Math Foundations

Arithmetic
session

1
Integers
Integers are whole numbers. We can think of them as the numbers we count with, including
negatives and zero. Every integer can be further defined by the terms listed here.

Positive: Integers greater than zero. Ex: 1, 2, 3, 4

Negative: Integers less than zero. Ex: 1, 2, 3, 4
Even: Integers divisible by 2. Ex: 4, 2, 0, 2, 4
Odd: Integers NOT divisible by 2. Ex: 3, 1, 1, 3, 5
Prime: An integer divisible only by 1 and itself. Ex: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11
Zero: The only non-negative, non-positive integer.

Example:
_
1, 0, and }, which of the numbers are
2, __
Given the set of numbers {3, 26,
4
integers?

Positive?

Odd?

Prime?

2 Arithmetic
 session

1
Exercises

(Answers on page 24.)

Answer the following questions:

Digits are the math
alphabet. Just as letters
1. Which of the digits in the number 27,536 are even? can be grouped and
ordered to form dif-
ferent words (tea, ate,
eat), digits can also be
2. Which of the digits in the number 162,479 are odd? grouped and ordered to
form different numbers
(128, 281, 812).

3. Arrange the following numbers in numerical order:

14, 23, 0, 30, 6.

4. What are the first five prime numbers greater than 50?

5. What are the first six consecutive positive, even integers?

6. What is the smallest prime number?

Test Question

7. If 3x 10 represents an odd integer, which of the following represents the next

largest odd integer?

(A) x 4
(B) 3x 8
(C) 3(x 4)
(D) 3(x 6)
(E) 4(x 1)

Arithmetic 3
session

1
Factors, Multiples, and Remainders
Factor: A positive integer that divides evenly into another given number.

Factors are the small numbers that go into a bigger number evenly.
Greatest Common Factor: The largest factor shared by a set of numbers.

Multiple: An integer that is the result of multiplying an integer by another integer.

Multiples are the big numbers generated by multiplying smaller numbers.

Least Common Multiple: The smallest multiple shared by a set of numbers.

Remainder: The value that is left over in a division problem.

A remainder is always smaller than the number we are dividing by.

Example:

Determine the greatest common factor of 12 and 18.

List the factors of 12:

List the factors of 18:

Determine the GCF:

Example:

Calculate the remainder when 34 is divided by 3.

Determine the quotient:

Determine the remainder:

4 Arithmetic
 session

1
Exercises

(Answers on page 25.)

Find the factors of the following numbers:

1. 36

2. 45

3. 121

4. 154

List the first five multiples of the following numbers:

5. 6

6. 13

7. 25

8. 110

Calculate the remainders:

9. 68 divided by 5

10. 93 divided by 4

11. 164 divided by 3

12. 225 divided by 7

Test Question
Prime Factorization: A
number expressed as
13. Which of the following is NOT a factor of 168? the product of its prime
factors. Ex., the prime
(A) 21 factorization of 20 is
2 3 2 3 5.
(B) 24
(C) 28
(D) 32
(E) 42

Arithmetic 5
session

1
Divisibility Rules
A number is divisible...

...by 2 if the number is even

...by 3 if the sum of the digits is divisible by 3
...by 4 if the 2-digit number formed by the last two digits is divisible by 4
...by 5 if the last digit is 0 or 5
...by 6 if the number is divisible by both 2 and 3
...by 9 if the sum of the digits is divisible by 9
...by 10 if the last digit is zero

Example:

Determine whether 216 is divisible...

by 2:

by 3:

by 4:

by 5:

by 6:

by 7:

by 8:

by 9:

by 10:

6 Arithmetic
 session

1
Exercises

(Answers on page 28.)

Solve the following questions:

1. Which of the following numbers is divisible by 3: 241, 1,662, 4,915, 3,131?

2. Which of the following numbers is divisible by 4: 126, 324, 442, 598?

3. Which of the following numbers is divisible by 6: 124, 252, 412, 633?

4. Which of the following numbers is a multiple of 5: 28, 127, 310, 522?

5. 9 is a factor of which of the following numbers: 487, 315, 1,093, 3,154?

Test Question

6. Which of the following is a multiple of all three integers 2, 3, and 5?

(A) 525
(B) 560
(C) 615
(D) 620
(E) 660

Arithmetic 7
session

1
Fractions
Fractions signify divi-
sion. Ex., the fraction
represents the result of
dividing 1 by 2.
To reduce a fraction, divide the numerator and denominator by the same number.
To convert a fraction into
an equivalent fraction, multiply or divide the numerator and denominator by the
same number.
a decimal, divide the numerator by the denominator using long division.
To convert a decimal into a fraction,
move the decimal to the right until the number is an integer to calculate the
numerator;
c ount the number of places that the decimal was moved to the right, and then put
the same number of 0s after a 1 to calculate the denominator.

Example:

1into an equivalent fraction with a denominator of 6.

Convert the fraction __
2

What number must we multiply by?

Calculate the equivalent fraction:

Example:
15
Reduce the fraction ___

to lowest terms.
35

What number must we divide by?

Calculate the reduced fraction:

8 Arithmetic
 session

1
Exercises

(Answers on page 30.)

Convert the following fractions to decimals:

1
1. __
3

2
2. __
5

4
3. ___
25

3
4. __
7

17
5. ___
44

Convert the following decimals into fractions and reduce the fractions to lowest terms:

6. 0.45

7. 0.667

8. 2.25

9. 1.35

10. 0.125

Test Question
3
11. 6__ 6.32
4

(A) 0.33
(B) 0.39
(C) 0.43
(D) 0.57
(E) 0.68

Arithmetic 9
session

1
Fraction Operations
Addition and Subtraction: All fractions must have a common denominator. When
To convert a mixed possible, determine the Least Common Multiple (LCM) of the denominators.
fraction:
Multiplication: Multiply numerators and denominators separately.
Step 1: Multiply whole
Division: Multiply the top fraction by the reciprocal of the bottom fraction

(
number by denominator
Step 2: Add numerator
Step 3: Place total over
ex., __
2 4
3becomes __
1 __
2 3 6 3 )
4 __
1 __ 4 __
2 .

denominator Example:
7
Ex., 1__
3
2
8
Step 1: 1 8 8 Determine the sum of the following expression: __
__
5 3
Step 2: 8 7 15
15
Step 3: ___
8
Find the LCM:

Calculate the equivalent fractions:

Add numerators:

Example:

4 __
Determine the quotient: __ 4
3 9

Rewrite as a product:

Multiply numerators and denominators separately:

Reduce to lowest terms:

10 Arithmetic
 session

1
Exercises

(Answers on page 32.)

Evaluate the following expressions:

1 __
1. __ 1 __
1
2 3 4

12 13
2. ___ ___


25 5

6
7
3. ___ __
12 3

3
1 __
4. ___ 17
___
16 4 8

5. 4 __
3 (
11 ___
1
12 )
6. __
2 3 (
1 __
11 __
1
4 )
1
7. ___ (36 60)
24

8. 0.21 0.946 1.324

(
12
9. ___
16
3 2
__ )

6

10. 1.69 0.002

Test Question

11. __
5
3
7 __
( 2
__
7 5 )
1
(A) ____
165

(B) 1
___
35

(C) 1
___
25

9
___
(D)
15

(E) 1

Arithmetic 11
session

1
Ratios
A ratio represents the proportional relationship between quantities or numbers.
If the ratio of apples to oranges is 2 to 3, you could actually have 4 apples and
6 oranges.
If you are given the number of each item, you can determine the ratio.
Ratios may be written with a fraction bar __
x to y).
( )
x
y or with a colon (x:y) or in English (ratio of

Example:

A classroom has a ratio of 4 girls to 5 boys. Determine the ratio of girls to students.

What is the smallest possible number of girls in the class?

What is the smallest possible number of students in the class?

There are 36 students in the class. Determine the number of girls in the class.

Ratio Formula: Determine the ratio of girls to students.

Quantity of A
(Ratio of A to total)(Total)

Apply the Ratio Formula:

12 Arithmetic
 session

1
Exercises

(Answers on page 34.)

Reduce each of the following ratios to lowest terms:

1. 8:128

2. 72:20

3. 14.2:71

Convert the following ratios:

4. A bag contains red and blue balls. If there are 10 red and 12 blue balls, what is the

a) ratio of red to blue balls?

b) ratio of red to total balls?
c) ratio of blue to total balls?

