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Preliminary Overview of the Character, Patterns and Styles of The Geologic Structure of Kulon
Progo Mountains Area and Its Potential as a Source of The Geological Structural Damage
Introduction
Yogyakarta graben is bordered by Opak fault at the
eastern side and by Kulonprogo mountain range at the
western side. It has proven that opak fault cause a great
disaster to the Yogyakarta plain area. There are a lot of
research and publication about the Opak fault as a source
place of the earthquake. Related to the earthquake, there are
other locations that should be studied as an area that is Figure 1. Kulonprogo area among the Central Java tectonic
suspect potential threat of earthquake area besides Opak framework (Sujanto and Ruskamil, 1975 on
fault zone. Suroso, et al, 1987
Geological structures that may be associated with Opak Based on the relief and genesis, Kulonprogo
fault at the plains of Yogyakarta and the west border should Mountainous area can be divided into several units of
be studied. There are many a lineaments at Kulonprogo area geomorphology:
as a western border of Yogyakarta flat area. Kulonprogo
area is a mountainous area, bounded by a low and high area A. Mountainous Unit
of Kebumen in the west and low area of Yogyakarta in the Mountainous morphology is developed with north to
opposite site. Kulonprogro mountainous area is south trending. The mountain range is a main part of
characterized by a complex of some ancient volcanic rocks. Kulonprogo regency and Purworejo regency area. The
This volcanic area grow above the Paleogene age of section of the dome at the long axis extends approximately
Nanggulan Formation and covered by carbonaceous rocks 30 km to the north northeast-south southwest. Stadia area of
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this unit is already at the mature stage with a strong C. Jonggrangan Formation
presence of erosional morphology. At the upper part of Old Andesite Formation was
B. Hilly and Flat Units deposited Jonggrangan Formation with unconformity
contact. The bottom part of the Jonggrangan Formation is
The hilly area of limestone occupies the southeastern composed by conglomerate and tuffaceous marl, and
part of the Kulonprogo area. River terraces occupied the calcareous sandstones containing molluscs and claystone
eastern part, in the southern part is a coastal alluvial plains, with lignite. At the upper part, the composition of this
alluvial plains in the west and the plains of volcanic formation is become a layered limestone and coral-
sediment in the north and northeast. limestone.
Regional Stratigraphy
The lower part consists of a conglomerate-boarded by of radial structure associated with the presence of this
marl tuff and tuffaceous with glass. Its part contains some volcano need to be reexamined.
volcanic material from OAF volcanic formation. These
rocks gradually upwards turned into a nice layered Base on the Geological Map of Yogyakarta latest sheet
limestone rich in Foraminifera. The thickness of this (Rahardjo, et al, 1995), showing that the Opak fault is the
formation is approximately 950 m. boundary faults parallel to each other in the east, but no
faults were found on the west side of Yogyakarta. The
E. Alluvial Deposits reason why the fault in the western part is still unknown is
Alluvial deposit is composed by gravel, sand, silt, and because there is no tectonic studies at this area, which have
clay along large rivers and coastal plains. Alluvial plain been carried out in the boundary of Kulonprogo
consists of alluvial material from volcanic rock. Alluvial mountainous area and the Yogyakarta plain area.
deposits can be found at the east side, the west and south of
Kulonprogro area. Beach alluvial deposits of sand along the
beach found in the southern of the Kulonprogro area.
Tectonics
Kulonprogo tectonic order can be explained by the
active-margin system. The main tectonic element of this
system is the subduction zone of the Indian oceanic-plate
beneath the Eurasian continental-plate. The subduction
makes some element of tectonic like accretion zone at south
of Java. Subduction generates magmatism and volcanism
that make Java Island and the arc magmatic. This system
creates back arc basin area in North Java and the Java Sea.
With the active system margin, basin of North West Java
and North East Java can be classified as a Back arc Basin,
while the South Java basin is Fore Arc Basin. Base on this
system, Kulonprogo is as a part of the magmatic arc.
Structural Geology
Base on Regional Geologycal Map, the structural
geology of Kulonprogo mountainous area consists of some
normal faults (Rahardjo, et al, 1995). These faults are very
common and indicate a radier patterns around the body of
ancient volcanoes that still seems ideal (Suroso, et al, 1987).
