (R) : Since, the length of angle bisectors
2
s
(C) A > (D) none of these bc A ca B ab C
3 are cos , cos , cos
bc
2 c a
2 a b 2
Part-B One or More Than one correct
Answer Type Questions Part-D Column Matching type Questions
Q.12 In a ABC, tan A and tan B satisfy the Q.17 In a triangle ABC, AD is perpendicular to BC and
in-equation 3x2 4x + 3 < 0. Then- DE is perpendicular to AB.
(A) a2 + b2 + ab > c2 Column-I Column-II
(B) a2 + b2 ab < c2 (A) Area of ADB (P) (b2/4) sin 2C
(C) a2 + b2 > c2 (B) Area of ADC (Q) (c2/4) cos2B sin 2B
(D) none of these (C) Area of ADE (R) (c2/4) sin 2B
(D) Area of BDE (S) (c2/4) sin2 B sin 2B
Q.13 In a ABC, A = and b : c = 2 : 3.
3 Q.18 Match the following :
3 Column-I Column-II
If tan = ,0<< , then-
5 2 (A) In a triangle ABC, if a is the (P) 9
(A) B = 60 + (B) C = 60 + arithmetic mean and b, c (b c)
(C) B = 60 (D) C = 60 are the two geometric means
between any two positive real
4
Q.14 If in a ABC, a = 6, b = 3 and cos (A B) = sin 3 B sin 3 C
5 numbers then
sin A sin B sin C
then-
is equal to
2
(A) C = (B) A = sin1 (B) In a triangle ABC; (Q) 2
4 5
(a b c ) tanA (a c b 2 ) tanB
2 2 2 2 2
(C) ar (ABC) = 9 (D) none of these
2
Part-C Assertion Reason type Questions is equal to
(C) In a triangle ABC, if B = 30 (R) 1
A
statements each, printed as Assertion and Reason. and C = 3 b, then can
45
While answering these questions you are to choose any
be equal to
one of the following four responses.
(D) In a ABC, (S) 0
(A) If both Assertion and Reason are true and the
a b c
Reason is correct explanation of the Assertion.
(B) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is if b c a = 0, then
not correct explanation of the Assertion. c a b
(C) If Assertion is true but the Reason is false. 4 sin A sin B =
87
EXERCISE # 3
Part-A Subjective Type Questions In a ABC two sides a, b and A are given. Then
the numbers of triangles that are formed in the
Q.1 In any ABC, prove that following cases are
a sin (B C) b sin (C A) c sin (A B) On the basis of above passage, answer the
= =
b 2 c2 c2 a 2 a 2 b2 following questions :
Q.2 In a triangle ABC, the side c has two values. Prove Q.11 If a < b sin A
that both the values satisfy the equation (A) 1 (B) 2
(a b ) 2
(b a ) 2a 2 2 (C) 0 (D) Infinite
+ =
1 cos C 1 cosC sin 2 A
Q.12 If a = b sin A and A is acute
Q.3 In a triangle, the angles A, B, C are in AP. (A) 1 (B) 2
AC ac (C) 0 (D) Infinite
Show that 2 cos =
2 [a 2 ac c 2 ] Q.13 If a = b sin A and A is obtuse
(A) 1 (B) 2
Q.4 Find the greatest angle of the triangle whose sides (C) 0 (D) Infinite
are x2 + x + 1, 2x + 1, x2 1.
Passage-II (Q. 14 to 16)
Q.5 The two adjacent sides of cyclic quadrilateral are 2
The internal bisectors of the angle of ABC meet
and 5 and the angle between them is 60. If the
the sides BC, CA and AB at D, E and F
area of the quadrilateral is 4 3 , find the respectively. Then
remaining two sides. On the basis of above passage, answer the
following questions :
Q.6 In any ABC, prove that
b sec B c sec C c sec C a sec A Q.14 The length BE is given by
=
tanB tanC tanC tanA 2bc A bc A
(A) cos (B) cos
a sec A b sec B bc 2 bc 2
= .
tanA tanB 2ac B ca B
(C) cos (D) cos
ac 2 ca 2
Q.7 In any ABC, prove that, if be any angle, then b
cos = c cos(A ) + a cos(C + ). 1 A 1 B 1 C
Q.15 cos + cos + cos =
AD 2 BE 2 CF 2
Q.8 In any ABC, prove that a(cos B + cos C 1) +
1 1 1
b(cos C + cos A 1) + c(cos A + cos B 1) = 0. (A) + + (B) abc
a b c
Q.9 In any ABC, prove that (C) a + b + c (D) ab + bc + ca
1 A 1
tan + Q.16 Area of BDF is given by
(a b) (a c) 2 (b c) (b a )
ac sin B ac sin B
(A) (B)
B 1 C 1 2(a b) (a b)(b c)
tan + tan = .

2 ( c a ) ( c b )
2
ac sin B ab sin C
(C) (D)
(a b)(b c) (a b )
A C
Q.10 In any ABC, if 3 tan .tan = 1, prove
2 2
that a, b, c are in A. P.