5. A store sells 3 types of shoes: sneakers, sandals, and high heels. The ratio of
sneakers to sandals to high heels is 3:5:7. What is the

a) ratio of sneakers to high heels?

b) ratio of sandals to shoes?
c) number of sandals, if the store has 210 pairs of shoes?

Test Question

6. A laboratory has 55 rabbits, some white and the rest brown. Which of the following
could be the ratio of white rabbits to brown rabbits in the lab?

(A) 1:3
(B) 3:8
(C) 5:11
(D) 3:4
(E) 5:1

Arithmetic 13
session

1
Percents
Percents are a special type of ratio in which the total is always denoted as 100%.
As with any ratio, a per-
cent can be written as a
fraction or a decimal. x
x% ____
100

( )
x y
x% of y = ____
100
Part
Percent ______ (100%)
Whole
Final
Final as percent of original: ________ (100%)
Original
Difference
Percent Change __________ (100%)
Original

Example:

What is 25% of 36?

Rewrite the percent as a fraction:

Reduce the fraction:

Set up a proportion:

Cross-multiply and solve for x:

Example:

18 is what percent of 3?

Translate the question into an algebraic equation:

Identify the part, whole, and percent:

Apply the Percent Formula:

14 Arithmetic
 session

1
Exercises

(Answers on page 36.)

Convert to a percent:

1. 0.002

7
2. ___
25

3. 1.31

12
4. ___
5
1
5. ____
400

Convert to a fraction:

6. 16%

7. 24%

8. 0.036%

9. 125%

1%
10. __
4

Evaluate:

11. 50% of 12

12. 75% of 16

13. 150% of 4

14. 24% of 2

15. 10% of 50

Test Question
16. An item is priced at 20% more than its wholesale cost. If the wholesale cost was
$800, what is the price of the item?

(A) $900
(B) $960
(C) $1,000
(D) $1,040
(E) $1,200

Arithmetic 15
session

1
Averages and Statistics
Sum of values
Average ________________


Number of values
Think of the average as the balanced value of a set of numbers.
Median: The middle number in a set of numbers that is arranged from smallest to
largest.
Mode: The number in a set that occurs most frequently. There can be more than one
mode for a set of numbers.
Range: The positive difference between the largest and smallest terms in a set of
numbers.
Standard Deviation: A measure of how spread out a set of numbers is. The larger the
standard deviation, the more spread apart the numbers in the set.

Example:

The average of 3, 4, 5, and x is 5. What is x?

Apply the Average Formula:

Solve for x:

Alternate approach:

What is the difference between 3 and 5? 4 and 5? 5 and 5?

What must x equal to balance the other side of the average?

16 Arithmetic
 session

1
Exercises

(Answers on page 38.)

Find the average:

1. 10, 12, 16, 17, 20

2. 0, 3, 6, 9

3. 12, 24, 36, 48, 60

Find the value of x:

4. If the average of 24, 0, 6, and x is 8, then x ?

5. If the average of 8, 3, 12, 11, and x is 0, then x ?

Test Question

6. The average (arithmetic mean) of six numbers is 6. If 3 is subtracted from each of

four of the numbers, what is the new average?

1
(A) 1__
2
(B) 2

(C) 3

(D) 4
1
(E) 4__
2

Arithmetic 17
session

1
Exponents
Exponents count the number of times something is multiplied by itself.
ab ac a(bc)

b
ac a
___ (bc)

a
c
b ) a(bc)
(a

1b
___
ab
a
Raising a positive fraction less than 1 to a positive exponent greater than 1 results in a
smaller value. The higher the exponent, the smaller the result.
When a negative number is raised to an even exponent, the result is positive. When a
negative number is raised to an odd exponent, the result is negative.
Any number raised to the 0 power equals 1.

Example:
y3x4
x2
Simplify the expression _______
6 2 .

x y

Combine like bases in the numerator and denominator:

Combine like bases across the fraction bar:

Rewrite as a fraction:

18 Arithmetic
 session

1
Exercises

(Answers on page 39.)

Solve the following problems:

4
1. 5

5
2. 2

3
3. 4 3

2
)
4. (4 3

)2
5. (4 3

02
6. 1.016 1

7. (22)4

8. (32)2

9. 53 5
4

27
10. __

23

Test Question

11. If x 2, then 3x (x3

)2

(A) 18
(B) 42
(C) 45
(D) 70
(E) 73

Arithmetic 19
session

1
Radicals
Radicals follow the same rules as exponents.
__ _ _
ab a
b
_ _
_
a
a ____
___
__
b b

_
_
a b a
b
___ _ _
a b a b

_
( a)2 a
_ 1
__
a a2

Example:
_________

4 9 9 16
_____________

25

Evaluate the numerator inside the radical:

Factor out any perfect squares from the numerator and denominator separately:

Example:
__
)4
( 12

Rewrite the radical as an exponent:

Simplify the exponent:

20 Arithmetic
 session

1
Exercises

(Answers on page 40.)

Evaluate:
_ _
1. ( 2)( 8)
_ __
2. ( 6)( 21
)
__
48
3. ____
_

3
_ ___
4. 5
125

___
147
5. _____
_



3
_____
6. 49 36

__ __
7. 49
36
__
)2
8. ( 16
___
)4
9. ( 100
_
10. 53
5

Test Question
__
y x3
11. If x > 0 and y > 0, which of the following is equal to __
x __
y

?

x
(A) __
y
_
(B) x

(C) x
__
(D) xy
_
y
(E) __
x

Arithmetic 21
session

1
Order of Operations
PEMDAS Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally. This mnemonic will help you remember the
order of operations.

P Parentheses
If an expression has
E Exponents
nested parentheses,
work from the inner- M Multiplication
most out. D Division
A Addition
S Subtraction

Example:
Multiplication and divi-
sion come before ad-
30 5 4 (7 3)2 8
dition and subtraction.
The exception to this
rule is when addition
or subtraction appears
within parentheses. P:

E:

M:

D:

A:

S:

22 Arithmetic
 session

1
Exercises

(Answers on page 41.)

Evaluate:

1. 7 5 __
4 ( )
1 6 (2 3)
2

1
2. 4(1.24 (0.8)2) 6 __
3
5 3
__ __
2
6 2
3. _________
1 __
__ 4 4
3 9

0.25 ( 0.1)2
4. ___________


0.5 40

Test Question

( )
3 2
5. __
4
5
1 ___ ( 155
4 ____
24 84
5
2 ___

)
5
12
9
(A) ___
40

34
(B) ___

75

17
(C) ___
24

289
(D) ____

336

17
(E) ___
16

Arithmetic 23
session

1
Arithmetic 7. (C)
The odd integers are the integers... 27, 25, 23, 21, 1,
3, 5, 7,....
Integers (p. 3) Each odd integer is 2 more than the previous odd integer.
The next greater odd integer right after 3x 1 10 is (3x 1
1. 2, 6 10) 1 2. We have (3x 1 10) 1 2 5 3x 1 10 1 2 5 3x 1
2. 1, 7, 9 12. None of the answer choices is written as 3x 1 12.
Lets factor 3 out of 3x 1 12. We have 3x 1 12 5 3(x 1 4).
3. 30, 23, 0, 6, 14
Choice (C) is correct.
4. 53, 59, 61, 67, & 71
5. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12
6. 2
7. C

1. 2, 6
An integer is even if and only if it is divisible by 2. The
digits that are even in the number 27,536 are 2 and 6.

2. 1, 7, 9
An integer is odd if and only if it is not divisible by 2. The
digits that are odd in the number 162,479 are 1, 7, and 9.

3. 230, 223, 0, 6, 14
Arranging the numbers 14, 223, 0, 230, 6 in increasing
order, we have 230, 223, 0, 6, 14.

4. 53, 59, 61, 67, 71

A prime number is a positive integer greater than 1 whose
only positive integer factors are 1 and the integer itself. The
first 4 prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, and 7. Another example
of a prime number is 17. The first five prime numbers
greater than 50 are 53, 59, 61, 67, and 71.

5. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12
An integer is even if and only if it is divisible by 2. The first
six consecutive positive, even integers are 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,
and 12.

6. 2
A prime number is a positive integer greater than 1 whose
only positive integer factors are 1 and the integer itself. The
smallest prime number is 2.
Lets note that 2 is the only even prime number.

