Failure Theories

*10.
7 THEORIES OF FAILURE
When engineers design for a material, there is a
need to set an upper limit on the state of stress that
defines the materials failure.
For ductile material, failure is initiated by yielding.
For brittle material, failure is specified by fracture.
However, criteria for the above failure modes is not
easy to define under a biaxial or triaxial stress.
Thus, four theories are introduced
-to obtain the principal stresses at critical states of
stress and
- to predict the failure of a material when is
1
subjected to multiaxial state of stress.
*10.7 THEORIES OF FAILURE
4 theories includes;
DUCTILE-1. Maximum Shear Stress Theory

- 2. Maximum Distortion Energy Theory
BRITTLE- 3. Maximum Normal Stress Energy

- 4. Mohr Circle Criterion
2
A. Ductile materials
1. Maximum-Shear-Stress Theory
Most common cause of yielding of
ductile material (e.g., steel) is slipping.
Slipping occurs along the contact
planes of randomly-ordered crystals
that make up the material.
Edges of planes of slipping as they appear on the
surface of the strip are referred to as Lders lines.
The lines indicate the slip planes in the strip, which
occur at approximately 45 with the axis of the
strip. 3
This shear stress acts on a planes that
are 45O from the principal stress and
these planes coincide with the direction
of the Luder Lines indicating failure occurs
by shear
Consider an element, it can be determined the
maximum shear Y stress from Mohrs circle,
max 10 - 26
2
Thus, in 1868, Henri Tresca
proposed the maximum-shear-stress
theory or Tresca yield criterion.
4
If the two in-plane principal
stresses have the same sign,
failure will occur out of the plane:
max
abs
max 2
If in-plane principal stresses are of opposite signs,

failure occurs in the plane:
max min
abs
max 2
5
Thus, we express the maximum-shear-stress
theory for plane stress for any two in-plane principal
stresses for 1 and 2 by the following criteria:
1 Y } 1, 2 have same signs.

2 Y } 1, 2 have same signs. 10 - 27
1 2 Y } 1, 2 have opposite signs.
6
7
An external loading will deform a material, causing
it store energy internally throughout its volume
2. Maximum-Distortion-Energy Theory
Energy per unit volume of material is called the
strain-energy density.
Material subjected to a uniaxial stress, the
strain-energy density is written as
1
u 10 - 28
2
1 1 1
If it is subjected to triaxial,: u 11 2 2 3 3
2 2 2
Ductile materials: Maximum-Distortion-Energy Theory
For linear-elastic behavior, applying Hookes law into
above eqn:
1 12 2 2 32
u 10 - 29
2E 2 1 2 1 3 3 2
M. Huber proposed that the yielding of a ductile

material occurs when the distortion energy per unit
volume of the material equals or exceeds the
distortion energy per unit volume of the same material
when subjected to yielding, in a simple tension test.
Experimental evidence No yielding if all the sides
are subjected to the same stress, avg, (1+1+1)/3
9
To obtain distortion energy per unit volume, we sub
(1- avg ) in place of 1 and likewise for 2 and 3.
ud
1
6E

1 2 2 2 3 2 3 1 2
In the case of plane stress,
ud
1
3E

12 1 2 22
For uniaxial tension test, 1 = Y, 2 = 3 = 0
1 2
ud Y Y
3E 10
Since maximum-distortion energy theory requires ud =
(ud)Y, then for the case of plane or biaxial stress, we
have from
ud
1
3E

12 1 2 22
12 1 2 22 Y 2 10 - 30
This is an equation of an ellipse.

If the stresses are such that
the point is outside the ellipse, the material will fail. 11
2. Maximum-Distortion-Energy Theory
Comparing both theories, we get the following
graph.
MDET is
15% more
accurate than
MSST.
12
A. Brittle materials
3. Maximum-Normal-Stress Theory
Figure shows how brittle materials
fail.
13
The maximum-normal-stress theory
states that a brittle material will fail
when the maximum principal stress
1 in the material reaches a limiting value that is
equal to the ultimate normal stress the material
can sustain when subjected to simple tension.
For the material subjected to plane stress
1 ult
2 ult 10 - 31
14
Experimentally, it was found to be in close
agreement with the behavior of brittle materials that
have stress-strain diagrams similar in both tension
and compression.
15
4. Mohrs Failure Criterion
Use for brittle materials where the tension and
compression properties are different.
Three tests need to be performed on material to
determine the criterion.
16
4. Mohrs Failure Criterion
Carry out a uniaxial tensile test to determine the
ultimate tensile stress (ult)t
Carry out a uniaxial compressive test to determine
the ultimate compressive stress (ult)c
Carry out a torsion test to determine the ultimate
shear stress ult.
Results are plotted in Mohr circles.
17
A. Brittle materials 4. Mohrs Failure Criterion
Circle A represents the stress condition 1 = 2 = 0,
3 = (ult)c
Circle B represents the stress condition 1 = (ult)t
2 = 3 = 0
Circle C represents the pure-shear-stress condition
caused by ult.
18
4. Mohrs Failure
Criterion
The Criterion can
also be represented
on a graph of
principal stresses 1
and 2 (3 = 0).
19
IMPORTANT
If material is ductile, failure is specified by the
initiation of yielding, whereas if it is brittle, it is
specified by fracture.
Ductile failure can be defined when slipping occurs
between the crystals that compose the material.
This slipping is due to shear stress and the
maximum-shear-stress theory is based on this
idea.
Strain energy is stored in a material when
subjected to normal stress.
20
IMPORTANT
The maximum-distortion-energy theory depends on
the strain energy that distorts the material, and not
the part that increases its volume.
The fracture of a brittle material is caused by the
maximum tensile stress in the material, and not the
compressive stress.
This is the basis of the maximum-normal-stress
theory, and it is applicable if the stress-strain
diagram is similar in tension and compression.
21
IMPORTANT
If a brittle material has a stress-strain diagram that
is different in tension and compression, then
Mohrs failure criterion may be used to predict
failure.
Due to material imperfections, tensile fracture of a
brittle material is difficult to predict, and so theories
of failure for brittle materials should be used with
caution.
22

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*10.

DUCTILE-1. Maximum Shear Stress Theory

BRITTLE- 3. Maximum Normal Stress Energy

If in-plane principal stresses are of opposite signs,

1 Y } 1, 2 have same signs.

M. Huber proposed that the yielding of a ductile

This is an equation of an ellipse.

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