Passage-I (Q. 11 to 13)
88
EXERCISE # 4
Old IIT-JEE Questions S is not the centre of the circumcircle, then
[IIT-2008]
Q.1 In a triangle ABC, A = 45, b = 10 cm and 1 1 2
(A) + <
c = 10 2 cm, then - [REE 2000] P S ST QS SR
(A) a = 10 cm (B) a = 10 2 cm 1 1 2
(B) + >
(C) C = 90 (D) B = 45 P S ST QS SR
1 1 4
Q.2 If the angles of a triangle are in the ratio (C) + <
P S ST QR
4 : 1 : 1, then the ratio of the longest side to the
perimeter is [IIT 2003] 1 1 4
(D) + >
P S ST QR
(A) 3 : (2 3 ) (B) 1 : 6
Q. 6 Let ABC and ABC be two non-congruent
(C) 1 : 2 + 3 (D) 2 : 3
triangles with sides AB = 4, AC = AC = 2 2 and
Q.3 In any ABC having sides a, b, c opposite to angle B = 30. The absolute value of the difference
angles A, B, C respectively [IIT Scr. 2005] between the areas of these triangles, is............
[IIT- 2009]
BC A
(A) a sin = (b c) cos
2 2
Q.7 Let ABC be a triangle such that ACB = and
A BC 6
(B) a cos = (b c) sin
2 2 let a, b and c denote the lengths of the sides
A BC opposite to A, B and C respectively. The value(s)
(C) a cos = (b c) sin of x for which a = x2 + x +1, b = x2 1 and c = 2x
2 2
+ 1 is (are) [IIT-2010]
BC A
(D) a sin
2
= (b c) cos
2
(A) 2 3 (B) 1+ 3
(C) 2 3 (D) 4 3
Q.4 Internal angle bisector of A of triangle ABC,
meets side BC at D. A line drawn through D Q.8 Two parallel chords of a circle of radius 2 are at a
perpendicular to AD intersects the side AC at P distance 3 + 1 apart. If the chords subtend at the
and the side AB at Q. If a, b, c represent the sides
2
of ABC then [IIT-2006] center, angles of and , where k > 0, then
k k
2bc A the value of [k] is
(A) AD = cos
bc 2 [Note : [k] denotes the largest integer less than or
4bc A equal to k] [IIT-2010]
(B) PQ = sin
bc 2
(C) The triangle APQ is isosceles
(D) AP is HM of b and c
Q.5 A straight line through the vertex P of a triangle

PQR intersects the side QR at the point S and the
circumcircle of the triangle PQR at the point T. If
89
EXERCISE # 5
Q.1 ABCD is a trapezium such that AB, DC are Q.8 In a triangle ABC, AD is the altitude from A.
parallel and BC is perpendicular to them. abc
Given b > c, C = 23 and AD = 2 , then
If angle ADB = , BC = p & CD = q. b c2
(p 2 q 2 ) sin B = ........... [IIT-1994]
Show that AB =
p cos q sin
Q.9 If denotes the area of any triangle and s its semi
Q.2 The perpendicular AD to the base of a triangle s2
perimeter, prove that < .
ABC divides it into segments such that BD, CD 4
and AD are in the ratio of 2, 3, and 6; prove that
the vertical angle of the triangle is 45. Q.10 The base of a triangle is divided into three equal
parts. If t1, t2, t3 be the tangents of the angles
Q.3 ABC is a triangle. D is the middle point of BC. If subtended by these parts at the opposite vertex,
AD is perpendicular to AC, then prove that prove that
2(c 2 a 2 ) 1 1 1 1 1
cos A .cos C = . = 4 1 2
3ac
t1 t 2 t2 t3 t2
Q.4 Two sides of a triangle are of lengths 6 and 4 Q.11 If in a triangle ABC, is the angle determined by
and the angle opposite to smaller sides is 30. How cos = (a b)/c, prove that
many such triangles are possible? Find the lengths 1 (a b) sin
of their third side and area. [REE 98] cos (A B) = and
2 2 ab
1 c sin
Q.5 If in a triangle ABC, 3 sin A = 6 sin B cos (A + B) =
2 2 ab
= 2 3 sin C, then the angle A is .. [REE 96]
Q.12 Given B = 30, c = 150 and b = 50 3 , prove that
Q.6 If the angles of a triangle are 30 and 45 and the
of the two triangles which satisfy the data, one will
included side is ( 3 + 1) cms, then the area of the
be isosceles and the other right angled. Find the
triangle is ................ [IIT-1988]
greater value of the third side. Would the solution
Q.7 If in a triangle ABC, [IIT-1993] have been ambiguous had the values been B = 30,
2 cos A cos B 2 cos C a b c = 150 and b = 75 ?
=
a b c bc ca
then the value of the angle A is .............
90
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE # 1
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Ans. C C C A D B B A A D A B B A
15. 5, 7, 8 16. 65 : 33 : 15 17. True 18. True
EXERCISE # 2
PART-A
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Ans. B C A C C C B A B A A
PART-B
Q.No. 12 13 14
Ans. A,B,D B,C B,C
PART-C
Q.No. 15 16
Ans. C C
PART-D
17. A R, B P, C S, D Q 18. A Q, B S, C Q, D P
EXERCISE # 3
4. 120 5. 2 & 3 11. (C) 12. (A) 13. (C) 14. (C) 15. (A) 16. (B)
EXERCISE # 4
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5
Ans. A,C,D A A A,B,C,D B,D
6. 0 7. (B) 8. 3
EXERCISE # 5
3 1
4. Two triangles are possible, 2 3 2 5. 90 6. Sq. units 7. 90 8. 113
2
12. 100 3 , No
91
Radii of Circle
IIT-JEE Syllabus
1. Circumcircle, Incircle, Escribed circle of a triangle and its radii