24 a n s w e r s a n d e x p l a n at i o n s
 session

1
Factors, Multiples, and 45 5 1 3 45. After 1, the next greater positive integer
factor of 45 is 3: 455 3 3 15. After 3, the next greater
Remainders (p. 5) positive integer factor of 45 is 5: 45 5 5 3 9. We only
have to test in this manner up to the (integer closest to
1. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36 the) positive square root of 45; in this case, we only have
2. 1, 3, 5, 9, 15, 45 to test up to 6, since 7 is too large. We know that we
3. 1, 11, 121 have found all the pairs by starting with the first factor
4. 1, 2, 7, 11, 14, 22, 77, 154 being 1 and then, each time, finding the next larger first
factor. To be sure, after 45, the next larger positive integer
5. 6, 12, 18, 24, 30
factor of 45 is 9: 45 5 9 3 5. However, we have already
6. 13, 26, 39, 52, 65 listed 45 5 5 3 9. Here are the different pairs of positive
7. 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 integers whose product is 45.
8. 110, 220, 330, 440, 550 45 5 1 3 45
9. 3 45 5 3 3 15
10. 1 45 5 5 3 9
11. 2 We can list all the positive integer factors of 45: 1, 3, 5, 9,
12. 1 15, 45.
13. D
3. 1, 11, 121
1. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36 Lets find pairs of two positive integers whose product
Lets find pairs of two positive integers whose product is is 121. We will systematically list these positive integer
36. We will systematically list these positive integer factors factors so that the first positive integer factor in the
so that the first positive integer factor in the products will products will be increasing. Lets start with the factor 1
be increasing. Lets start with the factor 1 of 36. We have of 121. We have 121 5 1 3 121. After 1, the next greater
36 5 1 3 36. After 1, the next positive integer factor of positive integer factor of 121 is 11: 121 5 11 3 11. Notice
36 is 2. We have 36 5 2 3 18. After 2, the next positive that 11 is the positive square root of 121. We only have
integer factor of 36 is 3. We have 36 5 3 3 12. After 3, the to test in this manner up to the positive square root of
next positive integer factor of 36 is 4: 36 5 4 3 9. After 121. We know that we have found all the pairs by starting
4, the next positive integer factor of 36 is 6: 36 5 6 3 6. with the first factor being 1 and then, each time, finding
Notice that 6 is the positive square root of 36. We only the next larger first factor. To be sure, after 11, the next
have to test in this manner up to the positive square root greater positive integer factor of 121 is 121: 121 5 121 3
of 36. We know that we have found all the pairs by starting 1. However, we have already listed 121 5 1 3 121. Here
with the first factor being 1 and then, each time, finding are the different pairs of positive integers whose product
the next larger first factor. To be sure, after 6, the next is 121.
greater positive integer factor of 36 is 9, and 36 5 9 3 4. 121 5 1 3 121
However, we have already listed 36 5 4 3 9. Here are the
121 5 11 3 11
different pairs of positive integers whose product is 36.
We can list all the positive integer factors of 121: 1, 11,
36 5 1 3 36
121.
36 5 2 3 18
36 5 3 3 12 4. 1, 2, 7, 11, 14, 22, 77, 154
36 5 4 3 9 Lets find pairs of two positive integers whose product
36 5 6 3 6 is 154. We will systematically list these positive integer
factors so that the first positive integer factor in the
All the positive integer factors of 36 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12,
products will be increasing. Lets start with the factor 1
18,36.
of 154. We have 154 5 1 3 154. After 1, the next greater
positive integer factor of 154 is 2: 154 5 2 3 77. After 2,
2. 1, 3, 5, 9, 15, 45
the next greater positive integer factor of 154 is 7: 154 5
Lets find pairs of two positive integers whose product is 7 3 22. After 7, the next greater positive integer factor
36. We will systematically list these positive integer factors of 154 is 11: 154 5 11 314. We only have to test in this
so that the first positive integer factor in the products will manner up to the positive square root of 154; in this case,
be increasing. Lets start with the factor 1 of 45. We have we only have to test up to 12, since 13 is too large, and

a n s w e r s a n d e x p l a n at i o n s 25
session

1
12 is not a factor of 154. We know that we have found all We see that when 68 is divided by 5, the quotient is 13
the pairs by starting with the first factor being 1 and then, and the remainder is 3.
each time, finding the next larger first factor. To be sure, We can check that our long division and answer are correct
after 11, the next greater positive integer factor of 154 is by verifying that 68 5 13 3 5 1 3.
14: 154 5 14 3 11. However, we have already listed 154
5 11 3 14. Here are the different pairs of positive integers 10. 1
whose product is 154.
Lets divide 93 by 4 using long division.
154 5 1 3 154
23
154 5 2 3 77 4 93
154 5 7 3 22 28
_
154 5 11 3 14 13
_ 12
2
We can list all the positive integer factors of 154: 1, 2, 7,
1
11, 14, 22, 77, and 154.
We see that when 93 is divided by 4, the quotient is 23
5. 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and the remainder is 1.
The first 5 multiples of 6 are 1 3 6, 2 3 6, 3 3 6, 4 3 6, We can check that our long division and answer are correct
and 5 3 6. by verifying that 93 5 23 3 4 1 1.
Now 1 3 6 5 6, 2 3 6 5 12, 3 3 6 5 18, 4 3 6 5 24, and
11. 2
5 3 6 5 30. Thus, the first 5 multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18,
24, and 30. Lets divide 164 by 3 using long division.
54
6. 13, 26, 39, 52, 65 3 164
_ 2 15
The first 5 multiples of 13 are 1 3 13, 2 3 13, 3 3 13, 4 3
14
13, and 5 3 13.
_ 12
2
Now 1 3 13 5 13, 2 3 13 5 26, 3 3 13 5 39, 4 3 13 5 2
52, and 5 3 13 5 65. Thus, the first 5 multiples of 13 are
We see that when 164 is divided by 3, the quotient is 54
13, 26, 39, 52, and 65.
and the remainder is 2.

7. 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 We can check that our long division and answer are correct
by verifying that 164 5 54 3 3 1 2.
The first 5 multiples of 25 are 1 3 25, 2 3 25, 3 3 25, 4 3
25, and 5 3 25.
12. 1
Now 1 3 25 5 25, 2 3 25 5 50, 3 3 25 5 75, 4 3 25 5
Lets divide 225 by 7 using long division.
100, and 5 3 25 5 125. Thus, the first 5 multiples of 25
32
are 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125.
7 225
_ 21
2
8. 110, 220, 330, 440, 550
15
The first 5 multiples of 110 are 1 3 110, 2 3 110, 3 3 _
2 14
110, 4 3 110, and 5 3 110. 1
Now 1 3 110 5 110, 2 3 110 5 220, 3 3 110 5 330, 4 3 We see that when 225 is divided by 7, the quotient is 32
110 5 440, and 5 3 110 5 550. Thus, the first 5 multiples and the remainder is 1.
of 110 are 110, 220, 330, 440, and 550.
We can check that our long division and answer are correct
by verifying that 225 5 32 3 7 1 1.
9. 3
Lets divide 68 by 5 using long division. 13. (D)
13
Lets test each answer choice to see whether or not it is a
5 68
factor of 168. The correct answer choice will be the choice
_
25
that is NOT a factor of 168.
18
_ 15
2 Choice (A) is 21. Because 168 4 21 is 8 with no remainder,
3 21 is a factor of 168. Discard choice (A).

26 a n s w e r s a n d e x p l a n at i o n s
 session

1
Choice (B) is 24. Because 168 4 24 is 7 with no remainder,
24 is a factor of 168. Discard choice (B).
Choice (C) is 28. Because 168 4 28 is 6 with no remainder,
28 is a factor of 168. Discard choice (C).
Choice (D) is 32. Because 168 4 32 is 5 with a remainder
of 8, 32 is not a factor of 168. Choice (D) is correct.
At this point, we can move on to the next question. For the
sake of the discussion, though, lets look at choice (E).
Choice (E) is 42. Because 168 4 42 is 4 with no remainder,
42 is a factor of 168. Discard choice (E).

