Building Systems Wiringbest PDF

Chapter -4- Building Wiring Calculations
Building Wiring Calculations
4-1. Introduction:
In this chapter it is required to plan the distribution system of the residential
area. The planning of this area starts from inside the individual flats of the
buildings.
The various types of loads in the house like lighting, normal sockets (N.S),
power sockets (P.S) and load break switches (L.B.S) are estimated according
to the standard forms. The feeding circuits are defined and the main wiring
c.s.a. are calculated.
The mains wiring is generally built using insulated copper cables. The
choice of conductor material is a compromise among electrical properties,
mechanical properties, and price. From the start, copper has been the
material of choice for household branch circuits.
Aluminum is softer than copper and weaker, and a poorer electrical

conductor, so is not widely used in small sizes for home wiring. Aluminum
cable material is sometimes used (for economical reasons) for thick mains
feeder cables coming from electrical utility to the mains distribution panel.
The ratings of the sub-circuits' miniature circuit breakers (M.C.B) and the
main circuit breaker of the flat or the villa as well as energy meter are
selected.
Any house that has been properly wired will have a circuit breaker panel
used to shut circuits off in case they draw too much current. It is the current
capacity of circuit breaker (in amperes) that determines how much current a
circuit can supply. In case of an overload or a short-circuit on that circuit, the
breaker trips and automatically shuts off power to that circuit. Ground fault
circuit breakers offer protection against more than just overloads.
After the load of the flat is being calculated, the diversified estimation of the
total load of the building is made. The buildings are fed from distribution boxes
via cables of suitable sizes, forming a part of the low voltage distribution
network. The distribution boxes are fed from 11 KV/380 V distribution
transformers, preferably in loops, to secure the continuity of supply to the
distribution boxes and hence to the buildings.
The distribution transformers are located in the appropriate sites and

connected in loops to the 11KV Distribution points and the 66/11KV
substation.
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Detailed calculations and planning of the 380V low voltage distribution

network, the 11KV medium voltage network as well as details of the 66/11KV
substation feeding the area, are presented in the following chapters. Before
this, the principles of lighting and wring are summarized in the following
sections.
4-2. Lighting background:

(4-2-1 )Importance of light:
Light is the prime factor in the human life as all activities of human beings
ultimately depend upon the light. Where there is no natural light, use of
artificial is made. Lighting increases production and reduce accidents.
(4-2-2) Basic Definitions:
Candela
International unit (SI) of luminous intensity; term evolved from considering a
standard candle, similar to a plumber's candle, as the basis of evaluating the
intensity of other light describe the relative intensity of a source .
Candlepower Distribution Curve

A graphic presentation of the distribution of light intensity of a lamp or
luminaire.
Illuminance (E)
The quantity of light (measured in foot-candles, Lux, etc) at a point on a
surface.
Inverse Square Law

Formula stating that illumination at a point on a surface varies directly with the
intensity of a point source, and inversely as the square of the distance
between the source and the point; it illustrates how the same quantity of light
flux is distributed over a greater area as the distance from the source to the
surface is increased.
Light Loss Factor

The product of all considered factors that contribute to a lighting system's
depreciated light output over a period of time, including dirt and lamp lumen
depreciation.
Lumen
The international unit of luminous flux or quantity of light.
Luminaire
A complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp (or lamps) together with the parts
designed to distribute the light, position and protect the lamps, and connect
them to the power supply. This is sometimes referred to as a "fixture".
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Lamp efficiency
It is the amount of output lumen per watt.
Lux (lumen/m2)
SI (international system) unit of illumination. One lumen uniformly distributed
over an area of one square meter.
Mounting Height
Distance from the bottom of the fixture to either the floor or work
plane, depending on usage.
Spacing to Mounting Height Ratio

Ratio of fixture spacing (distance apart) to mounting height above the work
plane. Sometimes it is called spacing criterion. A normal range is 1 1.5
(4-2-3) Requirements of a good lighting scheme:
A good lighting scheme should fulfill the following:

1. Provide adequate illumination.
2. Provide uniform illumination allover the working plan.
3. Provide light of suitable color.
4. Avoid glare and hard shadows.
(4-2-4): Factors affecting the illumination and wattage of a certain

lamp:
1-Utilization factor (U.F): (0.2 0.6)

It is the ratio of the lumen actually received to the total Lumens emitted by
the source, it depends on:
1- Room dimensions.
2- Color of the walls.
3- Type of lighting scheme.
2- Maintenance factor (M.F):
It is the ratio between illumination under normal working conditions to the
illumination when every thing is clean. It depends on the rate of cleaning.
M.F. = 0.8 for houses.

= 0.3 for streets.
= 0.6 0.7 for schools and shopping centers.
3- Waste factor:
The ratio between the resultant illumination due to more than one luminaire
to the summation of their illumination when they work individually. Waste
factor is less than unity due to the loss when a place is illuminated by more
than one source due to overlapping.
4- Reflection factor:
Due to the fact that light reflected by an angle of incidence when impinged
on a surface.
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5- Room index (k):
It is a factor that depends on the dimension of the room. It equals the ratio
between the product of length (L) and breadth (W) of the room to the product
of the mounting height (H) and the summation of the length and breadth of
that room.
L *W
K=
H * (L + W )
Generally K varies from 0.6 to 5.0
(4-2-5): Designing the lighting system:
To produce a new lighting system in a construction, it must be designed.