2. Orthocentre and Pedal triangle of any triangle
3. Geometrical distances
4. Centroid and median of any triangle
5. Area of quadrilateral
6. Regular polygon
Total No. of questions in Radii of Circle are:
Exercise # 1 ..16
Exercise # 2 ..21
Exercise # 3 ..10
Exercise # 4 ..08
Exercise # 5 ..08
faculty members.
93
Index : Preparing your own list of Important/Difficult Questions
Instruction to fill
COLUMN :A COLUMN :B
EXERCISE
Advantages
94
KEY CONCEPTS
C A
1 Circumcircle of a triangle and its radius b cos cos
r2 = 2 2 ,
a b c B
(i) R = = = cos
2 sin A 2 sin B 2 sin C 2
abc A B
(ii) R = c cos cos
4 r3 = 2 2
C
cos
2 Inscribed circle or incircle of a triangle 2
and its radius
A B C
(iv) r1 = 4R sin cos cos ,
2 2 2
(i) r =
s
A B C
r2 = 4R cos sin cos ,
A B
2
2 2
(ii) r = (s a) tan , r = (s b) tan and

2 2
A B C
r3 = 4R cos cos sin
C 2 2 2
r = (s c) tan
2
4 Geometrical distances
B C
a sin . sin
(iii) r = 2 2, 4.1 Distance between the vertex of the triangle
A and the incentre of the given triangle:
cos
2 I is centre of incircle.
C A r is the radius of incircle.
b sin . sin
r= 2 2 and A

B
cos
2 A
2
A B
c sin . sin
r=
2 2 F 90 E
C
cos r
2 I
A B C
(iv) r = 4R sin . sin . sin
2 2 2 B
D
C
3 Escribed circles of a triangle and their A B

AI = r cosec , BI = r cosec and
radii 2 2
C
(i) r1 = , r2 = , r3 = CI = r cosec
sa sb sc 2
A B C 4.2 Distance between the vertex of the triangle
(ii) r1 = s tan , r2 = s tan , r3 = s tan and the excentre opposite to the vertex A :
2 2 2
I1 is the centre of ex-circle opposite to the vertex
A.
B C
a cos cos r1 is the radius of the ex-circle opposite to the
(iii) r1 = 2 2 , vertex A.
A
cos
2
95
A CP = 2R cosC
A 6 Regular Polygon
2
B C
If a be the length of every side of a regular polygon
90 D of n sides, then
r1 (i) radius of incircle of this polygon
I1
a
r= cot
2 n
P Q
(ii) radius of circumcircle of this polygon
A
AI1 = r1 cosec
2 a
R= cosec
2 n
B
Also, BI2 = r2 cosec ,
2 1 2
(iii) area of the polygon = na cot
4 n
C
CI3 = r3 cosec
2 1 2
= nr2 tan = nR2 sin
n 2 n
5 Pedal Triangle
7 Some more Results
In any ABC, joining of foot of perpendicular's
drawn from three vertices to opposite side is called (i) Distance between the circum-centre and the
"PEDAL" triangle of ABC. ortho centre of a triangle ABC is
DEF is "PEDAL TRIANGLE"
= R 1 8 cosA cosB cosC where R is
A
radius of circum circle
E (ii) In any triangle, circum centre (O),
F
orthocentre (H) and centroid (G)
P
are colinear and GH:GO = 2 : 1
B D C
5.1 Distance of the orthocentre (P) from the
anglular points of the triangle:
AP = 2R cosA , BP = 2R cosB and
96
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 In a ABC, 2s = perimeter and R = circumradius. (A) 8 : 7 (B) 3 : 2
Then s/R is equal to - (c) 7 : 3 (D) 16 : 7
(A) sinA + sinB + sinC Sol. Here a = 4k, b = 5k , c = 6k
(B) cosA + cosB + cosC 15k
s =
A B C 2
(C) sin + sin + sin
2 2 2
15k 15k 15k 15k
(D) None of these = 4k 5k 6k
2 2 2 2
s (a b c) a b c
Sol. = = + +
R 2R 2R 2R 2R 15 7 2
= k
= sin A + sinB + sinC [ 2s = a + b + c] 4
Ans.[A] A
Ex.2 The diameter of the circumcircle of a triangle with

sides 5 cm, 6 cm and 7 cm is -
3 6
(A) cm (B) 2 6 cm
2 B C
35 abc 4k.5k.6k 8
(C) cm (D) None of these But R = = = k
48 4 15 7 k 2
7
abc
Sol. Radius of circumcircle is given by R = and 15 7 2 2 7
4 and r = = k. = k
s 4 15k 2
abc
= s(s a )(s b)(s c) where s = 8k
2
R 7
Here a = 5 cm, b = 6 cm and c = 7 cm = = 16 : 7 Ans.[D]
r 7k
567
s= =9 2
2
= 9(9 5)(9 6)(9 7) = 216 Ex.5 A ABC is right angled at B.Then the diameter of
= 6 6 the incircle of the triangle is -
(A) 2(c + a b) (B) c + a 2b
5.6.7 35
R = = (C) c + a b (D) None of these
4.6. 6 4 6
1
35 ac
Diameter = 2R = Ans.[D] 2 ac
2 6 Sol. r= = =
s 1 (a b c)
.(a b c)
Ex.3 If R denotes circumradius then in a ABC, 2
b2 c2 ac(c a b) ac(c a b)
is equal to - = = 2
2aR (c a ) b
2 2
c 2ca a 2 b 2
(A) cos(B C) (B) sin(B C) ac(c a b) cab
(C) cosB cosC (D) None of these = =
2ca b b
2 2
2
b 2 c 2 4R 2 (sin 2 B sin 2 C) ( a2 + c2 = b2) Ans.[C]
Sol. =
2aR 4R 2 sin A
sin(B C) sin(B C) Ex.6 If in a triangle, R and r are the circumradius and
= = sin(B C) inradius respectively then the HM of the exradii of
sin A
the triangle is -
[ sin(B + C) = sin( A) = sinA] Ans.[B]
(A) 3r (B) 2R (C) R + r (D) R r
Ex.4 In a ABC, the sides are in the ratio 4 : 5 : 6. The
sa 3s (a b c)

