Dislocations

Dislocations

Primary line defects in solid crystals

1-D line Defects

A dislocation is a line that forms a boundary

between a region of a crystal that has slipped and
a region that has not slipped

Involve translation of one portion of a crystal with

respect to another part
 Dislocations

Production / Sources
Crystal growth
Deformation

Influence of Mechanical Properties

Motion lead to plastic deformation via shear
Increased yield strength when line defects interact with
other defects
 Types of Dislocations

Edge Dislocations
 Types of Dislocations

Edge Dislocations

Atomic scale visualisation

 Types of Dislocations

Screw Dislocations
 Types of Dislocations

Screw Dislocations

Atomic scale visualisation

 Slip

Slip is the relative displacement of crystallographic planes by

discrete distances

Slip in crystals is a direct result of the motion of line defects, namely

dislocations

Dislocations represent boundaries between

slipped and unslipped regions of a
crystalline solid
 Slip Systems in Crystals

A specific shear stress is required to

induce dislocations to move
Dislocations slip on specific slip
systems (i.e. specific crystal plane +
specific crystal direction on that
plane)
Consider an arbitrary plane
oriented at angle with respect to
the applied load F
Let y = slip direction and z = slip
plane normal
 Slip Systems in Crystals

Consider slip on plane

Normal Force: = = cos
Shear Force in the slip direction (y):
= cos
Area of slip plane: = / cos

Resolved Normal Stress

cos
= = = 2
/ cos
Resolved Shear Stress
cos
= = = = cos cos
/ cos
Schmid Factor
 Dislocations and Plastic Deformation

Large scale deformation in single crystals will occur at the critical

resolved shear stress, , on a specific slip plane, in a specific slip
direction

The is not the stress required to move a single dislocation on a

slip plane. Rather it is the stress required to move many dislocations

By analogy, in a polycrystal, the yield stress is also the stress required

to move many dislocations. It reflects the collective values for a
number of single crystals

Plastic deformation at ambient temperatures results from the motion

of dislocations and dislocation densities increase during plastic
deformation
 What Factors Influence Critical
Resolved Shear Stress

Temperature
Increase T decrease
Strain rate
Decrease decrease
Impurity level
Decrease impurity content decrease
Dislocation density
Decrease dislocation density decrease
 Forces on Dislocations

Dislocations are line defects that distort the perfect crystal

lattice locally

This lattice distortion produces an elastic stress field inside the

crystal

The magnitude of the elastic stress field can be estimated

using elasticity theory

This information can be used to determine energy of

dislocation, the force it exerts on other dislocations, and its
energy of interaction with other defects
 Forces on Dislocations

When stresses applied to a crystal are large enough,

dislocations will move via slip or climb to produce plastic
deformation

The applied loads, which produce the applied stress, induce

work on the crystals as the dislocations move

In turn, dislocations respond as though they were

experiencing a force, which is given by

=