The designer must determine the desired light levels for tasks that are to be
performed in a given space, then determine the light output that will be
required to meet those objectives consistently, taking into account all the
factors that degrade both light output and light levels over time. Equipment
must then be chosen and placed in a layout to produce the desired light
distribution.
A- Types of lamps:
The lighting design process in its most basic form entails identifying a task
and then providing a light source that will provide proper quantity and quality
of light for the task. The fixture protects the light source, connects it to the
power source and distributes its light.
The light source is the actual light-producing component of the lighting

system. It may operate simply as a lamp (incandescent/halogen) or as a lamp
powered by a ballast (fluorescent and high-intensity discharge [HID]).
I-Incandescent Lamps:
Incandescent light sources are the cheapest light sources.
.
Do not require a ballast
It is based on the fact that current is passed through a filament, which
heats until it glows
Less efficacious light source
Shorter service life than other light sources in most cases
Filament is sensitive to vibrations
Bulb can get very hot during operation
Must be properly shielded because incandescent lamps can produce
direct glare as a point source
Require proper line voltage as line voltage variations can severely
affect light output and service life
An example of incandescent lamps is given in figure 4.1

Efficiency of incandescent is 14 lumen/watt.
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Fig. 4.1 Incandescent lamps
ii-Fluorescent Lamps:
These lamps rely on the gaseous discharge method.
Require a ballast
Low surface brightness compared to point sources
More efficacious compared to incandescent
Ambient temperatures and convection currents can affect light output
and life
Options for starting methods and lamp current loadings
Requires compatibility with ballast
Low temperatures can affect starting unless"cold weather" ballast is
specified.
An example of fluorescent lamps is given in figure 4.2

Efficiency of fluorescent lamps is 46 lumen/watt
Fig. 4.2 Different types of Fluorescent lamps
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iii- Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL):

It is a new and advanced lighting technology
More efficient than incandescent lamps
CFL use 70 - 75% less energy than their incandescent equivalents. When
replacing a 100 watt incandescent lamp a 28 watt CFL is used.
CFL last approximately 10,000 hours, which is 10 to 13 times the life of an
incandescent lamp (expected life approximately 750 hours).
Compact fluorescents are most cost-effective when used at least 2-3
hours per day.
Although CFL may appear different than the common incandescent, they
fit most standard fixtures found in homes today. The screw-in base is the
same on both lamps.
The typical incandescent lamp wastes 90% of the energy it uses,
producing heat rather than light.
CFL will provide the same amount of light (or lumens) at a fraction of the
electricity used.
An example of CFL lamps is given in figure 4.3
Fig. 4.3Types of CFL lamps
B- Lighting Schemes:
i- Direct Lighting
In this type of lighting the light from the source falls directly on the object or
the surface to be illuminated.
ii- Semi-direct Lighting

Only 60-90 % of the light reaches the working plan directly while the rest is
reflected to illuminate the ceiling and walls.
iii- Indirect Lighting:

In this form of lighting, light doesn't reach the surface directly from the
source but indirectly as the ceiling reflects the light. 90% of the light is directed
upwards and only 10% reaches the working plane.
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iv-Semi-Indirect Lighting
Like the pervious type except that 75% of the light is directed upwards and
25% of it reaches the working plane.
C- Requirements needed to specify right choice of

perfect luminaire:
First, the engineer must fully understand the demands of the application and
conditions in the space that will affect the operation of the lighting system:
Tasks to be performed in the space
Desired light levels based on the tasks performed in the space
Room size and dimensions
Layout of furniture and obstructions such as partitions
Special concerns such as safety and security
Room and object surface colors and reflectances
Hours of operation
Cleanliness of the area during operation availability of daylight
(4-2-6) Lighting loads calculations:
illumenace * area
Installed wattage =
U .F * M .F * efficiency
Common figures of M.F and U.F are 0.8 and 0.4 respectively
Approximate equation to calculate the required wattage for certain area and
illumination are given by:
For incandescent lamp:

Required installed wattage =0.2 x lux x area. Watt.
Rating: 25 , 40 , 50 , 60 , 80 , 100 ,120,200 Watt
Power factor = 1
For fluorescent lamp:

Required installed wattage = 0.068 x lux x area. Watt.
Rating: 20 , 40 Watt
Power factor = 0.6
N.B The recommended lux in every place is given in table 1 in the appendix of
this chapter.
The total light load on a line is given by:

0.66 (light loads on this line)
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According to the standards, a minimum of two lighting lines are to be found

in the flat. The Cu wire used for wiring of lighting circuits must be of a c.s.a not
less than 2 mm2. We will use the 2 mm2 for flats and the 3 mm2 for villas.
4-3. Socket Loads:

4.3.1 Normal sockets (N.S):
They have different ratings, which can be used such as 3 Amp., 5A,10A the
ratings of 3A,5A, can be used for bedrooms, entrance, balcony, which
requires low electrical sets as T.V, radio and small electric fans...etc. In
general we are going to use only the 5A sockets in all the rooms since this is
more practical.
4.3.2 Power sockets (P.S):
Sometimes we need some sockets to be used for special purposes like: full
automatic washing cloth machines, air conditions, water heaters, dish
washers, electric ovens and toasters. Such sockets are called power sockets
and they require higher current rating and taking into consideration the
starting period which increases the delivered current to a value higher than
normal operation.
To estimate the socket load for certain domestic units the following are to be
considered:
1- Generally there are 2-5 sockets in the room.
2- Generally there are 5-8 normal sockets on a line.
3- Referring to the IEC standard specification, the ratings of sockets are:
*M.C.B. rating for normal socket = 10 A
*M.C.B. rating for power sockets = 16 A. or 26 A.
4- Calculate the normal socket loads on a line is according to the
formula:
Socket load on a line = 100% of largest normal socket rating on the
line + (20% to 40%) of ratings of other normal sockets.
5- Each power socket has its own line.
6- Total socket load is given by the formula:
Total socket load = 100% of largest M.C.B. Rating of sockets + (20%
to 40%) of Rating of other M.C.B.
7- To make calculations more exact, we should expect the loads to be

used and their power like:
Radio cassette : 40w, 0.182 A
T.V set: 65 w, 0.3 A
Video: 30w, 0.137 A
Vacuum cleaner: 800w, a p.f of 0.85 , 4.7 A
fans :200w, a p.f of 0.85, 1.069 A
Shaving Machine: 150w, 0.7 A
Hair dryer: 600w, a p.f of 0.85, 3.2 A
Small fridge to be placed in the bedroom: 80w, a p.f of 0.85, 0.43 A
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Fridge :160w, p.f of 0.85, 0.86 A

