MAKALAH BAHASA INGGRIS

MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS
DOSEN PEMBIMBING :
I in Noviana, M.Pd

DISUSUN OLEH KELOMPOK 3:

1. Dia Fitriana (151001009)
2. Ferdy Yuswan (151001015)
3. Irma Maulinda D (151001021)
4. Mahda Fanindha Wardhana (151001022)
5. Mita Febryantrisna (151001024)
6. Nelam Anggraini (151001029)
7. Novita Anggun Permatasari (151001032)
8. Puji Rahayu Ningsih (151001036)
9. Rizki Putri Isnain (151001038)
10. Usha Meilasari (151001042)
11. Vina Ismawati (151001044)

PROGRAM STUDI S1 KEPERAWATAN

SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN
PEMKAB JOMBANG
2017 2018
 FOREWORD

Praise and gratitude we pray for the presence of Almighty God, because thanks to
the abundance of His Mercy and Grace so that we can arrange this paper smoothly and on
time. This paper was prepared to fulfill the task " Medical Equipments".
This paper has been made based on various sources and some help from various
parties to help resolve this paper. Therefore, we would like to thank all those who have helped
in the preparation of this paper.
We realize that there are still many fundamental flaws in this paper. Therefore, we
expect readers to give suggestions and criticisms to build. Criticisms and suggestions readers
so we expect to further refinement of paper.
Final words I hope this paper can provide benefits for all.

Jombang, 10 April 2017

Composer

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER
TABLE OF CONTENTS.........................................................................................ii
FOREWORD..........................................................................................................iii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background...........................................................................................1
1.2 Problem Identification...........................................................................1
1.3 Purpose..................................................................................................1
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION
2.1 Accident and Emergency.......................................................................2
2.2 Radiological Ward.................................................................................7
2.3 ICU........................................................................................................9
2.4 Pediatric Ward.....................................................................................12
2.5 Geriatric Ward.....................................................................................15
CHAPTER III CLOSING
3.1 Conclution...........................................................................................18
3.2 Advice.................................................................................................18
REFERENCE

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Medical equipment includes items, instruments, or other appliance that includes each of
the components, parts or equipment that is manufactured, sold or intended for use in the
maintenance and care, diagnosis, recovery, repair, healing, etc. (Hartono, 1985)

Medical equipment is one of the important supporting factor in the implementation

health services to the community, in hospitals and other medical facilities. Technological
developments, especially with medical equipment and more varied types of medical
equipment that it is necessary to conduct testing and calibration of medical equipment.

The hospital is a unique workplace and complex, not only provide health care for the
community, but also a place of education and medical research. The wider the health and
function of the more complex hospital equipment and facilities.

Complexity that include all of such cases, the hospital has a potential which a very great
danger, not only for the patient and medical personnel, this risk also endanger the hospital
visitor.

Therefore, infrastructure very need to be in a hospital as well as medical workers who

are in a hospital environment need more skills and knowledge, to the satisfaction of the
patients and the visitors.

1.2 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

1. What medical devices are used in Accident and Emergency, Radiological Ward,
ICU, Pediatric Ward, and Geriatric Ward ?
2. What is the function of medical devices used in Accident and Emergency,
Radiological Ward, ICU and Pediatric Ward ?
1.3 PURPOSE
1. To determine the medical devices used in Accident and Emergency, Radiological
Ward, ICU, Pediatric Ward and Geriatric Ward.
2. To determine the function of these tools.
3. To complete the tasks assigned by the lecturer in English.

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1 Accident and Eymergency Equipment

1. Oxygen Mask
An oxygen mask provides a method to transfer breathing oxygen gas from a storage
tank to the lungs. oxygen mask may cover the nose and mouth (oral nasal mask) or the
entire face (full-face mask). they may be made of plastic, silicone or rubber.

2. ECG
An electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) is a test that checks for problems with the
electrical activity of your heart. An EKG shows the heart's electrical activity as line
tracings on paper. The spikes and dips in the tracings camera.gif are called waves.