1 s
ratio of the circumradius and the inradius is - Sol. = = =
r1
97
1 3 3 ca sin B 2 A
HM of exradii = = 3r AD = . = cosec
b c sin A bc
r
1 s s 2
1 2
3 AI AB c bc
Also, = = =
Ans.[A] ID BD ca a
bc
Ex.7 The ratio of the distances of the orthocentre of an
bc A
acute angled ABC from the sides BC, AC and AI = .AD = cosec
abc s 2
AB is -
Similarly for BI and CI. Ans.[A]
(A) cosA : cosB : cosC (B) sinA : sinB : sinC
(C) secA : secB : secC (D) None of these Ex.9 O is the circumcentre of triangle ABC and R1, R2,
Sol. HD = BD. tan EBC = c cosB. tan(90 C) R3 are the radii of the circumcircles of triangle
A OBC, OCA and OAB, respectively.
E a b c abc
Prove that + + = 3
R1 R 2 R 3 R
H
abc
Sol. We know that R = , so that if 1, 2 and 3
B D
C 4
c cosB. cosC represent the area of triangle OBC, OCA and OAB
= = 2R cosB cosC respectively, then
sin C
2R cosA cosB cosC R a 4
= R1 = a.R. , or = 21 . Similarly,
cosA 41 R1 R
Similarly for others. So, the ratio of the distance of b 4 2 c 4
= 2
and = 23
the orthocentre from the sides R2 R R3 R
1 1 1 a b c 4
= : : Ans.[C] + + = 2 (1 + 2 + 3)
cosA cosB cosC R1 R 2 R3 R
A
Ex.8 In a ABC, I is the incentre. The ratio IA : IB : IC is
equal to -
A B C R
(A) cosec : cosec : cosec c b
2 2 2
A B C O R
(C) sin : sin : sin R
2 2 2
B a C
A B C
(C) sec : sec : sec
2 2 2 4 4 abc abc
= = 2 . = 3
(D) None of these R 2
R 4 R R
Sol. Here BD : DC = c : b. But BD + DC = a;
c Ex.10 If in ABC ;
BD = .a
bc a cosA b cosB c cosC abc
=
BD AD a sin B b sin C c sin A 9R
In ABD, =
A sin B then prove that is equilateral.
sin
2 a cosA b cosB c cosC abc
Sol. =
A a sin B b sin C c sin A 9R
R (2 sin A cosA 2 sin B cosB 2 sin C cosC)

R (2 sin A sin B 2 sin B sin C 2 sin C sin A)
I
2R (sin A sin B sin C)
=
B C 9R
D sin 2A sin 2B sin 2C

2(sin A sin B sin B sin C sin C sin A)
98
2 = 2R2 [sinA cosB cosC + sinB cosC cosA
= (sinA + sinB + sinC)
9 + sinC cosA cosB]
4 sin A sin B sin C = 2R2 [cosC sin(A + B) + sinC cosA cosB]
= 2R2 [cosC sinC + sinC cosA cosB]
2(sin A sin B sin B sin C sin C sin A)
= 2R2 sinC [cos{180 (A + B)} + cosA cosB]
2
= (sinA + sinB + sinC) = 2R2 sinC {cos(A + B) + cosA cosB]
9
= 2R2 sinA sinB sinC
(by identity) & using sine rule we get
a b c
abc abc = 2R2. . .
= 2R 2R 2R
(ab bc ca) 9
abc
9abc = a2b + abc + a2c + b2a + b2c + abc + c2b + c2a = =
4R
a2b + a2c + b2a + b2c + c2a + c2b 6abc = 0 = Area of the triangle ABC.
a (b c)2 + b(c a)2 + c (a b)2 = 0
Ex.12 If in any triangle, r = r1 r2 r3, prove that the
a, b, c are the sides of triangle and a, b, c 0 it
triangle is right-angled.
is possible only when
Sol. The given relation can be written as r1 r = r2 + r3.
b c = 0, c a = 0, a b = 0
A B C
a=b=c 4R sin cos cos
2 2 2
Hence ABC is equilateral.
A B C
4R sin . sin sin
Ex.11 AL, BM and CN are the diameters of the 2 2 2
circumcircle of a triangle ABC. Prove, with due A B C
= 4R cos sin cos
regard to the sign of the area, that 2 2 2
BLC = 2R2 sinA sinB sinC A B C
+ 4R cos . cos sin
and BLC + CMA + ANB = ABC. 2 2 2
Sol. O is the circumcentre A BC A BC
sin cos = cos sin
and BL = c cotC 2 2 2 2
and CL = b cotB A A A A
sin sin = cos cos
(BL)(LC)(BC) 2 2 2 2
Area of BLC =
4R A A
cos2 sin2 =0
(c cotC)(b cotB)a 2 2
=
4R
Hence cosA = 0 or A =
2
(2R cosC)(2R cosB)(2R sin A)
= Ex.13 Prove that the harmonic mean of the exradii of a
4R
triangle is three times the inradius.
= 2R2 sinA cosB cosC
Sol. Let the exradii be r1, r2 , r3 and inradius = r.
A
1 3
HM of r1, r2 , r3 = =
N 1 1 1 1 1 1
M
r1 r2 r3 r1 r2 r3
b
3
O Thus, we have to prove that
3
B CB C = 3r
1 1 1