It can be seen also on the Geological Map Sheet Yogyakarta Figure 5. The appearance of joints on the rock in
(Rahardjo, et al, 1995), published by the Geological Kulonprogo area
Research and Development Centre, Bandung. The presence
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There is a development of different orientation of joint subduction zone. The subduction at the south of the study
or fracture in Kulonprogo area. It can be distinguish at the area is from the south to the north with the orientation of
different age of the rock which record the fracture or joint. trench is E-W. The fold direction which caused by this
The oldest rock would record all structural event while the tectonic should be E-W.
youngest rock would record the latest of the structural
phase. Barianto, et al, 2009, has drawn the orientation of the
fracture/joint at three volcanic rock (Harjanto, 2011) of the
Kulonprogo area which have different age. The oldest
structure recorded from Gadjah volcano rock which lies at
the central part of Kulonprogo area. The age of this oldest
volcanic rock is Oligocene age. It has a complex orientation
of structures. All structural events would record at this
oldest rock age. The joint orientation of the Ijo volcano
which has Oligo-Miocene age is more simple as it not
record the oldest structure. The youngest structure recorded
at Middle-Upper Miocene has a simplest orientation as it
may just record one structural event.
Some strike slip fault or horizontal fault with the fault. They should have same maximum stress direction also
direction southeast-northwest and east-west found in the with the Kalibawaang reverse fault.
field. Its cut Old Andesite Formation and Sentolo
Formation. At the southern part of Kulonprogo area, the The maximum stress direction of the some structural
strike slip fault with left lateral movement is Sermo fault geology of the Kulonprogo area may related to the stress
(N149oE/84oSW). Clereng fault has right lateral movement direction of other structural geology of the southeastern area
with fault plane N272oE/80oN. The two fault may form as of Yogyakarta. It may have the same potential with the same
continuation stress of the compressional joints. The structure orientation like Opak fault at the east of
maximum stress direction which create these faults is come Yogyakarta area.
from 17o,N120oE direction or SE direction.
Conclusions
Structural geology like joint, fold and fault can be found
in Kulonprogo Mountain area. The maximum stress
direction that makes some structural geology of the studied
area is SE-NW trending.
The presence of the geological structure in the
Kulonprogo area needs to be detailed study.
References
Barianto, D.H., Abboud, E., Setijadji, L.D., 2009,
Structural Analysis using Landsat TM, Gravity
Data, and Paleontological Data from Tertiary
Figure 9. The stereographic analysis of principal stress Rocks in Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Memoirs of the
orientation of Sermo and Clereng faults structure. Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Vol.69,
No.2, June 2009.
Harjanto, A., 2011, Vulkanostratigrafi di Daerah
At the northern part of Kulonprogo area, the strike slip Kulonprogo dan Sekitarnya, Daerah Istimewa
fault with left lateral movement is Boro fault Yogyakarta, Jurnal Ilmiah MTG, Vol. 4 No. 2, July
(N304oE/80oNE). Sendangsono fault has right lateral 2011, Yogyakarta.
movement with fault plane N155oE/84oN. The maximum Prasetyadi, C., 2008, Provenan Batupasir Eosen Jawa
stress direction which creates these faults is come from 24o, Bagian Timur, Proseding Pertemuan Ilmiah
N137oE direction or SE direction. This compressional stress Tahunan IAGI ke 37, IAGI, August 2008,
may form Kalibawang reverse fault with strike and dip fault Bandung.
plane is N50oE/62SE. Pulunggono, A., Martodjojo, S., 1994, Perubahan Tektonik
Paleogen-Neogen Merupakan Peristiwa Tektonik
Terpenting di Jawa, Preceedings Geologi dan
Geotektonik Pulau Jawa Sejak Akhir Mesozoik
Hingga Kuarter, Memoir of 10 years Geological
field Campus of Prof R Soeroso Notohadiprawiro
Bayat-Klaten, February 1994, Yogyakarta.
Rahardjo, W., Sukandarrumidi, Rosidi, HMD., 1995, Peta
Geologi Lembar Yogyakarta, Pusat Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Geologi, Bandung
Sudradjat, A., Syafri, I., Budiadi, E., 2010, The Geotectonic
configuration of Kulonprogo Area, Yogyakarta,
Proceeding PIT IAGI Lombok 2010, The 39th IAGI
Convention and Exhibition, Lombok.
Suroso, Rodhi, A., Sutanto, 1987, Kumpulan Makalah
Pertemuan Ilmiah Tahunan XV Ikatan Ahli Geologi
Figure 9. The stereographic analysis of principal stress Indonesia, Volume 1, IAGI-Yogyakarta.
orientation of Sendangsono and Boro faults
structure. Acknowledgements
Thanks to the higher education department, the ministry
The others reverse fault (Girimulyo fault and Nanggulan of education and culture of Republic Indonesia. Many
fault) have the same strike direction, it interpreted as a fault thanks to all of friends in the doctorate program, Geological
with the same force. The folds have a perpendicular Engineering Department-Gadjah Mada University, for the
orientation to the maximum stress direction of the strike slip discussions and supports.
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