3. Cervical collar
A cervical collar, also known as a neck brace, is a medical device used to support a
person's neck. It is also used by emergency personnel for those who have had
traumatic head or neck injuries, and can be used to treat chronic medical conditions.
Whenever people have a traumatic head or neck injury, they may have a cervical
fracture. This makes them at high risk for spinal cord injury, which could be
exacerbated by movement of the person and could lead to paralysis or death.
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4. Defibrilator
Defibrillation is a procedure usd to treat life threatening conditions that affect the
rhythm of the heart such as cardiac arrhythmia, ventricular fifibrillation and pulseless
ventricular tachycardia.

5. Medical sonography (ultrasonography)

Medical sonography (ultrasonography) is an ultrasound-based diagnostic medical
imaging technique used to visualize muscles, tendons, and many internal organs, to
capture their size, structure and any pathological lesions with real time tomographic
images. Ultrasound has been used by radiologists and sonographers to image the
human body for at least 50 years and has become a widely used diagnostic tool. The
technology is relatively inexpensive and portable, especially when compared with
other techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed
tomography (CT). Ultrasound is also used to visualize fetuses during routine and
emergencyprenatal care. Such diagnostic applications used during pregnancy are
referred to as obstetric sonography. As currently applied in the medical field, properly
performed ultrasound poses no known risks to the patient. Sonography does not
use ionizing radiation, and the power levels used for imaging are too low to cause
adverse heating or pressure effects in tissu. Although the long-term effects due to
ultrasound exposure at diagnostic intensity are still unknown, currently most doctors
feel that the benefits to patients outweigh the risks.

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6. Nebulizer to produce aerosols of drugs to be administered by respiratory route

7. Airtraq
Airtraq is turned on at least 30 seconds before use to allow the anti-fogging device and
lightsource to reach optimal operation temperature. Unlike in direct laryngoscopy,
where the laryngoscope blade is inserted into the mouth laterally, the Airtraq is
inserted into the mouth in the mid line and passed over the center of the tongue.

8. AutoPulse
The AutoPulse is an automated, portable, battery-powered cardiopulmonary
resuscitation device created by Revivant and subsequently purchased and currently
manufactured by ZOLL Medical Corporation. It is a chest compression device
composed of a constricting band and half backboard that is intended to be used as an
adjunct to CPR during advanced cardiac life support by professional health care
providers. The AutoPulse uses a distributing band to deliver the chest compressions. In
literature it is also known as LDB-CPR (Load Distributing Band-CPR).

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9. Suction
Suction device to suck up blood or secretions.

10. Cardiology Stethoscope

Cardiology Stethoscope just like other stetoskop in different design Premium grade
stainless steel, usually 22k/single head , dual head

11. Kendrick Extrication Device

The Kendrick Extrication Device (K.E.D.) is a device that is used in vehicle
extrication to remove victims of traffic collisions from motor vehicles. Commonly
carried on ambulances, the K.E.D. is typically applied by an emergency medical
technician, paramedic, or another first responder. Typically used in conjunction with a
cervical collar, the K.E.D. is a semi-rigid brace that secures the head, neck and torso in
an anatomically neutral position. This position reduces the possibility of additional
injuries to these regions during extrication. The original K.E.D.

12. A spinal board

A spinal board, is a patient handling device used primarily in pre-hospital trauma care.
It is designed to provide rigid support during movement of a person with suspected
spinal or limb injuries. They are most commonly used by ambulance staff, as well as
lifeguards and ski patrollers. Historically, backboards were also used in an attempt to
"improve the posture" of young people, especially girls.

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13. Non-Pneumatic Anti-Shock Garment (NASG
The non-pneumatic anti-shock garment (NASG) is a low-technology first-aid device
used to treat hypovolemic shock. Its efficacy for reducing maternal deaths due to
obstetrical hemorrhage is being researched. Obstetrical hemorrhage is heavy bleeding
of a woman during or shortly after a pregnancy.