a n s w e r s a n d e x p l a n at i o n s 27
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1
Divisibility Rules (p. 7)
1. 1,662
2. 324
3. 252
4. 310
5. 315
6. E
1. 1,662
An integer is divisible by 3 if and only if the sum of its
digits is divisible by 3. lets look at each number.
Lets consider 241. The sum of the digits of 241 is 2 1 4 1
1 5 7. Now 7 divided by 3 is 2 with a remainder of 1.
Because the remainder is not 0, 7 is not divisible by 3, and
241 is not divisible by 3.
Lets consider 1,662. The sum of the digits of 1,662 is 1 1
6 1 6 1 2 5 15. Now 15 divided by 3 is 5 with a remainder
of 0. Therefore, 15 is divisible by 3, and 1,662 is divisible
by 3.
Lets consider 4,915. The sum of the digits of 4,915 is 4 1
9 1 1 1 5 5 19. Now 19 divided by 3 is 6 with a remainder
of 1. Since the remainder is not 0, 19 is not divisible by 3
Therefore, 4,915 is not divisible by 3.
Lets consider 3,131. The sum of the digits of 3,131 is 3 1
1 1 3 1 1 5 8. Now 8 divided by 3 is 2 with a remainder of
2. Because the remainder is not 0, 8 is not divisible by 3,
and 3,131 is not divisible by 3.
2. 324
An integer is divisible by 4 if and only if the two-digit
number formed by the tens digit and the units digit is
divisible by 4. Lets look at each number.
Lets consider 126. Now 26 divided by 4 is 6 with a
remainder of 2. Since the remainder is not 0, 26 is not
divisible by 4. Thus, 126 is not divisible by 4.
Lets consider 324. Now 24 divided by 4 is 6 with a
remainder of 0. Therefore, 24 is divisible by 4, and 324 is
divisible by 4.
Lets consider 442. Now 42 divided by 4 is 10 with a
remainder of 2. Since the remainder is not 0, 42 is not
divisible by 4. Thus, 442 is not divisible by 4.
Lets consider 598. Now 98 divided by 4 is 24 with a
remainder of 2. Since the remainder is not 0, 98 is not
divisible by 4. Thus, 598 is not divisible by 4.
3. 252
An integer is divisible by 6 if and only if the integer is
divisible by 2 and 3.
28
An integer is even if and only if the units digit of the integer
is even.
An integer is divisible by 3 if and only if the sum of its
digits is divisible by 3.
Now lets look at each number.
Lets consider 124. The units digit of 124 is even.
Therefore, 124 is divisible by 2. The sum of the digits
of 124 is 1 1 2 1 4 5 7. Now 7 divided by 3 is 2 with
a remainder of 1. Since the remainder is not 0, 7 is not
divisible by 3. Thus, 124 is not divisible by 3. Since 124 is
not divisible by 3, 124 is not divisible by 6.
Lets consider 252. The units digit of 252 is 2, which is
even. Therefore, 252 is divisible by 2. The sum of the digits
of 252 is 2 1 5 1 2 5 9. Now 9 divided by 3 is 3 with a
remainder of 0. Thus, 252 is divisible by 3. Since 252 is
divisible by 2 and divisible by 3, 252 is divisible by 6.
Lets consider 412. The units digit of 412 is 2, which is
even. Therefore, 412 is divisible by 2. The sum of the digits
of 412 is 4 1 1 1 2 5 7. Now 7 divided by 3 is 2 with
a remainder of 1. Since the remainder is not 0, 7 is not
divisible by 3. Thus, 412 is not divisible by 3 and is not
divisible by 6.
Lets consider 633. The units digit of 633 is 3, which is
odd. Therefore, 633 it is not divisible by 2. Since 633 is not
divisible by 2, 633 is not divisible by 6.
4. 310
An integer is a multiple of 5 if and only if the integer is
divisible by 5.
An integer is divisible by 5 if and only if its units digit is a
0 or a 5.
Lets consider 28. The units digit of 28 is 8, which is not 0
or 5. Therefore, 28 is not a multiple of 5.
Lets consider 127. The units digit of 127 is 7, which is not
0 or 5. Therefore, 127 is not a multiple of 5.
Lets consider 310. The units digit of 310 is 0, which is one
of 0 and 5. Therefore, 310 is a multiple of 5.
Lets consider 522. The units digit of 522 is 2, which is not
0 or 5. Therefore, 522 is not a multiple of 5.
5. 315
The number 9 is a factor of an integer if and only if the
integer is divisible by 9.
An integer is divisible by 9 if and only if the sum of the
digits is divisible by 9.
Now lets look at each number.
Lets consider 487. The sum of the digits of 487 is 4 1 8 1
7 5 19. Now 19 divided by 9 is 2 with a remainder of 1.
a n s w e r s a n d e x p l a n at i o n s
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Since the remainder is not 0, 19 is not divisible by 9. Thus, on, an integer is divisible by 3 if and only if the sum of its
487 is not divisible by 9, and 9 is not a factor of 487. digits is divisible by 3. The sum of the digits of 660 is 6 1
Lets consider 315. The sum of the digits of 315 is 3 1 1 1 6 1 0 5 12. Now 12 divided by 3 is 4 with no remainder.
5 5 9. Now 9 divided by 9 is 1 with a remainder of 0. Thus, Moving on, an integer is divisible by 5 if and only if its
315 is divisible by 9, and 9 is a factor of 315. units digit is 0 or 5. Since the units digit of 660 is 0, 660 is
divisible by 5. Thus, 660 is a multiple of 2, 3, and 5.
Lets consider 1,093. The sum of the digits of 1,093 is 1 1
0 1 9 1 3 5 13. Now 13 divided by 9 is 1 with a remainder
of 4. Since the remainder is not 0, 13 is not divisible by 9.
Thus, 1,093 is not divisible by 9, and 9 is not a factor of
1,093.
Lets consider 3,154. The sum of the digits of 3,154 is 3 1
1 1 5 1 45 13. Now 13 divided by 9 is 1 with a remainder
of 4. Since the remainder is not 0, 13 is not divisible by 9.
Thus, 3,154 is not divisible by 9, and 9 is not a factor of
3,154.

6. (E)
Lets test the answer choices until we find one that is
a multiple of each of 2, 3, and 5. Here are the rules of
divisibility that we will use:
An integer is divisible by 2 if and only if it is even.
An integer is divisible by 3 if and only if the sum of its
digits is divisible by 3.
An integer is divisible by 5 if and only if the units digit is a
0 or a 5.
Choice (A) is 525. An integer is even if and only if its units
digit is even. The units digit of 525 is 5, which is odd.
Discard choice (A).
Choice (B) is 560. An integer is even if and only if its units
digit is even. The units digit of 560 is 0, which is even.
Moving on, an integer is divisible by 3 if and only if the
sum of its digits is divisible by 3. The sum of the digits
of 560 is 5 1 6 1 0 5 11. Now 11 divided by 3 is 3 with
a remainder of 2. Therefore, 560 is not a multiple of 3.
Discard choice (B).
Choice (C) is 615. An integer is even if and only if its units
digit is even. The units digit of 615 is 5, which is odd.
Discard choice(C).
Choice (D) is 620. An integer is even if and only if its units
digit is even. The units digit of 620 is 0, which is even.
Moving on, an integer is divisible by 3 if and only if the
sum of its digits is divisible by 3. The sum of the digits
of 620 is 6 1 2 1 0 5 8. Next, 8 divided by 3 is 2 with a
remainder of 2. Thus, 620 is not a multiple of 3. Discard
choice (D).
Now that all four incorrect answer choices have been
eliminated, we know that choice (E) must be correct. For
the sake of the discussion, lets look at (E).
Choice (E) is 660. An integer is divisible by 2 if and only if
it is even. The units digit of 660 is 0, which is even. Moving

a n s w e r s a n d e x p l a n at i o n s 29
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1
Fractions (p. 9) if one of 10, 100, 1,000, 10,000,... is a multiple of 25.
While 10 is not a multiple of 25, 100 is a multiple of 25:
1. 0.3 1005 4 3 25. Then __ 4
25 __ 4 _4 _____
434
5 25 3 4 5 25 3 4
___16
5 100
5 0.16.
2. 0.4 Alternatively, here is the conversion of __ 4
25 to a decimal
using long division.
3. 0.16
0.16
4. 0.428571
25 4.000
5. 0.3863 _
25
2
9 150
6. ___
20 150

_
667 0
7. ______
1,000
_______
9 1
8. __5 2__ 4. 0.428571
4 4
Lets convert _37to a decimal using long division.
27 7
9. ___5 1___ 0.4285714
20 20
7 3.0000000
10. __ 1
8 _ 28
2
11. C 20
_ 2 14
_
60
1. 0. 3
_ 2 56
Lets convert _13to a decimal using long division. 40
0.333 _ 2 35
3 1.000 50
2 _
9 _ 2 49
10 10
2
9 _
27
_
10 30
2 9 _ 2 28
_
1 2

We see that to the right of the decimal, 3 will repeat Notice that when we obtained the first digit to the
infinitely. Thus, _135 0.33333333... . To describe the right of the decimal, 30 was divided by 7, and when
pattern __of repeating 3s to the right of the decimal point, we we obtained the seventh digit to the right of the
write 0.3. decimal point, 30 was divided by 7. We have that _375
0.428571428571428571....
2. 0.4 To indicate that 142857 repeats, we write that
_______
Lets look for a power with a base of 10 and a positive _375 0.428571
. Notice that we place a line above only
exponent that is a multiple of the denominator 5 of _25. That those digits that repeat.
is, we will look to see if one of 10, 100, 1,000, 10,000,... ___
is a multiple of 5. We see that 10 is a multiple of 5: 10 5 5. 0.3863
2 3 5. Then _255 _253 __
225 2____
32
5 3 2
__4
5 10 5 0.4. Lets convert __
17
44 to a decimal using long division.