Kitchen machine :600w, p.f of 0.85, 3.2 A
Heater:1000w, 4.6 A
Normal washing machines: 400w, p.f of 0.85, 2.14 A.
Iron: 1000w, 4.64 A.
Sound system: 800w, 3.64 A
4-4. Calculations of the riser :
The riser is cable, which passes upward in each building for transmitting the
electric power from the coffree of the building to each unit of this building, in
other words, it starts from the fuse at the bottom of the house to the highest
flat.
It is a three phase cable made usually of copper and has a number of

outputs equals to the number of floors, the output of riser is connected to the
fuses which feeds this floor.
Riser may be one cable or double cable depending on the height of the
house, the number of flats and on the load of each flat.
When choosing the riser we follow the next steps:
1- Calculating the KVA of the flat before diversification and use to

determine the suitable diversification curve.
2- We have two methods to get the diversified KVA of the flat:
a- Using the total number of flats in the building to get the
diversified KVA of the flat. Multiply this diversified KVA by the
number of flats in the building to get the total KVA of the
building. Dividing this KVA by 3 380 we get the current that
flows in the riser.
b- Using the total number of flats on each phase to get the
diversified KVA of the flat. Multiply this diversified KVA by the
number of flats on the phase to get the total KVA per phase.
Dividing this KVA by 220 we get the current that flows in the
riser.
3- Assuming that the riser must never be loaded by more than 70% of its
current ampacity, we can get the current ampacity of the riser by
dividing the current obtained in the last step by 0.7
4- By knowing the value of the current ampacity and using the tables of
cables attached in the appendix we can get the c.s.a of the riser and
also the rating of the fuse used for protection. In general 3-ph risers
that are used are of the following sizes: 10 mm2, 16mm2, 25mm2,
50mm2 and 70mm2.
5- Other services loads like water pumps, elevators (for buildings more
than 6 floors) and stairs lighting are to be considered in our
calculations.
6- A fuse is added for protection.
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4-5. General points to be considered in the design:

1- In distribution of loads among light circuits or socket circuits we should
connect the rooms that are next to each other on the same subcircuit to
avoid crossing between connections. Also it is recommended that the
circuits of the same type are equally loaded.
2- Diversity factor between the sockets on the same line depends on some
factors like the area of the flat, the larger the area the smaller the
diversity factor used.
3- In calculating the required amount of light for the shaving mirror in the
bathroom we consider the recommended lux to be half of that required
for the bathroom yet the area is the same area of the bathroom. We use
incandescent lamps for the shaving mirror.
4- Flats of area less than 90 m2 are considered as youth housing thus
single phase energy meters are used in them.
5- The distribution of flats among riser phases is done in a way to make
voltage drop on each phase exactly equal to other phases.
6- Single phase energy meters are of ratings 20A and 40A. Three phase
energy meters are 320A, 325A, 340A and 380A (a catalog of
Elsweedy Electrometer is attached in the appendix).
7- For the c.s.a of the neutral conductor, we follow the Egyptian Electric
Code (EEC) which states " If the c.s.a of the phase conductor is less
than or equal 16 mm2 then the neutral conductor is of the same c.s.a as
the phase conductor. If the phase conductor is of c.s.a less than 35 mm2
then the neutral conductor is of c.s.a equal to the one preceding the
concerned phase conductor. If the c.s.a of the phase conductor is more
than or equal 50 mm2 then the c.s.a of the neutral conductor is half of
the concerned phase conductor.
8- In general all our distribution of loads among the lines or the phases we
must care that the loads are almost balanced as much as we can to
avoid the unbalanced operation.
9- Low voltage fuses ratings are as follows:
2,4,6,8,10,16,20,25,32,35,40,50,63,80,100 and 125 according to ABB
pocket book(switchgear manual), 8th edition.
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4-6. Types of buildings:

The present calculations are carried out for residential buildings of 4 types:
a- Flat type (F)
b- Flat type (J)
c- Villa type (C)
d- Villa type (E)
It was assumed that we have 4,000 persons to be distributed in this
residential district such that an average of 5 persons live in a flat while an
average of 8 persons live in a villa. The percentages and number of flats
required is given in the following table:
Villa Required Total no. required Unit per No. of No. of Total no.
of No. of floors units of
Type Percentage persons units floor per per buildings
building building
Flat F 60 % 2400 480 3 5 15 32
Flat J 20 % 800 160 2 5 10 16
Villa C 10 % 400 50 1 1 1 50
Villa E 10 % 400 50 1 1 1 50
Remark: 1 unit =1 villa or 1 flat.
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4.6.1 Calculations for flat type (F):

A- Lighting calculations:
The following rooms are found in flat (F)
Roo Actual
Function Area lamp Req. Power
m no. lux No of lamps current
of room (m2) used wattage (w)
(A)
1 Bedroom1 3.094.01 150 F 126.39 340 W 120 0.91
2 Bedroom2 3.094.01 150 F 126.39 340 W 120 0.91
Living 660+160+160
3 5.083.00 150 I 457.20 480 2.18
room W
4 Balcony 1.920.96 50 I 18.43 1 25 W 25 0.11
5 Kitchen 2.753.00 300 F 168.30 440 W 160 1.21
Bedroom3
6 (main 4.263.38 150 I 431.96 4100 W 400 1.82
bedroom)
7 Bathroom 1.923.5 100 F 45.70 140 W 40 0.30
Shaving
50 I 67.20 240 W 80 0.36
mirror
8 Hall 4.261.5 150 I 191.70 2100 W 200 0.91
9 Balcony 5.08*1.5 50 I 76.20 1100 W 100 0.45
Remarks: F means fluorescent, while I means incandescent.
Calculations of lighting circuits loads:

Lighting loads will be divided in 2 circuits
Circuit (1): L1
This circuit containing loads of rooms 1, 2, 3 and 9
L1 = 0.66 actual currents of the rooms in the circuit)
= 0.66 (0.91+0.91+2.182+0.455)
= 2.94 Amps.
And for safety and good design; we take a safety factor of 1.6
L1 = 4.7 Amps
The M.C.B used =10 Amps
The Copper wire used is of c.s.a 2 mm2
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Circuit (2): L2
This circuit containing loads of rooms 4,5,6,7 and 8
= 0.66 (0.114+1.212+1.82+0.303+0.364+0.91)
= 3.118 Amps.
L2 = 5.0 Amps
B- Sockets calculations:
- Since the area of the flat is less than 90 m2 and the flat is of youth
housing we don't expect to have any power sockets in this flat.
- The following loads are expected in the flat:
>> Bedroom1:
This is the kids' room, we expect the use of 1 fan of 200 W.
>> Bedroom 2:
We expect the use of 1 cassette of 40 W.
>>Living room:
We expect 1 TV set of 65 W and 1 fan of 200 W
>>Balcony
Since this balcony is very small and accompanied to the main
bedroom so no need for sockets in it.
>> Kitchen
We expect the use of a fridge of 160 w and a kitchen machine of 600 w.
>>Bedroom 3 (main bedroom):

we expect the use of a fan of 200 w and a T.V of 65 w.
>> Bathroom
We expect the use of a normal washing machine of 400 w and a shaving
machine of 150 w.
>>Hall
We expect the use of any appliance not more than 3 A.
>> Balcony
This is the main balcony and we may use a cassette in it.
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The result of the required sockets is tabulated in the following table:
Room
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
No.
Room Living
Bedrrom1 Bedroom2 balcony kitchen Bedroom3 bathroom Hall balcony
Function room
No. of
1 1 2 --------- 2 2 2 1 1
N.S
Calculations of sockets circuits loads:

Sockets loads will be divided into to 2 circuits each with 6 normal
sockets
Circuit (3): NS1

This circuit contains the loads of rooms 1,2,3,8 and 9
NS1 = largest rating socket in ampere + ( the rest sockets ratings in
ampere of the rooms in the circuit)diversity factor
= 5+0.3 5 5 = 12.5 A
The M.C.B. used = 16 A

The copper wire used is of c.s.a 4 mm2
Circuit (4): NS2

This circuit contains the loads of rooms 4,5,6,7 and 8
NS2 = largest rating socket in ampere + ( the rest sockets ratings in ampere
of the rooms in the circuit) diversity factor
= 5+0.3 5 5 = 12.5 A

-
C- Calculation of the KVA of the flat:

Total Socket Load = largest rating M.C.B in amperes + ( the rest M.C.B
ratings in amperes) diversity factor.
= 16 + 0.3 16
= 20.8 Amps
Total Lighting Load = L1 + L2 = 5.0 + 4.7 = 9.7 Amps
Total Load of flat = Total Socket Load + Total Lighting Load
= 30.5 Amps.
The incoming M.C.B. used = 32 A

Energy meter is 40 A single phase meter.
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KVA for one flat = 220 30.5 10-3 = 6.5 KVA.
After using diversity curves (done for 15 units)

Diversified KVA of the flat = 2.75 KVA / flat.
D- Riser Calculations:
Flat KVA = 2.75 KVA after diversity for 15 flats.
Total number of flats in the building = 15 flats use one riser
Total riser KVA = 2.75 x 15 = 41.25 KVA
Phase KVA = 41.25/3 = 13.75 KVA
13.75 x 1000
Phase current = = 62.5 Amps
220
For safety considerations, the riser is loaded with 70%of its ampacity.
\I phase max = 62.5/0.7 = 89.3 Amps. From the tables attached:
Riser used is 3x50+ 25 mm2 Cu & the resistance per phase is

0.836x10-3 V/m.
Let auxiliary loads be:
1.5x 746
a- Water Pump = 1.5 HP, 0.85 p.f. KVA of the pump = = 1.32
0.85
KVA.
b- Stairs lighting: if each floor uses one incandescent lamp of 100 W,

p.f= 1, KVA of stairs lighting = 5 x 100 x 10-3= 0.5 KVA.
Total KVA of the building = 41.25 + 1.32 + 0.5 = 43.1 KVA
For protection we use a three phase fuse 80A.
Building box is of rating 43.1 KVA.
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4.6.2 Calculations for flat type (J):

The following rooms are found in flat (J)
Room Actual
Function lamp Req. Power
no. Area (m2) lux No of lamps current
of room used wattage (w)
(A)
1 Kitchen 3.483.63 300 F 257.70 340 +340 W 240 1.82
2 Bathroom 2.731.9 100 F 35.27 140 W 40 0.30
Shaving
50 I 51.87 225 W 50 0.23
mirror
Bedroom1
3 (main 3.53.63 150 I 381.15 4100 W 400 1.82
bedroom)
Bedroom2
4 (kids' 3.353.62 150 F 123.70 340 W 120 0.91
bedroom)
5 Balcony 3.35*.88 50 I 62.98 160 W 60 0.27
6 Living room 3.35*.87 150 I 388.94 225 +660 W 410 1.86
7 Hall1 1.23.93 130 I 122.62 1100 W 100 0.45
Dining 660 +160

8 4.83.5 150 I 504.00 480 2.18
room +160W

Circuit (1): L1
= 0.66 (1.82+0.303+0.455+2.182+0.227)
= 3.29 Amps.
L1 = 5 Amps
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Circuit ( 2 ): L2
= 0.66 (1.82+0.91+0.27+1.86)
= 3.21 Amps.
L2 = 4.88 Amps
- Since the area of the flat is less than 90 m2 and the flat is of youth
housing we don't expect to have any power sockets in this flat.
- The following loads are expected in the flat:
>> Kitchen:
We expect the use of a fridge of 160 w and a kitchen machine of 600 w.
>> Bathroom
We expect the use of a normal washing machine of 400 w.
>>Bedroom 1 (main bedroom):

We expect the use of a fan of 200 w and a T.V of 65 w.
>> Bedroom 2:
This is the kids' room. We expect the use of a fan of 200w.
>>Balcony (of the kids' room)

We expect the use of any appliance of rating not more than 3 A.
>>Living room:
We expect 1 TV set of 65 W and 1 fan of 200 W
>>Hall
We expect the use of any appliance like a vacuum cleaner of 800w.
>> Dinning room.

We expect the use of a cassette of 40w and a fan of 200w.
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Room
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
No.
Room Bedroom Bedroom Living Dinning
Kitchen Bathroom Balcony Hall
Function 1 2 room room
No. of
2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2
N.S
Calculations of sockets circuits loads:

Sockets loads will be divided into to 2 circuits each with 6 normal
sockets
Circuit (3): NS1

This circuit contains the loads of rooms 1, 2, 7 and 8.
of the rooms in the circuit)diversity factor
= 5+0.3 5 5 = 12.5 A

Circuit (4): NS2

This circuit contains the loads of rooms 3, 4, 5 and 6
= 5+0.3 5 5 = 12.5 A

-
C- Calculation of the KVA of the flat:
= 16 + 0.3 16
= 20.8 Amps
Total Lighting Load = L1 + L2 = 5.0 + 4.88 = 9.88 Amps
Total Load of flat = Total Socket Load + Total Lighting Load
= 30.68 Amps.
The incoming M.C.B. used = 32 A

Energy meter is 40 A single phase meter.
57
KVA for one flat = 220 30.68 10-3 = 6.75 KVA.
After using diversity curves (done for 10 units)

Diversified KVA of the flat = 3.02 KVA / flat.
D- Riser Calculations:
Flat KVA = 3.02 KVA after diversity for 10 flats.
Total number of flats in the building = 10 flats use one riser
Total riser KVA = 3.02 x 10 = 30.2 KVA
Phase KVA = 30.2/3 = 10.06 KVA
10.06 x 1000
220
Riser used is 3x35+ 25 mm2 Cu & the resistance per phase is

1.097x10-3 V/m.
Let the auxiliary loads be:
1.5x 746
a- Water Pump = 1.5 HP, 0.85 p.f. KVA of the pump = = 1.32
0.85
KVA.
b- Stairs lighting: if each floor uses one incandescent lamp of 100 W,

p.f= 1, KVA of stairs lighting = 5 x 100 x 10-3= 0.5 KVA.
Total KVA of the building = 30.2 + 1.32 + 0.5 = 32.02 KVA.
And since phases R and S have only 3 flats on each while phase T has 4
flats, thus to cause relative balance between phases then we feed the
auxiliary loads from either phase R or S.
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4.6.3 Calculations for villa type (C):

I- 1st floor:
The following rooms are found in the first floor of villa (C)
Room Actual
(A)
340 + 340
1 Kitchen 42.8 300 F 228.48 240 1.82
W
2 Bathroom 1.82.8 100 F 34.27 140 W 40 0.30
Shaving
50 I 50.40 240 W 80 0.36
mirror
860 W
3 Living room 4.54 150 I 540.00 600 2.73
+21*60 W
Dinning 660 W +
4 3.54 150 I 420.00 480 2.18
room 2160 W
660 W +
5 Salon 3.54 150 I 420.00 480 2.18
2160 W
6 Balcony 3.51.5 50 I 52.50 160 W 60 0.27
7 Balcony 4.51.5 50 I 67.50 160 W 60 0.27
8 Balcony 0.82.8 50 I 22.40 125 W 25 0.11
9 Hall1 7.751.5 100 I 232.50 21100 W 200 0.91
10 Stairs 50 I 50.00 160 W 60 0.27
11 Entrance 1.52.8 100 I 84.00 1100 W 100 0.45

L1
This circuit containing loads of areas 1, 2, 8, 10 and 11
= 0.66 (1.82+0.3+0.36+0.11+0.27+0.45)
= 2.1846 Amps.
L1 = 3.5 Amps
59
L2
This circuit containing loads of areas 3, 7 and 9

= 0.66 (2.73+0.27+0.91)
= 2.581 Amps.
L2 = 4.1296 Amps
L3
= 0.66 (2.18+2.18+0.27)
= 3.06 Amps.
L3 = 4.9 Amps
- Normal Socket Lines:
The following loads are expected in each area.
>> Kitchen:
We expect the use of a fridge of 160 w, a kitchen machine of 600 w and
deep freezer of 160 w.
>> Bathroom
We expect the use of a hair dryer of 600w or a shaving machine of 150w.
>>Living room:
We expect a TV set of 65 W, a video of 30w and a cassette of 40w.
>> Dinning room.