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2.2 Radiologycal Equipment

1. Mri (magnetic resonance imaging)

Mri (magnetic resonance imaging) Is a common procedure used by hositals around the
world. Mri uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of
the organs and tissues within the body.

2. Ultrasonography
Ultrasonography is radiologic technique in which deep stuctures of the body are
visualized by recording the reflections (echoes) of ultrasonic waves directed into the
tissues. a nursing intervention defined as performance of ultrasound exams to
determine ovarian , uterine or fetal status.

3. X-Ray
An X-Ray is a common imaging test that has been used for decades to help doctor
view the inside of the body without having to make an incision.

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4. Echocardiography machine An echocardiogram, often referred to as a cardiac echo or
simply an echo, is a sonogram of the heart. (It is not abbreviated as ECG, because that
is an abbreviation for an electrocardiogram.) Echocardiography uses standard two-
dimensional, three-dimensional, and Doppler ultrasound to create images of the heart.

Echocardiography can help detect cardiomyopathies, such as hypertrophic

cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, and many others. The use of stress
echocardiography may also help determine whether any chest pain or associated
symptoms are related to heart disease. The biggest advantage to echocardiography is
that it is not invasive (does not involve breaking the skin or entering body cavities)
and has no known risks or side effects.

5. PET is both a medical and research tool. It is used heavily in clinical oncology
(medical imaging of tumors and the search for metastases), and for clinical diagnosis
of certain diffuse brain diseases such as those causing various types of dementias. PET
is also an important research tool to map normal human brain and heart function, and
support drug development.

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2.3 ICU Equipment

1. Thermometer
A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or a temperature gradient. A
thermometer has two important elements:
1. a temperature sensor (e.g. the bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer) in
which some physical change occurs with temperature, and
2. some means of converting this physical change into a numerical value
(e.g. the visible scale that is marked on a mercury-in-glass thermometer).
Thermometers are widely used in industry to control and regulate processes, in the
study of weather, in medicine, and in scientific research.

2. Stethoscope
The stethoscope is an acoustic medical device for auscultation, or listening to the
internal sounds of an animal or human body. It typically has a small disc-shaped
resonator that is placed against the chest, and two tubes connected to earpieces. It is
often used to listen to lung and heart sounds. It is also used to listen to intestines and
blood flow in arteries and veins. In combination with a sphygmomanometer, it is
commonly used for measurements of blood pressure. Less commonly, "mechanic's
stethoscopes" are used to listen to internal sounds made by machines, such as
diagnosing a malfunctioning automobile engine by listening to the sounds of its
internal parts. Stethoscopes can also be used to check scientific vacuum chambers for
leaks, and for various other small-scale acoustic monitoring tasks. A stethoscope that
intensifies auscultatory sounds is called phonendoscope

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3. Tensimeter/ sphygmomanometer
a sphygmomanometer, blood pressure meter, blood pressure monitor, or blood
pressure gauge is a device used to measure blood pressure, composed of an inflatable
cuff to collapse and then release the artery under the cuff in a controlled manner, and a
mercury or mechanical manometer to measure the pressure. It is always used in
conjunction with a means to determine at what pressure blood flow is just starting, and
at what pressure it is unimpeded. Manual sphygmomanometers are used in conjunction
with a stethoscope.

4. Resutitation Kit
Resuscitation kits provide a comprehensive range of all the equipment you might need
when carrying out emergency aspiration and resuscitation.

5. Ventilator
A ventilator (VEN-til-a-tor) is a machine that supports breathing. These machines
mainly are used in hospitals. Ventilators: Get oxygen into the lungs,Remove carbon
dioxide from the body. (Carbon dioxide is a waste gas that can be toxic.), Help people
breathe easier, Breathe for people who have lost all ability to breathe on their own.