L r1 r2 r3
Similarly 1 1 1 sa sb sc
CMA = 2R2 cosA sinB cosC & Now, = + +
r1 r2 r3
ANB = 2R2 cosA cosB sinC
sa sbsc 3s (a b c)
sum of the areas of triangle BLC, =

=

CMA & ANB
99
3s 2s s Similarly
= =
1 B ca 1 C ab
cos = and cos =
3 3 3 g 2 2ca h 2 2ab
= = = 3r
1 1 1 s s

r1 r2 r3 A
Ex.14 If the distance of the vertices of a triangle from the
points of contact of the incircle with the sides be A/2 A/2
, , then prove that N f
M

r2 = where r = inradius. c
g b
h
Sol. Let the incircle touches the sides AB at P where
AP = . B C
a L
Let I be the incentre.Then AI bisect the BAC.
from the right angled IPA,
1 A 1 B 1 C
A cos cos cos
f 2 g 2 h 2
a (b c) b(c a ) c(a b)
=
P 2abc
r I
2(ab bc ca) 1 1 1
= = + +
2abc a b c
B C
r A A Ex.16 If a regular polygon of n sides has the
= tan ; = r cot
2 2 circumradius R and inradius r then prove that each
B C side of the polygon is equal to
Similarly , = r cot and = r cot
2 2
2(R + r) tan .
In a ABC, we have the identity 2n
A B C A B C Sol. Let A1A2 be a side and O be the centre . Let
cot + cot + cot = cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2 OB A1A2.Clearly, OA1 = R and OB = r
Also, A1OA2 =
2
and A1OB = /n
+ + = . .
r r r r r r n
1 1
or ( + + ) = 3 A2 B
A1
r r
r
r2 = R

O
Ex.15 If f , g and h are the internal bisectors of the angles
of a triangle ABC, show that
1 A 1 B 1 C 1 1 1
cos cos cos = + + r
f 2 g 2 h 2 a b c In A1OB, = cos A1OB = cos ...(1)
R n
Sol. Let AL = f, BM = g and CN = h (see fig). Then, A1 B
since ABC = ABL + ALC, we have and = tan , i.e. A1B = r tan
OB n n
1 A 1 A 1 A
bc sin = cf sin + bf sin A1 A2 = 2A1B = 2r tan ...(2)
2 2 2 2 2 2 n
bc sinA = (b + c)f sin
A

Now, 2(R + r) tan
2 2n
2bc A 1 A bc
f= cos cos =
bc 2 f 2 2bc
100
Ex.17 Prove that the sides of an equilateral triangle, a
r square and a regular hexagon circumscribed about
= 2 r tan from (1)
2n a circle are in G.P.
cos
n Sol. Let r be the radius of the circle. We know that
1
1 cos 1 cos r= a cot for a regular polygon of n sides of
= 2r n . n 2 n

cos sin length a circumscribed about this circle.
n n

1 cos Therefore , a = 2r tan . Now if a1, a2 and a3 are
tan n
2 sin
the sides of the equilateral triangle, square and

1 cos2 sin 2 regular hexagon respectively, then
n = 2r. n
= 2r.