>>Salon:
We expect the use of a T.V of 65w and a sound system of 800w
>>Balconies of the salon, the living room and the bathroom:

We expect the use of any appliance of rating not more than 3 A.
60
>>Hall 1:
Since the hall is long we use at least two normal sockets one at each end.
Room No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Room Living Dinning
Kitchen Bathroom Salon Balcony Balcony Balcony Hall1
Function room room
No. of N.S 3 1 3 2 2 1 1 1 2
Calculations of normal sockets circuits

loads:
Normal sockets loads will be divided into to 3 circuits
NS1
This circuit contains the loads of rooms 1, 2 and 8.
= 5+0.2 4 5 = 9 A

NS2
= 5+0.2 5 5 = 10 A

NS3
This circuit contains the loads of rooms 4, 5 and 6..
= 5+0.2 4 5 = 9 A

61
- Power Socket Lines:

1. PS1 For water heater in the kitchen:

Let the water heater be 2000w thus the rated current will be 9.12A thus we
use a power socket 16A and the MCB will be 16A with a copper wire of c.s.a
4 mm2.
2. PS2 For dish washer in the kitchen:

Let the dish washer be 1500w with a power factor of 0.85 thus the rated
current will be 8.5A and a starting current of 250% of the rated current thus
we use a power socket 26A and the MCB will be 25A with a copper wire of
c.s.a 6 mm2.
3. PS3 For A.C in the living room:

Let the A.C be 2.25HP with a power factor of 0.85 thus the rated current will
be 9.5A and a starting current of 250% of the rated current thus we use a
Load break switch (L.B.S) 26A and the MCB will be 25A with a copper wire
of c.s.a 6 mm2.
4. PS4 For A.C in the salon:

of c.s.a 6 mm2.
C- Distribution of the circuits among the phases:
Phase Light Socket

Lines Lines
NS1 (10A)
R L1 (3.5A) PS1 (16A)
PS2 (25A)
NS2 (16A)
S L2 (4.13A)
PS3 (25A)
NS3 (10A)
T L3 (4.9A)
PS4 (25A)
62
Calculations of phases current:

For phase R:
= PS2+0.2 (NS1+PS1)
= 30.2 Amps
Total Lighting Load = L1 = 3.5 Amps
Total Load of phase R for the 1st floor = Total Socket Load + Total Lighting
Load
= 33.7 Amps.
For phase S:
= PS3+0.2 NS2
= 28.2 Amps
Total Load of phase S for the 1st floor = Total Socket Load + Total Lighting
Load
= 32.33 Amps
For phase T:
= PS4+0.2 NS3
= 27.0 Amps
Total Load of phase T for the 1st floor = Total Socket Load + Total Lighting
Load
= 31.9 Amps
The incoming M.C.B.of the 1st floor panel board is 40 A (3 p)

63
II- 2nd floor:

The following rooms are found in the 2nd floor of villa (C)
Room Actual
(A)
12 Kitchenette 42.8 200 F 152.32 340 W 120 0.91
13 Bathroom 1.82.8 100 F 34.27 140 W 40 0.30
Shaving
50 I 50.40 240 W 80 0.36
mirror
Bedroom1
4100 W+
14 (main 4.54 150 I 540.00 520 2.36
2160 W
bedroom)
15 Bedroom2 3.54 150 I 420.00 4100 W 400 1.82
16 Bedroom 3 3.54 150 F 142.80 440 W 160 1.21
17 Balcony 3.51.5 50 I 52.50 160 W 60 0.27
18 Balcony 4.51.5 50 I 67.50 160 W 60 0.27
19 Balcony 0.82.8 50 I 22.40 125 W 25 0.11
20 Hall2 7.751.5 100 I 232.50 21100 W 200 0.91

L4
This circuit containing loads of areas 12, 13, 19 and 20.
= 0.66 (0.91+0.3+0.36+0.11+0.91)
= 1.71 Amps.
L4 = 2.74 Amps
64
L5
This circuit containing loads of areas 14 and 18.
= 0.66 (2.36+0.27)
= 1.73 Amps.
L5 = 2.78 Amps
L6
This circuit containing loads of areas 15, 16 and 17.
= 0.66 (1.82+1.21+0.27)
= 2.2 Amps.
L6 = 3.48 Amps
>> Kitchenette:
We expect the use of a small fridge of 80 w and a toaster of 800w
>> Bathroom
We expect the use of a hair dryer of 600w or a shaving machine of 150w
and an air blower of 200w
>>Bedroom1 (main bedroom):

We expect a TV set of 65 W, a cassette of 40w, and a lighting spot of
100W.
>> Bedroom2:
We expect the use of a cassette of 40w and an iron of 1000w.
>>Bedroom3:
We expect the use of a T.V of 65w and a fan of 800w
>>Balcony of bedroom3
We expect the use of a cassette of 40w
>>Balcony of bedroom1
We expect the use of any appliance of not more than 3A
65
>>Balcony next to the bathroom:

We expect the use of any appliance of not more than 3A
>>Hall 2:
Like we did in hall1, we use at least two normal sockets one at each end.
Room No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Room Kitchen Bedro Bedroo Bedro
Bathroom Balcony Balcony Balcony Hall2
Function ette om1 m2 om3
No. of N.S 2 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 2

loads:
Normal sockets loads will be divided into to 3 circuits
NS4
= 5+0.2 4 5 = 9 A