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6. DC shock
Defibrillation is often an important step in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).CPR
is an algorithm-based intervention aimed to restore cardiac and pulmonary function.
Defibrillation is indicated only in certain types of cardiac dysrhythmias, specifically
ventricular fibrillation (VF) and pulseless ventricular tachycardia. If the heart has
completely stopped, as in asystole or pulseless electrical activity (PEA), defibrillation
is not indicated. Defibrillation is also not indicated if the patient is conscious or has a
pulse. Improperly given electrical shocks can cause dangerous dysrhythmias, such as
ventricular fibrillation.

7. Infussion pump
An infusion pump infuses fluids, medication or nutrients into a patient's circulatory
system. It is generally used intravenously, although subcutaneous, arterial and epidural
infusions are occasionally used.

Infusion pumps can administer fluids in ways that would be impractically expensive or
unreliable if performed manually by nursing staff. For example, they can administer as
little as 0.1 mL per hour injections (too small for a drip), injections every minute,
injections with repeated boluses requested by the patient, up to maximum number per
hour (e.g. in patient-controlled analgesia), or fluids whose volumes vary by the time of
day.

8. Syringe pump
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 Any one of several devices that automatically compress a syringe plunger at a
controlled rate. Such devices are used with disposable syringes that can deliver blood,
medications, or nutrients by IV, arterial, or subcutaneous routes. IV syringe pumps can
deliver small volumes of fluid at rates as low as 0.01 mL/hr. They are often used in the
treatment of infants and are especially useful in the care of ambulatory patients. They
are ideal for keeping arterial lines open and are usually battery operated and portable.
Compare intravenous controller, intravenous peristaltic pump, intravenous piston
pump.

2.4 Pediatric Equipment

1. Incubator
An incubator (or isolette) is an apparatus used to maintain environmental conditions suitable
for a neonate (newborn baby). It is used inpreterm births or for some ill full-term babies.

There are some other machines that are used during the care of sick babies these include:
Blood pressure monitor: The blood pressure monitor is a machine thats connected to a small
cuff which wrapped around the baby arm or leg. This cuff automatically takes the blood
pressure and displays the numbers on a screen.

Oxygen hood: This is a clear box that fits over the babys head and supplies oxygen. This is
used for babies who can still breathe but need that extra oxygen.

Ventilator: This is a breathing machine that delivers air to a babys lung. Babies who are very
unwell will receive this ventilation this means the ventilator breathes for the babies while their
lungs recover.
Possible functions of a neonatal incubator are:

Oxygenation, through oxygen supplementation by head hood or nasal cannula,

or even continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) ormechanical
ventilation. Infant respiratory distress syndrome is the leading cause of death in
preterm infants, and the main treatments are CPAP, in addition to
administering pulmonary surfactant and stabilizing the blood sugar, blood salts,
and blood pressure.

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 Observation: Modern neonatal intensive care involves sophisticated
measurement of temperature, respiration, cardiac function,oxygenation,
and brain activity.

Protection from cold temperature, infection, noise, drafts and excess

handling: Incubators may be described as bassinets enclosed in plastic, with
climate control equipment designed to keep them warm and limit their
exposure to germs.

Provision of nutrition, through intravenous catheter or NG tube.

Administration of medications.

Maintaining fluid balance by providing fluid and keeping a high air humidity to
prevent too great a loss from skin and respiratory evaporation.

2. Pediatric resusitation
Peralatan 0-5 bulan 6-12 bulan 1-3 tahun 4-7 tahun
(3-6 kg) (4-9 kg) (10-15 kg) (16-20 kg)
Jalan nafas & pernafasan
Laringoskop Straight blade Straight blade Child macintosh Child
macintosh
Uncuffed 2,5-3,5 3,5-4,0 4,0-5,0 5,0-6,0
tracheal tube
Stylet Kecil Kecil Kecil/medium Medium
Suction catheter 6 8 10/12 14
(FG)
Sirkulasi
Kanul IV 24/22 22 22/18 20/16
Kanul vena 20 20 18 18
central
Peralatan lain
Pipa 8 10 10-12 12
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nasogastrik
Kateter Urin 5 5 Foley 8 Foley 10
Feeding tube Feeding
tube/F8

3. Baby scales
Baby scales are instruments to measure and determine the infant's weight, to
control both your baby's evolution and theBaby Scales for controlling both your baby's
evolution and the amount of mother's milk the baby has consumed. amount of
mother's milk the baby has consumed. The usual weight range of baby scales is from 0
kg up to15 kg.. The regular use of baby scales allows to control the infant's weight in
case of overweight or underweight. Nowadays, most of baby scales are digital. They
determine the weight electronically and show it on a digital display. Digital baby
scales are more accurate when determining baby's weight, besides, digital display
allows easier reading of weight values than mechanical scales.