Alternatively, here is the conversion of _25to a decimal using

long division.
0.4
5 2.000
_
20
2
0

3. 0.16
Lets begin by looking for a power with a base of 10 that is
a multiple of the denominator 25 of __ 4
25 . That is, we will see

30 a n s w e r s a n d e x p l a n at i o n s
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9. __ __
27 7
0.386363 205 120
44 17.000000 We start by dividing the integer formed by the digits to the
_
2132 right of the decimal point by 10n, where n is the number of
380 digits to the right of the decimal point.
_ 2352
There are two digits to the right of the decimal point in
280
1.35. Thus, we have 0.35 5 ___35 ___
35 ______
35 4 5
5 1005 100 4 5
__7
5 20. Since

_ 2264 102
the integer to the left of the decimal point is 1, 1.35 5 1 1
160
__
7 __ 7
20 5 120.
_ 2132
280 Also, 1__
7 1_______
20 5
3 20 1 7
20 _____
5 20 17
5 __

20 27
20
_ 2264
160 10. 2_18
_ 2132 To convert a decimal to a fraction, we divide the integer
28 formed by the digits to the right of the decimal point
by 10n, where n is the number of digits to the right of the
decimal point.
We see that the repeating pattern begins with the third The number 20.125 is a negative number. Lets convert
digit to the right of the decimal point. beginning with the 0.125 to a fraction, then include the negative sign. There
third digit to the right of the decimal point, we have the are three digits to the right of the decimal point in 0.125.
repeating pattern of 63636363.... Thus, we have 0.125 5 ___ 125 ____
125
5 _______
5 1,000
103
125 4 5
1,000 4 5 ___
25
5 200
5
Thus, __
17 ______
25 4 5
200 4 5
__ 5 _____
5 4 5
5 40 5 40 4 5
_
1 _
1
5 8. Since 0.125 5 8, 20.125 5 2 8.
_1
44 5 0.3863636363.... To ___
indicate that the 63
repeats, we write that __
17
44
5 0.38
63 . Notice that we place a
line above only those digits that repeat. 11. (C)
We want the choice that equals 6_342 6.32. Since all the
6. __ answer choices are decimals, lets convert 6_34to a decimal.
9
20
To convert a decimal to a fraction, we divide the integer The decimal equivalent of _34is 0.75. Thus, 6_345 6.75. Then
formed by the digits to the right of the decimal point 6_342 6.32 5 6.75 2 6.32 5 0.43. Choice (C) is correct.
by 10n, where n is the number of digits to the right of the
decimal point.
There are two digits to the right of the decimal point in
0.45. Thus, we have 0.45 5 ___ ___ 5 ______ __
45 45 45 4 5 9
5 100 100 4 5 5 20.

102

7. ____
667
1,000

To convert decimal to a fraction, we divide the integer

formed by the digits to the right of the decimal point
by 10n, where n is the number of digits to the right of the
decimal point.
There are three digits to the right of the decimal point
in0.667. Thus, we have 0.667 5 ___
667
103
____
667
5 1,000
.

8. _45 2_14
9

We start by dividing the integer formed by the digits to the

right of the decimal point by 10n, where n is the number of
digits to the right of the decimal point.
There are two digits to the right of the decimal point in
2.25. Converting 0.25 to a fraction, we have 0.25 5 ___ 25

102
___
25 ______
25 4 5
1005 100 4 5 __5 _____
545
5 20 5 20 4 5
_
1
5 4. Since the integer to the left

of the decimal point is 2, 2.25 5 2 1 _145 2_14. We can also
express that 2_145 2_______ 5 _4.
3411 9
4

a n s w e r s a n d e x p l a n at i o n s 31
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1
Fraction Operations (p. 11) multiple of 2 and 3 is 2 3 3 5 6. Therefore, the lowest
common denominator of the fractions _121 _73is 6.
13 1
1. ___5 1___ Then _121 _735 1____
33 ____
7 32
1 3 3 2
_3 __
14 _____
3
5 1 5
1 14
5 __
17 _5
, or 2 .
12 12 2 3 3 6 6 6

6 6
77 2
2. ___5 3___ 4. __
23 __
5 1
7
25 25 16 16
17 5 To add or subtract fractions, we need a common
3. ___5 2__
6 6 denominator. The lowest common denominator of the
23 7 fractions __1 _
16 3 _7
, 4 and 8 is the least common multiple of the
4. ___5 1___
16 16 denominators 16, 4, and 8. Since 16 is a multiple of 4.
5 2
5. __5 1__ (16 5 4 3 4) and 16 is a multiple of 8 (16 5 2 3 8), the
3 3 least common multiple of 16, 4, and 8 is 16. Therefore, the
7 lowest common denominator of the fractions __ 1 _ 3 _7
6. ___ 16, 4 and 8
24
is16.
7. 4
Then __
1 _3 __
17 __1 ____
3 34
2 4 1 8 5 2 4 3 4
_____
17 32
5 __
1 8 3 2
1
16 __
12 __
34
2 1 5
8. 2.48 16 16 16 16

1 1________
2 12 1 34
5 __
23 __7
, or 1 .
9. ___ 16 16 16
16
10. 0.00338 5. _535 1_23
11. C We want to find the value of 4(_131 __ 1
12). Lets begin
by working with whats inside the parentheses first,
which is _131 __ 1
12
. To add fractions, we need a common
1. __
13 __ 1
125 112 denominator. The lowest common denominator of the
To add the fractions, we need a common denominator. The fractions _13and __ 1
12 is the least common multiple of the
lowest common denominator of the fractions _12, _13, and _14is denominators 3 and 12. Since 12 is a multiple of 3 (12 5
the least common multiple of the denominators 2, 3, and 4 3 3), the least common multiple of 3 and 12 is 12.
4. Since 4 is a multiple of 2. (4 5 2 3 2), the least common
Then _131 __1
12 ____
1 34
5 3 3 4
__ 1 ____
4 11
5 __
1 12 5 12
5
12 _1 __ 1 __5
. Thus, 3 1 12 5 12.
multiple of 2, 3, and 4 is the least common multiple of 3
and 4. Since 3 and 4 have no common factors greater than Therefore, 4(_131 __ 1
12 )5 4(12). Now lets work with 4(12),
__5 __ 5

1, the least common multiple of 3 and 4 is the product which is 4____

35
5 __
12 20 _5 _2
12 5 3, or 13.
of 3 and 4, which is 3 3 4 5 12. Thus, the least common
6. __
7
multiple of 2, 3, and 4 is 12. 24
Then _121 _131 _145 1____ ____ ____ __ __
We want to find the value of _12(_131 _14). Lets begin
36 1 34 1 33 6 4
1 3 3 4
1 4 3 3
5 12 1 12
236
1 __3 6_______
1413
5 12
12 5 __
13 by working with whats inside the parentheses first,
12.
which is _131 _14. To add fractions, we need a common
Thus, 21 31 45 __
_
1 _
1 _
1
13
12, or 1__
1
12.
denominator. The lowest common denominator of the
fractions _13and _14is the least common multiple of the
2. __ __
77 2
255 325
denominators 3 and 4. Since 3 and 4 have no common
To add the fractions, we need a common denominator. The factors greater than 1, the least common multiple of 3 and
lowest common denominator of the fractions __ 12 __
13
25 and 5 is 4 is 3 3 4 5 12.
the least common multiple of the denominators 25 and
Then _131 _145 1____
34
3 3 4
____
1 33
1 4 3 3
__4 __ 3 ____
4 13
5 __
5 12 1 12 5 12
7
12.
5. Since 25 is a multiple of 5. (25 5 5 3 5), the least
common multiple of 25 and 5 is 25. Therefore, _12(_131 _14)5 _12(__ 7
12).

Now _12(__7
12) 5 2 3 12
_____
137 __ 7
5 24.