NS5
= 5+0.2 5 5 = 10 A

66
NS6
= 5+0.2 4 5 = 9 A

1. PS5 for washing machine on the bathroom:

Let the washing machine be 1500w with a power factor of 0.85 thus the
rated current is 8.5 A and the starting current is 250% of the rated current
thus we use a power socket of 26 A and the M.C.B is 25A with a copper wire
of c.s.a 6 mm2
2. PS6 for an A.C in bedroom1:
Let the A.C be 2.25 HP with a power factor of 0.85 thus the rated current will
of c.s.a 6 mm2.
3. PS7 For an A.C in bedroom2:
of c.s.a 6 mm2.
Phase Light Socket

Lines Lines
NS4(10A)
R L4 (2.74A)
PS5(25A)
NS6(10A)
S L5(2.78 A)
PS6(25A)
NS5(16A)
T L6(3.48A)
PS7(25A)
67
Remark: in the 1st floor, load of phase R> load of phase S> load of phase T;
thus in the 2nd floor we care that the opposite happens to cause a balance on
the phase as a whole.
For phase R:
= PS5+0.2 NS4
= 27 Amps
Total Load of phase R for the 2nd floor = Total Socket Load + Total Lighting
Load
= 29.74 Amps.
For phase S:
= PS6+0.2 NS6
= 27 Amps
Total Load of phase S for the 2nd floor = Total Socket Load + Total Lighting
Load
= 29.78 Amps
For phase T:
= PS7+0.2 NS5
= 28. Amps
Total Load of phase T for the 2nd floor = Total Socket Load + Total Lighting
Load
= 31.9 Amps
The incoming M.C.B. of the 2nd floor panel board 40A (3p)
The copper wire used is 416 mm2
D- Calculation of the KVA of the villa:

For the 1st floor; KVA of this floor is calculated as follows:
KVAbottom = 220 (33.7+32.33+31.9) 10-3
= 21.54 KVA.
For the 2nd floor; KVA of this floor is calculated as follows:
68
KVAupper = 220 (29.74+29.78+31.68) 10-3

= 20.06 KVA.
Thus the KVA of the two floors after making the appropriate diversification
between the loads of the two floors is 41 KVA.
Let the garden lighting be 1.5 KVA. It will be connected to the phase S since it
is the least loaded phase.
Total KVA of the building = 41 + 1.5 = 42.5 KVA.
E- Riser Calculations:
Villa KVA without the garden lighting is 41 KVA.
Total riser KVA = 41 KVA
Phase KVA = 41/3 = 13.67 KVA
13.67 x 1000
220
the riser used is 3x50 + 25 mm2 Cu & the resistance per phase
is 0.836x10-3 V/m.
We use a three phase energy meter 3 80 A.
69
4.6.4 Calculations for villa type (E):

The following rooms are found in villa (E)
Room Actual
Function Area lamp Req. Power
no. lux No of lamps current
Of room (m2) used wattage (w)
(A)
Bedroom1
1 (main 55 120 I 600 4100+21100 600 2.73
bedroom)
2 Bedroom2 55 150 F 255 340 W+340 W 240 1.82
3 Salon 55 150 I 750 1060 W+2160 W 720 3.27
Dinning
4 55 150 I 750 1060 W+2160 W 720 3.27
room
5 Hall1 66.5 100 I 780 1060 W+4160 W 840 3.82
6 Kitchen 45 300 F 359.04 440+440 W 320 2.42

7 Bathroom 23 100 F 40.8 140 W 40 0.30
Shaving
50 I 60 225 W 50 0.23
mirror
8 Hall2 22 100 I 80 1100 W 100 0.45
9 W.C. 21.2 100 F 16.32 125 W 25 0.19
10 Hall3 51.5 100 I 150 160+160 W 120 0.55
11 Hall4 51.5 100 I 150 160+160 W 120 0.55

L1
= 0.66 (2.73+3.27+0.55)
= 4.323 Amps.
L1 = 5.1876 Amps
70
L2
This circuit containing loads of areas 2, 5, 7 and 8
= 0.66 (1.82+3.82+0.303+0.23+0.45)
= 4.37 Amps.
L2 = 5.244 Amps
L3
This circuit containing loads of areas 4, 6, 9 and 10
= 0.66 (3.27+2.42+0.189+0.55)
= 3.06 Amps.
L3 = 5.088 Amps
>>Bedroom1 (main bedroom):

We expect a TV set of 65 W, a small fridge of 80w, and a cassette of 40w.
>> Bedroom2:
We expect the use of a cassette of 40w and an iron of 1000w.
>>Salon:
We expect the use of a T.V of 65w, a video of 30w and a sound system of
800w.
>> Dinning room.

>>Hall 1:
Since the area is big (6.5 6m2) thus we must spread at least two or three
sockets in this area so that the user can use the required appliance
71
wherever he wishes in the hall. We expect the use of a cassette of 40w, a

vacuum cleaner of 800w and any other appliance not exceeding 3A.
>> Kitchen:
We expect the use of a fridge of 160 w, a kitchen machine of 600 w and
deep freezer of 160 w.
>> Bathroom
>>Hall 2:
We expect the use of any appliance of 3A.
>> W.C
>> Hall3:
>> Hall4
Room
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
No.
Bedroom bedroom Dinning Hall Hall Hall Hall
Room salon kitchen bathroom W.C
1 2 room 1 2 3 4
No. of
3 2 3 2 3 3 1 1 1 1 1
N.S

loads:
Normal sockets loads will be divided into to 3 circuits with 7 sockets on
each circuit.
NS1
This circuit contains the loads of rooms 1, 3 and 11
= 5+0.2 6 5 = 11 A