4. Pediatric Stethoscope
Stethoscope pediatric, brass chrome plated small size chestpiece

2.5 Geriatric Equipment

1. Alat terapi :

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 Goniometer is an instrument that either measures an angle or allows an object
to be rotated to a precise angular position. In physical therapy and occupational
therapy, a goniometer is an instrument which measures range of motion joint
angles of the body. This measurement instrument is a helpful, clinical tool that
allows for objective measurements in order to accurately track progress in a
rehabilitation program. When a patient has a decreased range of motion, a
therapist will assess the joint before performing an intervention and will
continue to use the tool to make sure that progress is made. These range of
motion measurements can be taken at any joint and they typically involve
some knowledge about the anatomy of the body, particularly bony landmarks.

2. Wheel chair
A wheelchair, often abbreviated to just "chair", is a chair with wheels, used when
walking is difficult or impossible due to illness, injury, or disability. Wheelchairs
come in a wide variety of formats to meet the specific needs of their users. They may
include specialized seating adaptions, individualized controls, and may be specific to
particular activities, as seen with sports wheelchairs and beach wheelchairs. The most
widely recognised distinction is between powered wheelchairs ("powerchairs"), where
propulsion is provided by batteries and electric motors, and manually propelled
wheelchairs, where the propulsive force is provided either by the wheelchair
user/occupant pushing the wheelchair by hand ("self-propelled"), or by an attendant
pushing from the rear ("attendant propelled").

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3. Crutch
A crutch is a mobility aid that transfers weight from the legs to the upper body. It is
often used for people who cannot use their legs to support their weight, for reasons
ranging from short-term injuries to lifelong disabilities

4. Tripod medical
The tripod position is a physical stance often assumed by people experiencing
respiratory distress (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients) or who
are simply out of breath (such as a person who has just run a sprint). In tripod position,
one sits or stands leaning forward and supporting the upper body with hands on the
knees or on another surface. Among medical professionals, a patient adopting the
tripod position is considered an indication that the patient may be in respiratory
distress. In the setting of chest pain without labored respirations, the tripod position
may indicate acute pericarditis.

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 BAB III
CLOSING

3.1 Conclution
1. Medical devices used in Accident and Eymergency is Oxygen Mask, ECG, Cervical
collar, defibrilator, Medical sonography (ultrasonography), Nebulizer, Airtraq,
AutoPulse, Suction device, Cardiology Stethoscope, Kendrick Extrication Device,
spinal board and The non-pneumatic anti-shock garment (NASG) .
2. Medical devices used in Radiologycal Ward is MRI (magnetic resonance imaging),
Ultrasonography, X-Ray, Echocardiography, and Brachytherapy.
3. Medical devices used in ICU is Thermometer, Stethoscope, Tensimeter/
sphygmomanometer, Resutitation kit, Ventilator, DC shock, Infussion pump and
Syringe pump.
4. Medical devices used in Pediatric Ward is Incubator, Pediatric resusitation, Baby
scales, and Pediatric Stethoscope
5. Medical devices used in Geriatric Ward is Goniometer, Wheel chair, Crutch, and
Tripod medical

3.2 Advice
So that we can Tell us this paper. We realize that many deficiencies of our paper is
due to limited knowledge and references that had to do with this part of our paper.
We expect criticism and suggestions from readers for the perfection of this paper
can be useful for us, and readers in general.

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 REFERENCE

https://growup-clinic.com 2015

www.industrial-needs.com

medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com

apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents