Atoms and Atomic Theory

Tuesday, March 21, 2017

11:00 PM

Law of Conservation of Mass

The total mass of substances present after a chemical reaction is the same
as the total mass of substances before the reaction
Law of Constant Composition
All samples of a compound have the same composition the same
proportions by mass of the constituent elements.
Dalton's Atomic Theory
1. Each chemical element is composed of minute, indivisible particles called
atoms. Atoms can be neither created nor destroyed during a chemical change.
2. All atoms of an element are alike in mass (weight) and other properties, but
the atoms of one element are different from those of all other elements.
3. In each of their compounds, different elements combine in a simple
numerical ratio, for example, one atom of A to one of B (AB), or one atom of A
to two of B.
Law of Multiple Proportions (Derived from Dalton's Atomic Theory)
If two elements form more than a single compound, the masses of one
element combined with a fixed mass of the second are in the ratio of small
whole numbers.
Discovery of Electrons
Cathode rays - type of radiation emitted by the negative terminal cathode.
Alternatively, the positive terminal is called anode.
Cathode rays became known as electrons later on.
Alpha particles carry two fundamental units of positive charge
Beta particles are negatively charged particles produced by changes
occurring within the nuclei of radioactive atoms.
Protons and Neutrons

Atomic number - or the proton number

Atomic mass unit - defined as 1/12 of the mass of the atom known as carbon
- 12
Isotopes
Represent the composition of any particular atom
Atoms that have the same atomic number (Z) but different mass numbers (A)
are called isotopes.
Ions
 When atoms lose or gain electrons, for example, in the course of a chemical
reaction, the species formed are called ions and carry net charges.
Removing electrons results in a positively charged ion
Atomic Mass
The atomic mass (weight)* of an element is the average of the isotopic
masses, weighted according to the naturally occurring abundances of the
isotopes of the element.
Periodic Table
Vertical - Group (families)
Horizontal - Period
Main group elements - 1, 2, 13 to 18; when main group metal atoms in
groups 1 and 2 form ions, tey lose the same number as the IUPAC group
number
When nonmetals form ions, they gain electrons. The number of electrons
gained is normally 18 minus the IUPAC group number.
Elements in groups 3 to 12 are the transition elements (metals)
Mole and Avogadro Constant
The number of elementary entities in a mole is the Avogadro constant

The Avogadro constant was purposely chosen so that the mass of one mole of
carbon-12 atoms exactly 12 g would have the same numeric value as the
mass of a single carbon-12 atom exactly 12 u