cos . sin cos . sin a1 = 2r tan = 2 3 r, a2 = 2r tan = 2r and a3
n n n n n 4
2
= 2r tan = A1A2, from (2) = 2r tan = r
n 6 3
We see that a1a3 = (2r)2 = a 22 , from which it
follows that a1, a2 and a3 are in G.P.
101
EXERCISE # 1
Questions Circumcircle, Incircle, Circum radius Questions Geometrical distances, Orthocentre,
based on & Inradius based on Pedal Triangle & Regular Polygon
Q.1 In an equilateral triangle of side 2 3 cms, the Q.9 If in a triangle ABC; AD, BE and CF are the
circum radius is - altitudes and R is the circum-radius, then the
(A) 1 cm (B) 3 cm radius of the circle DEF is -
(A) R/2 (B) 2R
(C) 2 cm (D) 2 3 cm
(C) R (D) None of these
Q.2 If 8R2 = a2 + b2 + c2, then the is - Q.10 If H is the orthocentre of the triangle ABC, then
(A) Right angled (B) Isosceles AH is equal to -
(C) Equilateral (D) None of these (A) a cot A (B) a cot B
(C) b cot A (D) c cot A
Q.3 In a ABC, 2R2 sinA sinB sinC =
(A) (B) 2 Q.11 The radius of the circumscribing circle of a regular
(C) 3 (D) 4 polygon of n sides each of length a is -
2
Q.4 If the sides of a triangle are 3 : 7 : 8 then R : r = (A) 2a cosec (B) a cosec
(A) 2 : 7 (B) 7 : 2 n n
(C) 3 : 7 (D) 7 : 3
(C) a cosec (D) none of these
n
Questions Escribed circle of a triangle and their
based on radii Q.12 A circle touches two of the smaller sides of a
ABC (a < b < c) and has its centre on the greatest
r1 r r2 r side. Then the radius of the circle is -
Q.5 If the sides be a, b, c then =
a b abc abc
(A) c/r3 (B) c/r2 (A) (B)
2 2
(C) c/r (D) None of these 2
(C) (D) none of these
Q.6 If r1 = r2 + r3 + r, then the is - ab
(A) Equilateral (B) Isosceles Fill in the Blanks type Questions
(C) Right angled (D) None of these bc ca a b
Q.13 ............
Q.7 In an equilateral triangle, the in-radius, circum- r1 r2 r3
radius and one of the ex-radii are in the ratio- A B C
(A) 2 : 3 : 5 (B) 1 : 2 : 3 Q.14 r1 cot + r2 cot + r3 cot = .....
2 2 2
(C) 1 : 3 : 7 (D) 3 : 7 : 9
Q.8 If 1, 2, 3 are respectively the perpendicular from
the vertices of a triangle on the opposite side, then Area of the incircle
Q.15 =
1 2 3 = Area of triangle A B C
cot cot cot
2 2 2
a 2b 2c2 abc
(A) (B)
8R 2 8R 2 Q.16 a(rr1 + r2r3) = b (rr2 + r3r1) = c(rr3 + r1r2).
a 2b 2c2 abc
(C) (D)
8R 3 8R 3
102
EXERCISE # 2
2
Part-AOnly Single Correct answer type (A) cos (B) sec
5 10 5 10
Question
2
(C) cosec (D) None of these
Q.1 If the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 5 10
1: 2: 3, then the sides opposite to the respective
Q.10 In a triangle PQR as shown in figure given that x :
angles are in the ratio -
y : z :: 2 : 3 : 6, then the value of QPR is -
(A) 1 : 2 : 3 (B) 1 : 3 :2 R
(C) 1 : 2:3 (D) 1 : 2 : 3 y
S
Q.2 In ABC, a : b : c = (1 + x) : 1 : (1 x) where x
x
(0, 1). If A = + C, then x = z
2
1 1 1 1
P Q
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 2 3 7 2 7 (A) /6 (B) /4 (C) /3 (D) none
Q.3 If the area of a triangle is 81 square cm and its Part-BOne or More Than one Correct
perimeter is 27cm then its in-radius in centi- Answer type Questions
metres is -
(A) 6 (B) 3 (C) 1.5 (D) None Q.11 If the lengths of the sides of a ABC are 3, 5 and
7, then-
Q.4 abc =
(A) largest angle is 2/3
(A) Rrs (B) 4Rr (C) 4Rrs (D) 4Rrs
15 3
R (B) area of =
Q.5 In a ABC, if 2, then the triangle is - 2
r
7 3
(A) scalene (B) isosceles (C) R =
3
(C) right angled (D) equilateral
(D) r = 3
r r
Q.6 If in a triangle 1 1 1 1 = 2, then the 3 2
r2 r3 Q.12 If A = 30 and the area of triangle ABC is a,
4
triangle is-
then the triangle ABC is -
(A) Right angled (B) Isosceles
(A) Obtuse angled triangle
(C) Equilateral (D) None of these
(B) B = 120
BC (C) C = 30
Q.7 If the sides be a, b, c then (r + r1) tan +
2 (D) Acute angled triangle
CA AB
(r + r2) tan + (r + r3) tan = Q.13 If for a ABC, cot A. cot B. cot C > 0 then the
2 2
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) 4 triangle is-
(A) right angled
Q.8 If A, A1, A2, A3 be the area of the in-circle and ex- (B) acute angled
1 1 1 (C) obtuse angled
circles, then is equal to
A1 A2 A3 (D) all the options are possible
Q.14 The distances of the circumcentre of the acute-
1 2 3
(A) (B) (C) (D) None angled ABC from the sides BC, CA and AB are
A A A
in the ratio-
Q.9 The area of a circle is A1 and the area of a regular (A) a sin A : b sin B : c sin C
pentagon inscribed in the circle is A2. Then A1 : (B) cos A : cos B : cos C
A2 is - (C) a cot A : b cot B : c cot C
103
(D) none of these In a triangle ABC
(A) If a,b,c are 13,14,15 (P) 8
Q.15 If I be the incentre of the ABC, then A.B.C is respectively then r1 =
equal to (B) The inradius of triangle (Q) 10.5
(A) abc tan (A/2) tan (B/2) tan (C/2) whose sides are 3, 5, 6 is
r3 r then 7r2 =
(B)
sin(A / 2) sin(B / 2) sin(C / 2) (C) If the radius of (R) 9.5
(C) 64R3 sin2 (A/2) sin2 (B/2) sin2 (C/2) circumcircle of an
(D) None of these isosceles triangle ABC
is equal to AB = AC then
Q.16 In a ABC, the line segments AD, BE and CF are p
three altitudes. If R is the circum-radius of the angle A = then 4p =
3
ABC, a side of the DEF will be-
(D) In an equilateral triangle (S) 7
(A) Rsin2A (B) c cos B for inradius and
(C) a sin A (D) b cos B
4R
circumradius =
Part-CAssertion- Reason type Questions r
Q.20 If ABC is a triangle with a = 3, b = 4 and c = 5
then :
statements each, printed as Assertion and Reason.
Column-I Column-II
While answering these questions you are to choose any
(A) Distance between (P) 1/3
one of the following four responses.
circumcentre &
(A) If both Assertion and Reason are true and the
orthocentre
Reason is correct explanation of the Assertion.
(B) Distance between (Q) 5/2
(B) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is
centroid & circumcentre
not correct explanation of the Assertion.
(C) Distance between (R) 5/6
(C) If Assertion is true but the Reason is false.
centroid & incentre
(D) Distance between (S) 5/3
Q.17 Assertion (A) : In any triangle ABC, centroid & orthocentre
1 1 1 1
, where r is inradius and R is Q.21 Column-I Column-II
ab bc ca 2rR (A) If B = 90 in ABC (P) sin (B C)
circum radius. then inradius is
Reason (R): R 2r. (B) If R denotes (Q) s
Q.18 Assertion (A) : The side of regular hexagon is 5 circumradius then in
b2 c2
cm whose radius of inscribed circle is 5 3 cm. ABC, equals
2aR
Reason (R) : The radius of inscribed circle of a
abc
a (C) In ABC, (R)
regular polygon of side a is cot . 2
2 n
bc ca a b
+ + equals
r1 r2 r3
Part-DColumn Matching Questions (D) In a right angled triangle (S) 0
Q.19 Match the following r + 2R equals
Column I Column II
104
EXERCISE # 3
Part-A Subjective Type Questions A
Q.1 In a triangle, prove that

