EXPERIMENT NO: 4

NAME OF EXPERIMENT:
Study of the impact of a jet
OBJECTIVES:
1. To calculate theoretical impact force and actual impact force of the vane
2. To plot actual impact force versus theoretical impact force for the vane in graph
3. To plot actual impact force as ordinate and velocity as abscissa in the log-log graph paper
4. To find the values of K and exponent n from the log-log graph

APPARATUS:
1. An impact of jet apparatus connected with the water pipeline through a control valve. The
apparatus with different interchangeable vanes.
2. Discharge collection tank. Stopwatch is necessary for measuring the flow rate

THEORY:

When a jet of fluid strikes a vane, it will undergo a change in velocity, with a corresponding change in
momentum of the jet. Now, from the Newtons second law, the rate of change of momentum will be
equal to the applied force.

The actual impact force of a jet can be found out experimentally as follows. The apparatus consists of a
lever whose fulcrum is at A. A spring is connected with the lever at position B, whose other end is fixed.
The spring is at a distance L from the fulcrum. The vane on which the jet is being impinged is also placed
at a distance L, from the fulcrum. The distance L maybe called zero position of the weight W. The height
of the lever at this position must be maintained for each reading such that the pull of the spring remains
constant for each observation. Now, if the jet is allowed to impinge on the vane, the level will rise to a
certain extent depending upon the force by which the jet impinges on the vane. The level of the lever can
be adjusted to bring to the original level. By moving the weight placed on the lever towards the right
direction let the displacement of the weight be Now FsL = FaL = (L+L)W, where Fs =spring force.
When there is no impact force Fa is the actual force applied on the vane. We get,
FsL= Lw. L-displacement of weight W from zero position.
So we have, LW+ FaL=(L+L)W.
So, Fa=(L.W)/L
The probable relation between Fa and V is given by Fa=KVN, where n= 2 for ideal case.
K=pa for flood vane
K=paV2 sin2 for council vane.
K=2 pastor hemispherical value
Taking logarithm of each side of the equation
Fa=logK+Nlogv, which is the equation of a straight line.
By plotting from experimental results, logFa, vertical ordinate and logV as base, a straight
line obtained for example. By switching an convenient point on the graph, N=(logFa-logK)logV
 EXPERIMENT SET UP AND PROCEDURE:

1. Noted down the datum of the nozzle and the type of vane fitted in the set up.
2. Brought the weight W in the zero position
3. Now opened the flow control valve or started the pump
4. The vane then became deflected by the impact of the jet. The level of the lever will be raised
to a certain height. Brought the level of the lever to the original position by adjusting the
position of the weight W.
5. Noted down the displacement scale of the wight W.
6. Collected water in the measuring tank and noted down the collect time and the volume of
water.
7. Varied the discharge with the help of control valve and took more observation.

OBSERVATION:

Diameter, d=
Cross sectional area of jet,a=
Type of Vane= Hemispherical

TABLE-1

No. of Force Volume of water Time of collection Flow rate Height

observation
in newtons (N) in litres (l) in seconds (s) 10-4 m3/sec (m)

1 16.5 20 33.06 6.05 5.5

2 19.5 40 38 1.05 5

3 27.5 50 41 1.21 4.9

4 29 60 45 1.33 4.8

5 30 70 46 1.52 4.85

6 22 80 48 1.67 3.8

7 38.5 90 51 1.76 3.5

8 39.5 110 54 2.03 3.2

 TABLE-2

No of obs. Qa V Ft Fa K from N from

10-3 (m3/s) (m/s) (N) (N) Log-log graph Log-log graph
1 6.05 10.38 16.5

2 1.05 9.90 19.5

3 1.21 9.80 27.5

4 1.33 9.70 29

5 1.52 9.75 30

6 1.67 8.63 22

7 1.76 8.28 38.5

8 2.03 7.92 39.5

PRECAUTION:
1. The jet must impinge at the centre of the vane.
2. In recording the reading of the force, fluctuation of lever has to be avoided as far as possible
3. The flow rate should be measured very carefully

DISCUSSION:

While operating the operation only one technical difficulty was faced. The machine was not properly
grounded. So frequent low voltage mild shocks were experienced.

Many mechanical difficulties were faced while conducting the experiment. The lever containing the
weight was fluctuating very much. So exact values of the weight could not be obtained.

The nozzle used for measuring the velocity of the flow had to be held completely horizontal for getting a
good and exact value. A slight inclination in holding the nozzle, had been corrupting the values for velocity.
So doing this manually was cumbersome and faulty.
 Qa Vs V

100
Qa

10

1
1 V 10