Then __
12 __
13 __
12 _____
13 35
5 __
25 1 5 5 25 1 5 3 5 12 __
65 ______
12 1 65
25 1 25 5 25 5 __
77 __ 2
25, or 325.

7. 4
3. __ _5
17
5 2
6 6
We want the value of __ 1
24 (36 1 60). Lets work with whats
We want to find __ 6
12 _7 __6
1 3. We see that 12 can be reduced:
inside the parentheses first: 36 1 60 5 96. Then __ 1
24 (36 1
__
6 _____
646
12 5 12 4 6
_1 __ 6 _7 _1 _7
5 2. Thus, 12 1 3 5 2 1 3. To add the fractions,
__1 __1 __
96
60) 5 24(96). Now 24(96) 5 245 4.
we need a common denominator. The lowest common
denominator of the fractions _12and _73is the least common 8. 2.48
multiple of the denominators 2 and 3. Since 2 and 3
To find the value of 0.21 1 0.946 1 1.324, lets align 0.21,
have no common factor greater than 1, the least common
0.946 and 1.324 in a column where the decimal points are
lined up.

32 a n s w e r s a n d e x p l a n at i o n s
 session

1
0.21
0.946
1.324
____

2.480

Thus, 0.21 1 0.946 1 1.324 5 2.480 5 2.48.

9. __
16
1

We want the value of (__ 12

16
2 ) . The first thing we must
_3 2
6
__
12 _
3
do is simplify 162 6inside the parentheses. Notice that
both __
12
16
_3
6
__
12 _____
12
and can be reduced: 5
16
44
16 4 4
_3 _3
5 4, and 5

6
3____
643
43

_1 __
12 _3 _3 _1
5 2. Lets replace with 4 and lets replace with 2
16 6
so that (__
12
16
2 ) 5 (4 2 2) .
_3 2
6
_3 _1 2

Now lets work with _342 _12. To subtract fractions, we need

a common denominator. The lowest common denominator
of the fractions _34and _12is the least common multiple of the
denominators 4 and 2. Since 4 is a multiple of 2, the least
common multiple of 4 and 2 is 4. Then _342 _125 _342 1____ 32
5
2 3 2
42 _45 _4. Then (_42 _2) 5 (_4)2 5 _43 _45 ____
_
3 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 1
4 3 4
__1
5 .
16
Thus, (__ 12
16
2 ) 5 .
_3 2
6
__
1
16

10. 0.00338
To multiply two decimals, first multiply the numbers as if
there were no decimal points. Then find the total number of
digits to the right of the decimal point in the two numbers.
Move the decimal point to the left that number of places.
Here, we want to multiply 1.69 and 0.002. Lets first
multiply 169 and 2: 169 3 2 5 338. There are 2 decimal
places in 1.69 and 3 decimal places in 0.002. The total
number of places is 2 1 3 5 5. We move the decimal point
in 338 5 places to the left, and we have 0.00338. Thus,
1.69 3 0.002 5 0.00338.

11. (C)
We want to work with _753 (_372 _25). Lets begin by working
inside the parentheses first: _372 _255 _373 _552 _253 _775
__
15 __
14 __ 1
35 2 35 5 35.
Then _753 (_372 _25)5 _753 __1
35.

We can cancel a factor of 7 from the numerator of _75and the

denominator of __
1
35:
_753 __ 1
35 _1 _1
5 5 3 5.

And _153 _155 1____

31
5 3 5
__ 1
5 25.

Thus, _753 (_372 _25)5 __ 1

25 . Choice (C) is correct.

a n s w e r s a n d e x p l a n at i o n s 33
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Ratios (p. 13)
1. 1:16
2. 18:5
3. 1:5
4a. 5:6
4b. 5:11
4c. 6:11
5a. 3:7
5b. 1:3
5c. 70
6. B
1. 1:16
Lets divide both members of the ratio 8:128 by 8. Then
we have the ratio 1:16. The ratio 1:16 cannot be reduced
any further and thus is the original ratio 8:128 reduced to
lowest terms.
2. 18:5
Lets divide both members of the ratio 72:20 by 4. Then
we have the ratio 18:5. The ratio 18:5 cannot be reduced
any further and thus is the original ratio 72:20 reduced to
lowest terms.
3. 1:5
Lets begin by multiplying both members of the ratio
14.2:71 by 10 in order to eliminate the decimal point in
14.2. We have 10(14.2):10(71) and then 142:710. Lets
divide both members of the ratio 142:710 by 2. Then we
have the ratio 71:355. Now lets divide both members of
the ratio 71:355 by 71. Then we have the ratio 1:5. The
ratio 1:5 cannot be reduced any further. Thus, 1:5 is the
original ratio 14.2:71 reduced to lowest terms.
4a. 5:6
There are 10 red balls and 12 blue balls. The ratio of red
balls to blue balls is 10:12. Lets divide both members of
the ratio 10:12 by 2. Then we have the ratio 5:6. The ratio
5:6 cannot be reduced any further. Thus, we can say that
the ratio of red balls to blue balls is 5:6.
4b. 5:11
We want the ratio of the number of red balls to the total
number of balls. There are 10 red balls. Since there are
10red balls and 12 blue balls, the total number of balls is
34
10 1 12 5 22. The ratio of the number of red balls to the
total number of balls is 10:22. Lets divide both members
of the ratio 10:22 by 2. Then we have the ratio 5:11. The
ratio 5:11 cannot be reduced any further. Thus, we can
say that the ratio of red balls to the total number of balls
is5:11.
4c. 6:11
We want the ratio of the number of blue balls to the total
number of balls. There are 12 blue balls. Since there are
10 red balls and 12 blue balls, the total number of balls is
10 1 12 5 22. The ratio of the number of blue balls to the
total number of balls is 12:22. Lets divide both members
of the ratio 12:22 by 2. Then we have the ratio 6:11. The
ratio 6:11 cannot be reduced any further. Thus, we can
say that the ratio of blue balls to the total number of balls
is 6:11.
5a. 3:7
The ratio of sneakers to sandals to high heels is 3:5:7. In
this ratio, sneakers are represented by 3 while high heels
are represented by 7. So the ratio of sneakers to high heels
is 3:7.
5b. 1:3
In this question, one of the keys is to understand that
shoes means the total number of sneakers, sandals, and
high heels.
The ratio of sneakers to sandals to high heels is 3:5:7.
In this ratio, sandals are represented by 5. Shoes are
represented by the sum of all the numbers in the ratio.
Therefore, shoes is represented by 3 1 5 1 7 5 15. Since
sandals are represented by 5 and shoes are represented by
15, the ratio of sandals to shoes is 5:15. Lets divide both
members of the ratio 5:15 by 5. Then we have the ratio 1:3.
The ratio 1:3 cannot be reduced any further. Thus, the ratio
of sandals to shoes is 1:3.
5c. 70
The ratio of the number of pairs of sneakers to the number
of pairs of sandals to the number of pairs of high heels
is 3:5:7. Lets say that the number of sandals is 3x, the
number of sneakers is 5x, and the number of high heels is
7x, where x is a positive integer. The total number of pairs
of shoes is 3x 1 5x 1 7x 5 15x. Now the total number of
shoes is 210. So we have the equation 15x 5 210. Dividing
both sides by 15, we get x 5 14. The number of sandals is
5x. Thus, the number of sandals is 5x 5 5(14) 5 70.
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6. (B)
To have a possible ratio of white rabbits to brown rabbits,
the sum of the parts of the ratio must be a factor of 55.
Thats because the number of each type of rabbit must
be an integer. The prime factorization of 55 is 5 3 11. All
the factors of 55 are 1, 5, 11, and 55. The sum of the parts
of the two-part ratio must be 1, 5, 11, or 55. Since the
answer choices all have ratios of two positive integers, we
will not have a case where the sum of the two integers is 1.
Lets look at the answer choices to see which one has the
sum of its two integer parts equal to 5, 11, or 55.
Choice (A) is 1:3. We have 1 1 3 5 4. This is not 5, 11, or
55. Discard choice (A).
Choice (B) is 3:8. We have 3 1 8 5 11, which is one of 5,
11, or 55. Choice (B) is correct.
At this point, we can move on to the next question. For the
sake of the discussion, though, lets look at choices (C),
(D), and(E).
Choice (C) is 5:11. We have 5 1 11 5 16. This is not 5, 11,
or 55. Discard choice (C).
Choice (D) is 3:4. We have 3 1 4 5 7. This is not 5, 11, or
55. Discard choice (D).
Choice (E) is 5:1. We have 5 1 1 5 6. This is not 5, 11, or
55. Discard choice (E).

a n s w e r s a n d e x p l a n at i o n s 35
session

1
7. __
6
Percents (p. 15) 25
To convert a percent to a fraction, divide the percent by
1. 0.2% 100%.
2. 28% 24% 5 ___
24
100 ______
24 4 4
5 100 4 4
__6
5 25.