F E
a cosB cosC + b cosC cosA + c cosA cosB =
R
K
Q.2 A square, whose side is 2 cm, has its corners cut
away so as to form a regular octagon; find its area. B C
D
Q.3 In a ABC, if C = 90, then prove that On the basis of above passage, answer the
c ca cb following questions:
= + .
r b a Q.8 The distance between A and K is-
(A) 2R cos A (B) 2R cos B
Q.4 The area of a triangle is 6 cm2. If the radii of its
(C) 2R cos C (D) 2R cos B cos C
ex-circles are 2, 3 & 6 cms respectively then
compute the length of its sides and the largest Q.9 Distance between K and D is-
angle. (A) 2R cos A cos B (B) 2R cos B cos C
(C) 2R cos A cos C (D) none of these
Q.5 In a ABC, prove that
r1 (r2 + r3) = a r1r2 r2 r3 r3r1 Q.10 The FDE is-
(A) 180 2B (B) 180 2A
Q.6
B
In a triangle, prove that r1 = r cot cot
C (C) 180 2C (D) A
2 2
Q.7 If x, y, z are respectively perpendicular from the

circumcentre on the sides of the ABC, prove that
a b c abc
+ + = .
x y z 4 xyz

Passage-I (Q. 8 to 10)
In a ABC, draw the perpendicular's from the
vertices A, B and C to the opposite side meet at
the point D, E and F respectively. Join these feet
of the perpendiculars and make a triangle. This
triangle is called pedal triangle of a given triangle,
where R is the circum-radius
sin A sin B sin C 1
.
a b c 2R
105
EXERCISE # 4
Old IIT-JEE Questions find the distances of P from the points of contact.
[IIT 2005]

Q.1 In a triangle ABC, let C = . If r is the Q.7 If the angle A, B and C of a triangle are in an
2
inradius and R is the circumradius of the triangle, arithmetic progression and if a, b and c denote the
then 2(r + R) is equal to - [IIT 2000] lengths of the sides opposite to A, B and C
(A) a + b (B) b + c respectively, then the value of the expression
(C) c + a (D) a + b + c a c
sin 2C sin 2A is - [IIT 2010]
c a
Q.2 Which of the following pieces of data does NOT
uniquely determine an acute angled triangle ABC 1 3
(A) (B)
(R being the radius of the circumcircle) - 2 2
[IIT 2002] (C) 1 (D) 3
(A) a, sin A, sin B (B) a, b, c
(C) a, sin B, R (D) a, sin A, R Q.8 Consider a triangle ABC and let a, b and c denote
the lengths of the sides opposite to vertices A, B
Q.3 If the angles of a triangle are in ratio 4 : 1 : 1 then and C respectively. Suppose a = 6,
the ratio of the longest side and perimeter of
b = 10 and the area of the triangle is 15 3 . If
triangle is - [IIT 2003]
1 2 ACB is obtuse and if r denotes the radius of the
(A) (B) incircle of the triangle, then r2 is equal to
2 3 32
[IIT 2010]
3
2 3
Q.4 If the sides a, b, c of a triangle are such that

a:b:c::1: 3 : 2, then the A : B : C is -
[IIT Scr.2004]
(A) 3 : 2 : 1 (B) 3 : 1 : 2
(C) 1 : 3 : 2 (D) 1 : 2 : 3
Q.5 In any equilateral , three circles of radii one are

touching to the sides given as in the figure then
area of the is [IIT 2005]
A
r=1
B C
(A) 6 + 4 3 (B) 12 + 8 3
7
(C) 7 + 4 3 (D) 4 + 3
2
Q.6 3, 4, 5 are radii of three circles touch each other

