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ABSTRAK
Kulit pisang merupakan limbah agrikultur mengandung pati dan
lignocelulosa yang berpotensi sebagai bahan baku pembuatan
bioetanol. Proses produksi dilakukan dengan menggunakan proses
fermentasi, dengan metode pretreatment delignifikasi alkali dan
dehidrasi molecular sieve. Pabrik dengan kapasitas produksi sebesar
2.667 kg/hari akan didirikan di Kabupaten Lumajang, Jawa Timur,
dengan pertimbangan kemudahan akses bahan baku dan distribusi
produk.
Proses pembuatan bioetanol meliputi 5 tahap. Tahap
delignifikasi bahan baku menggunakan NaOH 2% pada 121C dan
tekanan atmosferis. Tahap hidrolisis pati dan lignoselulosa menjadi
gula sederhana dengan bantuan enzim amilase dan cellulase. Tahap
fermentasi sirup gula menjadi etanol dilakukan menggunakan yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisae pada 32C dan tekanan atmosferis. Tahap
pemisahan etanol dari beer hasil fermentasi dilakukan dengan metode
distilasi. Tahap pemurnian etanol dilakukan dengan metode dehidrasi
menggunakan molecular sieve zeolit, hingga diperoleh kadar produk
akhir sebesar 99,8%.
Pabrik ini direncanakan beroperasi secara semicontinous selama
300 hari/tahun dengan basis 24 jam/hari. Kulit pisang yang dibutuhkan
sebesar 515.150 kg/hari dengan bahan baku pendukung yaitu NaOH,
enzim amilase dan cellulase, Saccharomyces cerevisae, serta K2HPO4.
Kebutuhan utilitasnya adalah air sanitasi, air pendingin, air boiler dan
air proses yaitu masing-masing sebesar 56 m3/hari, 27.619,45 m3/hari,
340,59 m3/hari dan 228,76 m3/hari.
i
BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION PLANT FROM BANANA
WASTE BY FERMENTATION PROCESS USING
MOLECULAR SIEVE DEHYDRATION
ABSTRACT
Banana waste is an amylaceous and lignocellulosic agricultural
waste and potential to be used as bioethanol production feedstock. The
plant uses fermentation process, using alkali delignification as
pretreatment method and molecular sieve dehydration. The plant
operated 2,667 kg/day will be located in Lumajang, East Java, due to
ease of feedstock access and product distribution.
Bioethanol production process includes five steps. Feedstock
delignification using 2% NaOH at atmospheric 121C. Starch and
lignocellulose hydrolysis into simple sugars using amylase and cellulose
enzymes. Syrup fermentation to produce ethanol using yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisae occurs at atmospheric 32C. Ethanol
separation from fermented beer using distillation method. Ethanol
purification is conducted by dehydration method using zeolite as
molecular sieve, to obtain final product purity of 99.8%.
The plant is planned to operate semicontinuous for 330 day/year
in 24 hours/day basis. The required banana waste is 515,150 kg/day
using supporting materials NaOH, amylase and cellulose enzymes,
Saccharomyces cerevisae, also K2HPO4. Water utilities includes
sanitation, cooler water, boiler water, and process water, each of 56
m3/day, 27.619,45 m3/day, 340,59 m3/day and 228,76 m3/day.
ii
DAFTAR ISI
ABSTRAK...................................................................................................
DAFTAR ISI.............................................................................................iii
DAFTAR GAMBAR.................................................................................iv
DAFTAR GRAFIK.....................................................................................
DAFTAR TABEL......................................................................................vi
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
I.1 Latar Belakang ..........................................................................I-1
I.2 Dasar Teori ................................................................................I-8
BAB II MACAM DAN URAIAN PROSES
II.1 Macam Proses.........................................................................II-1
II.2 Seleksi Proses .........................................................................II-9
II.3 Uraian Proses........................................................................II-10
BAB III NERACA MASSA..................................................................III-1
BAB IV NERACA ENERGI.................................................................IV-1
BAB V SPESIFIKASI ALAT.................................................................V-1
BAB VI UTILITAS
VI.1 Unit Penyediaan Air, Listrik, dan Steam..............................VI-1
VI.2 Penentuan Kebutuhan Air pada Pabrik Bioetanol................VI-5
BAB VII KESEHATAN DAN KESELAMATAN KERJA
VII.1 Tujuan Penerapan Kesehatan dan Keselamatan Kerja
dalam Pabrik Bioetanol....................................................
...................................................................................................
VII.2 Kecelakaan Kerja dalam Pabrik Beserta Dampaknya.......VII-1
VII.3 Usaha-usaha Kesehatan dan Keselamatan Kerja
dalam Pabrik Bioetanol....................................................
BAB VIII INSTRUMENTASI
VIII.1 Instrumentasi dan Sistem Pengendalian.........................VIII-1
VIII.2 Sistem Pengendalian dalam Pabrik Bioetanol................
BAB IX PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH INDUSTRI KIMIA
IX.1 Sumber dan Karakteristik Limbah Pabrik Bioetanol...........IX-1
IX.2 Pengolahan Limbah Industri Bioetanol...............................IX-3
BAB X KESIMPULAN.........................................................................X-1
DAFTAR PUSTAKA...............................................................................vii
LAMPIRAN:
1. Apendiks A Neraca Massa
2. Apendiks B Neraca Energi
3. Apendiks C Spesifikasi Alat
4. Block Diagram
5. Flowsheet
iii
DAFTAR GAMBAR
iv
DAFTAR GRAFIK
v
DAFTAR TABEL
vi
Tabel IV.4 Neraca panas pada Unit Reaktor Hidrolisis Pati (R-
210)..................................................................................
Tabel IV.5 Neraca panas pada Unit Reaktor Hidrolisis
Lignoselulosa IV- (R-210)...............................................
Tabel IV.6 Neraca panas pada Unit Rotary Vacuum Filter (H-
223)..................................................................................
Tabel IV.7 Neraca panas pada Tangki Sterilisasi (F-313)..................
Tabel IV.8 Neraca panas pada Unit Cooler (E-314)..........................
Tabel IV.9 Neraca panas pada Unit Tangki Starter Ragi (R-
310)..................................................................................
Tabel IV.10 Neraca panas pada Unit Fermentor (R-320)....................
Tabel IV.11 Neraca panas pada Unit Rotary Vacuum Filter (H-
323)..................................................................................
Tabel IV.12 Neraca panas pada Unit Heater (E-411)..........................
Tabel IV.13 Neraca panas pada Unit Distilasi I (E-314).....................
Tabel IV.14 Neraca panas pada Unit Distilasi II (E-314)....................
Tabel IV.15 Neraca panas pada Unit Molecular Sieve (E-314)
..........................................................................................
Tabel VI.1 Parameter air proses sebagai air boiler ..........................
Tabel IX.1 Limbah gas hasil proses produksi bioetano1..................
Tabel IX.2 Limbah cair hasil proses produksi bioetano1.................
Tabel IX.3 Limbah padat hasil proses produksi bioetanol................
vii
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
viii
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