3. 131% Thus, 24% 5 __ 6
25.

4. 240%
8. _____
9
1% 0.25%
5. __ 25,000
4 To convert a percent to a fraction, divide the percent by
4
___ 100%.
6.
25 0.036 3 1,000
0.036% 5 ____
0.036 5 _________
100 5 ______
100 3 1,000
36

5
6
7. ___
100,000
________ _____ . Thus, 0.036% 5 _____
36 4 4 9 9
25 100,000 4 5 25,000
4 25,000
.

9
8. _______
25,000 9. _545 1_14
5
1 5 __
9. 1__ To convert a percent to a fraction, divide the percent by
4 4 100%.
1
10. ____
400 125% 5 ___
125 ______
125 45
100 5 100 4 5
__
25 _____
25 45
5 20 5 20 4 5
_5
5 4. Thus,

125% 5 _54, or 1_14.

1.
1 6
12. 12 10. ___
1

400
13. 6 To convert a percent to a fraction, divide the percent by
14. 0.48 100%.
(_14)
15. 5 _
14% 5 ___
1005 _143 ___1
100 5 ______

131

___1
5 400 . Thus, _14%5 ___

1
400 .

4 3 100
16. B
11. 6
1. 0.2% The decimal equivalent of 50% is 0.5. Then 50% of 12 is
To convert a decimal to a percent, multiply it by 100%. 0.5 3 12 5 6.
Thus, 0.002 5 0.002 3 100% 5 0.2%. If we did not remember the decimal equivalent of 50%,
we could have converted 50% to a decimal. To convert
2. 28% a percent to a decimal, divide the percent by 100%. So
To convert a fraction to a percent, multiply it by 100%. 50% 5 ____50%
100% 5 ___

50
100 5 0.50 5 0.5.

Thus, __ 7
25 __ 7
5 25 3 100% 5 7 3 4% 5 28%.
12. 12
3. 131% The decimal equivalent of 75% is 0.75. Then 75% of 16 is
To convert a decimal to a percent, multiply it by 100%. 0.75 3 16 5 12.
Thus, 1.31 5 1.31 3 100%5 131%.
13. 6
4. 240% The decimal equivalent of 150% is 1.5. Then 150% of 4 is
To convert a fraction to a percent, multiply it by 100%. 1.5 3 4 5 6.
Thus, __
12 __
12
55 5 3 100% 5 12 3 20% 5 240%.
14. 0.48
5. _14% 5 0.25% The decimal equivalent of 24% is 0.24. Then 24% of 2 is
To convert a fraction to a percent, multiply it by 100%. 0.24 3 2 5 0.48.
Thus, ___
400
1
___
5
1
400 _1
3 100% 5 4% 5 0.25%.
15. 5
6. __
4
25 The decimal equivalent of 10% is 0.1. Then 10% of 50 is
To convert a percent to a fraction, divide the percent 0.1 3 50 5 5.
by 100%.
16% 5 ___16
100 ______
16 4 4
5 100 4 4
__4
5 25.

Thus, 16% 5 __4
25.

36 a n s w e r s a n d e x p l a n at i o n s
 session

1
16. (B)
Since the price of the item is 20% more than the
wholesale cost, the price of the item is 100% 1 20% 5
120% of the wholesale cost. To convert a percent to a
decimal (or fraction), we divide the percent by 100%.
So 120% 5 ____
120%
100%
___
120 ______
120 4 10
5 100 5 100 4 10

__
12 _____
12 42
5 10 5 10 4 2
_6
5 5 5 1.2.
Thus, the decimal equivalent of 120% is 1.2. So the price
of the item is ($800)(1.2) 5 $960. Choice (B) is correct.
We could also find the price of the item by finding the
increase over the wholesale cost and then adding that
increase to the wholesale cost. The price of the item
is 20% greater than the wholesale cost. The decimal
equivalent of 20% is ____20%
100% 5 ___

20
100 5 _155 0.2. The amount

that the price of the item is greater than the wholesale cost
is 0.2($800) 5 $160. Then the price of the item is $800 1
$160 5 $960. Again, choice (B) is correct.

a n s w e r s a n d e x p l a n at i o n s 37
session

1
Averages and Statistics (p. 17) 6. (D)
___________
The average formula is Average 5 Sum of the terms
Number of terms
. We

1. 15 can use this formula in the rearranged form Sum of the

1
2. 4__
terms 5 Average 3 Number of terms. Since the average
2 of six numbers is 6, the sum of these six numbers
3. 36 is Average 3 Number of terms 5 6 3 6 5 36. If 3 is
4. 30 subtracted from each of four numbers, the sum of the six
5. 34 numbers is reduced by 3 3 4 5 12. The resulting new sum
of the numbers is 36 2 12 5 24. The number of numbers
6. D
is still 6. So the new average is __
24
6
5 4. Choice(D) is
correct.
1. 15
___________
The average formula is Average 5 Sum of the terms
.

Number of terms
The average of 10, 12, 16, 17, and 20 is ________________
10 1 12 1 16 1 17 1 20
5 5
__
75
55 15.

2. 4_12
___________
The average formula is Average 5 Sum of the terms
.

Number of terms
The average of 0, 3, 6, and 9 is _________ 5 __ _____
0131619
4 18 18 42
4 5 4 4 2
5
_
9 _
1
25 42.

3. 36
___________
The average formula is Average 5 Sum of the terms
.

Number of terms
The average of 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60
________________
is 12 1 24 1 36 1 48 1 60
5 ___
180
5 5 5 36.

4. 30
___________
The average formula is Average 5 Sum of the terms
.

Number of terms
Since the average of 24, 0, 6, and x is 8, we can write the
__________
equation 2 410161x

5 8. Simplifying the numerator of
4
the algebraic fraction on the left side, 2____
4x
5 8. Multiplying
4
both sides by 4, we have 2 1 x 5 32. Subtracting 2 from
both sides, we have x 5 30.

5. 234
___________
The average formula is Average 5 Sum of the terms
.

Number of terms
Since the average of 8, 3, 12, 11, and x is 0, we can
write the equation 8_____________
1 3 1 12 1 11 1 x
5 5 0. Simplifying
the numerator of the algebraic fraction on the left
side, _____
34 1 x
5 0. Multiplying both sides by 5, we have
5
34 1 x 5 0. Subtracting 34 from both sides, we have
x 5 234.

38 a n s w e r s a n d e x p l a n at i o n s
 session

1
Exponents (p. 19) 10. 16
__ 7
2 5 27 2 35 24 5 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 5 4 3 2 3 2 5
23
1. 625 8 3 2 5 16
2. 32
11. (E)
3. 108
4. 144 Lets substitute 2 in for x in the expression 3x + (x3)2:
321(23)2 = 3 3 3 1 (2 3 2 3 2)2 = 9 1 82 = 9 1 64 =
5. 49
73. Thus, when x = 2, then the expression 3x 1 (x3)2 is
6. 101.6 equal to 73. Choice (E) is correct.
7. 256
8. 1
___
81
1
9. 5215 __
5
10. 16
11. E

1. 625
54 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 5 25 3 5 3 5 5 125 3 5 5 625.

2. 32
55 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 5 4 3 2 3 2 3 2 5 8 3 2 3 2 5
2
16 3 2 5 32.

3. 108
4 3 33 5 4 3 (3 3 3 3 3) 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 12 3
3 3 3 5 36 3 3 5 108.

4. 144
(4 3 3)2 5 1225 12 3 12 5 144

5. 49
(4 1 3)25 72 5 7 3 7 5 49

6. 101.6
1.016 3 1025 1.016 3 (10 3 10) 5 1.016 3 100 5
101.6.