externally if P is the point of intersection of
tangents of these circles at their points of contact,
106
EXERCISE # 5
Q.1 Two circles of radii a and b, cut each other at an Q.6 Let A1, A2, A3, ...... An be the vertices of an n-
angle . Prove that the length of the common sides regular polygon such that
2ab sin 1 1 1
chord is . = + . Find the value of n.
a 2 b 2 2ab cos A1A 2 A1A 3 A1A 4
Q.2 In the triangle ABC, prove that the distance Q.7 In a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, prove that
between the middle point of BC and the foot of B (s a )(s b)
tan2 = where a, b, c and d being
2 (s c)(s d)
b2 ~ c2
the perpendicular from A is . the lengths of the sides AB, BC, CD and DA,
2a
respectively.
Q.3 If in a triangle ABC, the line joining the
circumcentre O and incentre I is parallel to BC, Q.8 Let ABC be a triangle with incentre I and inradius
then prove that cosB + cosC = 1. r. Let D, E, F be the feet of the perpendicular from
I to the sides BC, CA and AB respectively. If r1, r2
Q.4 Three circles whose radii are a, b, c touch one and r3 are the radii of circles inscribed in the
another externally, and the tangents at their point quadrilaterals AFIE, BDIF and CEID respectively.
of contact meet in a point. Prove that the distance Prove that
of this point from either of their points of contact r1 r r r1r2 r3
1/ 2 + 2 + 3 =
abc r r1 r r2 r r3 (r r1 ) (r r2 ) (r r3 )
is .
abc [IIT 2000]
Q.5 If 2, 2, 2 are the angles subtended by the

circle escribed to the side a of a triangle at the
centres of the inscribed circle and the other two
escribed circles. Prove that
r12
sin sin sin =
16R 2
107
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE # 1
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Ans. C A A B A C B C A A D C
13. 0 14. 3s 15. True 16. True
EXERCISE # 2
PART-A
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. B C A C D A B A B B
PART-B
Q.No. 11 12 13 14 15 16
Ans. A,B,C,D A,B,C,D B B,C A,B,C A,D
PART-C
Q.No. 17 18
Ans. B D
PART-D
19. A Q, B P, C P, D P 20. A Q, B R, C P, D S
21. A R, B P, C S, D Q
EXERCISE # 3
2. 8( 2 1) 4. a = 3 cm, b = 4 cm, c = 5 cm; Largest angle = 90
8. (A) 9. (B) 10. (B)
EXERCISE # 4
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5
Ans. A D C D A
6. 5 7. (D) 8. 3
EXERCISE # 5
6. n = 7
108

Trigonometry and Geometry concepts

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Trigonometry and Geometry concepts

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CONTENTS

Key Concepts . ............................................................................................................................................. 07

Key Concepts . ............................................................................................................................................. 32

Key Concepts . ............................................................................................................................................. 56

Key Concepts . ............................................................................................................................................. 78

Key Concepts . ............................................................................................................................................. 95

1. Trigonometric ratios of compound angles

Total No. of questions in Trigonometric Ratio are:

2. Fundamental Trigonometric identities

3. Sign of Trigonometrical ratios or functions 3/2 /2 /2 3/2

Allied (90 ) (90 + ) (180 ) (180 + ) (270 ) (270 + ) (360 )

6. Sum & difference formulae CD C D

CD CD (xi) 1 sin 2A = |sin A cos A|

(x) cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = 1 2 cos A. cosB cos C

1 1 2 Ex.5 The value of tan 63 cot 63 is equal to -

cos2 () = a2b2 + 1 a2 b2 + a2b2 1 sin 2 cos2

4 sin 27 = (5 + 5 )1/2 (2 5 )1/2

minimum value of sin x + cos x = 2 or sin2 + sin2 + sin2

tan2 + tan2 tan2 = 1, find the value of sin2 +

Sol. Suppose tan = x, tan = y, tan = z

2 + 2 cos () = 1 tan2 tan2 t an2

1 1 Now putting various values in terms of x,y,z;

tan r. tan(r +1) = cot . tan(n +1) n 1

Sol. tan r. tan (r + 1) + 1 n

sin r. sin(r 1) cosr. cos(r 1)

Questions Transformation of product into (A) sin 2 (B) cos 2

Q.10 cos 20 cos 100 + cos 100 cos 140

Questions Conditional Trig. identities & Greatest 3 5

Q.15 The value of the expression

Q.31 Assertion (A): If A, B, C are the angles of a

cot tan Passage # 1 (Q. 18 to 20)

Q.22 Number of values of in [0, 2] for which at least

Q.10 If A + B + C = 2 , prove that

1. General solution of trigonometric equation

Total No. of questions in Trigonometric Equation are:

1 3 9 11 (ii) Using the substitution in (i), the equation

16 2 sin4x + cos4x = sinx cos x.

16 2 or, 1 + 1 sin2 2x = sin2x

1 3 1 This relation is possible if and only if sin 2x =1

Ex.24 Solve for x, the inequation,

tan 2 tan Q.7 Find the general solution of 2 sinx + tanx = 0

All value of , between 0 & , which satisfy the

possible values of is Q.27 The general solution of the equation

Q.24 If [0, 5] and r R such that

cos x Part-B Passage based objective questions

1. Inverse trigonometric functions and its properties

Total No. of questions in Inverse Trigonometric Function are:

(i) Graph of y = sin1x

x' x Function Domain Range

y' cos1x [1, 1] [0, ]

(vi) cosec (cosec1x) = x, Provided that x 1 if x > 0, y > 0 and xy > 1

of the given equations is (1/ 2 , 1/ 2 ).

True or False type Questions

Q.21 If = sin1 x + cos1 x tan1 x (0 x 1),

33 Q.14 In a ABC, if A = tan1 2 and B = tan1 3, then C

(C) 3 10 (D) None of these (A) sin 2 (B) sin

Q.32 Column I Column II

Q.2 Solve for x, cot1 (x) cot1 (x + 2) = 15. 1 2 1

Q.4 If 0 < x < 1, then

Q.2 Prove that, Q.4 Find the sum of the series

Q.5 If sin1x + sin1 y + sin1 z = , prove that

Q.6 Solve for x,

Q.8 Prove that,