72
NS2
This circuit contains the loads of rooms 2, 5, 7 and 8 .
= 5+0.2 6 5 = 11 A

NS3
This circuit contains the loads of rooms 4, 6, 9 and 10.
= 5+0.2 6 5 = 11 A


4-1. PS1 For A.C in bedroom1:

of c.s.a 6 mm2.
4-2. PS2 For A.C in bedroom2:

of c.s.a 6 mm2.
4-3. PS3 For A.C in the salon:

of c.s.a 6 mm2.
4-4. PS4 For water heater in the kitchen:

Let the water heater be 1500w thus the rated current will be 6.82A thus we
use a power socket 10A and the MCB will be 10A with a copper wire of c.s.a
4 mm2.
73
4-5. PS5 for washing machine on the bathroom:

Let the washing machine be 1500w with a power factor of 0.85 thus the
rated current is 8.5 A and the starting current is 250% of the rated current
thus we use a power socket of 26 A and the M.C.B is 25A with a copper wire
of c.s.a 6 mm2
Phase Light Lines Socket

Lines
NS1 (16A)
R L1 (5.1876A)
PS1 (25A)
NS2 (16A)
S L2 (5.244A)
PS2 (25A)
NS3 (16A)
T L3 (5.088A) PS5(25A)
PS4 (10A)

For phase R:
= PS1+0.2 NS1
= 28.2 Amps
Total Load of phase R for the 1st floor = Total Socket Load + Total Lighting
Load
= 33.3876 Amps.
For phase S:
= PS2+0.2 NS2
= 28.2 Amps
Total Load of phase S for the 1st floor = Total Socket Load + Total Lighting
Load
74
= 33.44 Amps
For phase T:
= PS5+0.2 (NS3 + PS4)
= 30.2 Amps
Total Load of phase T for the 1st floor = Total Socket Load + Total Lighting
Load
= 35.288 Amps
The incoming M.C.B. 40A (3p)

The copper wire used is 416 mm2
D- Calculation of the KVA of the villa:

KVAvilla = 220 (33.3876 + 33.44 + 35.288) 10-3
= 22.5 KVA.
Let the garden lighting be 1.5 KVA. It will be connected to the phase R since it
is the least loaded phase.
Total KVA of the building = 22.5 + 1.5 = 24 KVA.
E- Riser Calculations:
Villa KVA without the garden lighting is 22.5 KVA.
Total riser KVA = 22.5 KVA
Phase KVA = 22.5/3 = 7.5 KVA
7.5 x 1000
220
\I phase max = 34.1/0.7 =48.7 Amps. From the tables attached:
The riser used is 3x25 + 16 mm2 Cu
We use a three phase energy meter 3 40A.
Building box is of rating 24 KVA.
75
4-7. Summary of results
The load and the number of each building type are summarized in the
following table:
Load of the building No. of buildings

Building type
(KVA) required
Flat type (F) 43.1 32
Flat type (J) 32.02 16
Villa type (C) 42.5 50
Villa type (E) 24 50
76

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Chapter -4- Building Wiring Calculations

Building Wiring Calculations

Aluminum is softer than copper and weaker, and a poorer electrical

The distribution transformers are located in the appropriate sites and

Detailed calculations and planning of the 380V low voltage distribution

4-2. Lighting background:

(4-2-2) Basic Definitions:

Candlepower Distribution Curve

Inverse Square Law

Light Loss Factor

Spacing to Mounting Height Ratio

(4-2-3) Requirements of a good lighting scheme:

A good lighting scheme should fulfill the following:

(4-2-4): Factors affecting the illumination and wattage of a certain

1-Utilization factor (U.F): (0.2 0.6)

M.F. = 0.8 for houses.

5- Room index (k):

(4-2-5): Designing the lighting system:

To produce a new lighting system in a construction, it must be designed.

The light source is the actual light-producing component of the lighting

An example of incandescent lamps is given in figure 4.1

Fig. 4.1 Incandescent lamps

An example of fluorescent lamps is given in figure 4.2

Fig. 4.2 Different types of Fluorescent lamps

iii- Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL):

An example of CFL lamps is given in figure 4.3

Fig. 4.3Types of CFL lamps

ii- Semi-direct Lighting

iii- Indirect Lighting:

C- Requirements needed to specify right choice of

(4-2-6) Lighting loads calculations:

For incandescent lamp:

For fluorescent lamp:

The total light load on a line is given by:

According to the standards, a minimum of two lighting lines are to be found

4-3. Socket Loads:

4.3.2 Power sockets (P.S):

7- To make calculations more exact, we should expect the loads to be

Fridge :160w, p.f of 0.85, 0.86 A

4-4. Calculations of the riser :

It is a three phase cable made usually of copper and has a number of

When choosing the riser we follow the next steps:

1- Calculating the KVA of the flat before diversification and use to

4-5. General points to be considered in the design:

4-6. Types of buildings:

a- Flat type (F)

b- Flat type (J)

c- Villa type (C)

d- Villa type (E)

It was assumed that we have 4,000 persons to be distributed in this

residential district such that an average of 5 persons live in a flat while an

average of 8 persons live in a villa. The percentages and number of flats

required is given in the following table:

of No. of floors units of

Type Percentage persons units floor per per buildings

Flat F 60 % 2400 480 3 5 15 32

Flat J 20 % 800 160 2 5 10 16

Remark: 1 unit =1 villa or 1 flat.

4.6.1 Calculations for flat type (F):

1 Bedroom1 3.094.01 150 F 126.39 340 W 120 0.91

2 Bedroom2 3.094.01 150 F 126.39 340 W 120 0.91

4 Balcony 1.920.96 50 I 18.43 1 25 W 25 0.11

5 Kitchen 2.753.00 300 F 168.30 440 W 160 1.21