7. 256
(22)45 (2 3 2)4 5 44 5 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 5 16 3 4 3 4 5
64 3 4 5 256

8. __
1
81
)25 __
(322 ( )
312 2 5 (_19)2 5 _193 _195 1____
31
9 3 9
__1
5 81

9. _15
3
5 53 3 __
53 3 524 5145 __ 5 _15
554 5 53 2 45 521

a n s w e r s a n d e x p l a n at i o n s 39
session

1 _
Radicals (p. 21) 10. 125 5
_ _ _
3 3
5 5 5 3 5 3 5 3
5__ _
55 25 3 5 3
55

1. 4 __ 125 3 55 125 5
2. 3 14
3. 4 11. (D)
_
4. 6 5 To solve this question, we will use one law of radicals and
two laws of exponents.
5. 7 __
We will use the__law of radicals that says that if a 0 and
6. 13 _ _
b 0, then a
ab5 b.
7. 1 We will use these two laws of exponents.
8. 16
(i) If b 0, then (_ba)n 5 __
n
ban.
9. 10,000 c
_ (ii) If b 0, __
bd 5 bc 2 d.
10. 125 5 b
y
11. D To use the law of radicals we will rewrite _x. Since x 0 and
__
( )
y y
y 0, _x5 _x 2 .
__ __ _
1. 4
( )
y_ 3 y 3

__ _ ___ __ Thus, x ___ _x 2
xy5 ____ __ xy. Using the law of radicals, we get
( 2)( 8) 5 5
2 3 8 165 4 __
( ) ( ) ( )
y 3 y 3
_x 2 xy5 _x 2 __
__ xy
. Now using the law of exponents
__
y2
that says that if b 0, (_ba)n 5 __
n y
2. 3 14 get ( _x)2 5 __
ban , we____ x2 . Then
_ __ ____ __ ____ ____ ___ __
(_6)( 21
)5 6__ 5
3 21 126
9 3 14
( ) ( ) ( )
y y2 x3 x3 (y2 )
(__ )(__ ). Using the law
y 2
5 5 3 x 3
__ _x 2 __ 5 __
xy 2 __
x
5 ____
y 2
x (y)
5
x2 y
93 145 3 14 c
b 0, then __
of exponents that says that if____ bd 5 bc 2 d, we
_______
b
y2
( ) ( ) y2
3 3
3. 4
__ __ __ will rewrite both __
xx2 and __
y: __
x2 __
x
5 (x3 2 2)(
y y2 2 1)
5
____
48
____

5 __

48

_ 5 165 4
3
__
3 (x1 )(y1 ) xy. Choice
5 (D) is correct.
_
4. 6 5
_ __ __
We want __
to simplify
__

51
_

125
. Lets
_
work_with 125
first: 125
5 253
55 5 3 55 5 5.
_ __ _ _ _
Then 51 5
125 51 5 55 6 5.

5. 7 __
__ __
147
____
_
3


5 ___
147 5
3 495 7
__
6. 13
____ __
Simplifying what is under the radical, 5
49 2 36 13
.
There is no more simplifying to be done.

7. 1
__ __
492
365 7 2 6 5 1

8. 16
__ __ __
)25
( 16 163
165 16

9. 10,000
__
)4 5 (10)4 5 10 3 10 3 103 10 5 100 3 10 3
( 100
10 5 1,000 3 10 5 10,000

40 a n s w e r s a n d e x p l a n at i o n s
 session

1
Order of Operations (p. 23) The least common denominator of these fractions is the
least common multiple of 6, 2, 3, and 9. Since 6 is a
5 multiple of 2 (65 3 3 2) and 9 is a multiple of 3 (9 5
1. 13___
16 3 3 3), the least common multiple of 6, 2, 3, and 9 is
2. 4.4 the least common multiple of 6 and 9. Now 1 3 9 5 9 is
39 not a multiple of 6, while 2 3 9 5 18 is a multiple of 6
3. ___
43 (18 5 3 3 6). Thus, we will multiplythe numerator and
4. 0.000125 denominator by 18:
5. C _
51 _321 2 18 3 (_561 _321 2) 18 (_65)1 18 (_32)1 18(2)
6______ ___________
5

______________
5 5
_
131 _491 4 18 3 (31 91 4)
_
1 _
4
18 (_13)1 18 (_49)1 18(4)
3(5) 1 9(3) 1 36
___________ _________ 5 __ _____ __ 39
1. 13__
5
6 1 2(4) 1 72
5 15


1 27 1 36
6 1 8 1 72
78
86
78
5
42
86 4 2
5 43

16
To work out the value of 7 1 5 3 (_14)2 2 6 4 (2 2 3), we _
51 _31 2
Thus, 6______ __
2 39
5 43.
must use the order of operations rules (PEMDAS). _1 _431 91 4

We first do whats inside the parentheses. Then we do the 4. 0.000125

exponents. Then we do multiplication and division, which 0.25 3 (0.1)2
rank equally, from left to right. Then we do addition and Lets work with _________ :

0.5 3 40
0.25 3 (0.1)2 0.25 3 (0.1 3 0.1) 0.25 3 (0.01)
subtraction, which rank equally, from left to right. _________ 5 ____________

0.5 3 40 5 _________
20 20 5 _____

0.0025
20 5 _____
0.0025
2(10)

7 1 5 3 (_14)2 2 6 4 (2 2 3) 5 _____ (10)5 0.00125 (__

0.0025 __ 1 1
) 5 0.000125
10
2
5 7 1 5 3 (_ )
1 2
4 2 6 4 (21)
5 7 1 5 3 (_ 1 1 _
)
4 3 4 2 6 4 (21)
5. (C)

5 7 1 5 3 __ 1
2 6 4 (21)
To work out the value of (_34)2 1 __ 5
24 4 (84 2 12), we must
___
155 __ 5
16
use the order of operations rules (PEMDAS).
5 7 1 __
1652(26)
We first do whats inside the parentheses. Then we do the
5 13 1 __
165
exponents. Then we do multiplication and division, which
5 13__
16
5
rank equally, from left to right. Then we do addition and
subtraction, which rank equally, from left to right.
2. 4.4
Lets begin by working with whats inside the parentheses.
To work out the value of 4(1.24 2 (0.8)2 ) 1 6 3 _13, we must The denominator 84 of ___
155
84 is a multiple of the denominator
use the order of operations rules (PEMDAS).
12 of __
5
12: 845 7 3 12.
We first do whats inside the parentheses. Then we do the
exponents. Then we do multiplication and division, which Then ___
155 __ 5 ___
155 __5 _7 ___
155 _____
537
84 2 12 5 84 2 12 3 7 5 84 2 12 3 7
___
155 __
35
5 84 2 84 5

______
155 2 35
5 ___
120 ______
120 4 12
5 __
10
rank equally, from left to right. Then we do addition and 84 84 5 84 4 12 7.
subtraction, which rank equally, from left to right.
Thus, (_34)2 1 __ 5
24 4 (84 2 12) 5 (4) 1 24 4 7.
___
155 __ 5 _3 2 __ 5 __
10

4(1.24 2 (0.8)2) 1 6 3 _13

Now lets work with the exponent: (_34)2 5 _343 _345 3____
33
5
5 4(1.24 2 (0.8)(0.8)) 1 6 3 _13 4 3 4
. Thus, (4) 1 24 4 7. 5 1 24 4 7.
__
9 _3 2 __5 __
10 __ __ 9
5 __
10
5 4(1.24 2 0.64) 1 6 3 _13 16 16

5 4(0.6) 1 6 3 _13 Now lets do the division: __5

24 __
10 __ 5 __7 __ 1 _7
4 7 5 24 3 10 5 24 3 2 5

_____ __ __ __ __ __ __
137 7 9
5 10 7 9
5 48. Thus, 1 24 4 7 5 1 48.
5 2.4 1 6 3 _13

24 3 2 16 16
Now lets do the addition __
161 __7 9
48. To add fractions, we
5 2.4 1 2
need a common denominator. The denominator 48 in __ 7
48
5 4.4 __
9
is a multiple of the denominator 16 of 16: 48 5 3 3 16.
Then __ __ __ _3 __ _____ __ __ __ _____
9 7 9 7 7 93327 7 27 17
1 48 5 3 31 48 5 1 48 5 48 1 48 5 48


3. __
39 16 16 16 3 3
43
_51 _31 2 5 __
34 _____
34 42
48 5 48 4 2
__
17
5 24.
To work with the complex fraction 6______
2
, lets multiply the
We have that (_34)2 1 __ 4 (84 2 12) 5 24. Choice (C) is
___ __ __
5 155 5 17
_1 _4 31 91 4 24
numerator and denominator by the same nonzero number correct.
that will eliminate the fractions in both. A nonzero number
that we can multiply both the numerator and denominator
5
_1 _ 1 2
3

of 6______
_1
2
_4 in order to eliminate the fractions is the least
31 91 4
common denominator of the fractions _56, _32, _13, and _49.

a n s w e r s a n d e x p l a n at i o n s 41
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