Climate Change, Resilience and Cities

Raakhee Suryaprakash

Defining Resilience

The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines resilience as an ability to recover from or adjust easily
to misfortune or change. So what do cities those commercial and teeming urban sprawls need
in the face of climate change, especially in the populous and rapidly urbanizing South Asian
context? Some working definitions follow:

Urban resilience is the capacity of individuals, communities, institutions, businesses, and

systems within a city to survive, adapt, despite issues such as high unemployment, inefficient
public transportation systems, endemic violence, chronic food and water shortages, natural
disasters or terrorism.

-- 100 Resilient Cities (100RC)

A Resilient City is one that has developed capacities to help absorb future shocks and stresses to
its social, economic, and technical systems and infrastructures so as to still be able to maintain
essentially the same functions, structures, systems, and identity.

-- ResilientCity.org

Chennai and Climate Change Living Through Extreme Weather

Challenges to resilience experienced in Chennai, the fourth most populous metropolis, which is
part of the 100RC experiment, include: aging infrastructure and its failure; economic inequality
and poverty; extreme weather events; overpopulation, pollution, environmental degradation and
civil unrest. Other Indian cities part of this effort to make urban centres sustainable are
Bangalore, Jaipur, Pune and Surat.

Weather in Chennai which used to be classified laughingly as hot, hottest, & hot and wet has
now deteriorated with extreme variations within 24 hours. Add to this confused seasons. Its now
hot in winter, raining in summer and our monsoon alternatively floods or fails the city as well
as India. We just got through the Tropical Cyclone Vardah which flooded streets, crushed city
landmarks and uprooted over a 100,000 trees <Any or both IMG_20170111>. Our citys lungs
have been devastated even as air pollution reaches the winter peaks pushed up by burning
cyclones debris. Drought is staring Tamil Nadu in the face as an unequal monsoon failed many
states plunging them into drought and driving farmers to suicide.

Another joke about our city is that the minute the municipal authorities or road works decide to
dig or lay a road thats when therell be a cloudburst. Even with an underpar monsoon that urban
legend lives on. Even the most moderate rains disrupt the city and its traffic. But when its heavy
as witnessed during the Chennai Floods of November-December 2015 (which was the most
rainfall in over a century) and the December 12th 2016 cyclone we have flooded homes and
streets <see image 20151203_082534>. The Chennai Floods damages were valued at $3 billion.
So what we need is pre-emptive programmes similar to Lent, The Netherlands 2006 "Room for
the River" project which may have cost implementing a 2.3billion then but have saved the city
from disaster payouts.

Hemmed in by the Bay of Bengal and three rivers the Adyar, the Kosasthalaiyar and the
Cooum Chennai evolved and survived extreme weather because of its wetlands, canals,
marshes and multitudes of lakes, temple tanks and ponds <see Chennai from air pic/s>. There
were natural water ways in place to channel flood runoff and absorb it into the water table for the
dry season. Now the marshes have become landfills and the wetlands and water bodies been built
upon schools, colleges, luxurious gated communities, the canals such as the Buckingham Canal
which once was completely navigable has been choked by garbage and become synonymous
with slums <BC canal image>. The concrete jungle that my city has become is perennially thirsty
-- exploitation of the water table and water quality is often brackish or worse. With the natural
recharge venues choked and the water table sucked dry Chennai suffers from subsidence and has
become more vulnerable to earthquakes. Past mistakes are repeated in this automotive industry
hub by cycle of exploiting natural resources wherever it spreads to.

A repeated sentiment in various climate adaptation arenas and events is the fact that cities need to
be at the fore of battling climate change. As Michael Berkowitz, the 100RC president puts it
After big disasters there are windows of opportunity, and the time is to build sustainable cities
not just smart cities.
Urban waste and water management, carbon decoupled transport and infrastructure, planning and
having a vision for a sustainable future are key to urban resilience in Chennai and across South
Asia. Training city planners and architects in the sustainable path could be the tipping point in
reversing climate change.

Whats Essential for a Resilient City?

The foundation of building resilience into a city will be the close working of the government
and the civic society in developing capacities to deal with threats. I live in the city of Chennai,
we the people here have set the benchmark in coming together -- Government, youth, celebrities,
business community, religious outfits, etc. and coordinating efforts in dealing with the floods in
2015 and the cyclone of 2016.

-- U. Sudhir Lodha, Tamil Nadu State Minorities Commission Member

The fundamental ingredient in building a resilient city is to resort to renewable energy and to
rely on indigenous systems that do not augment the extent of pollution and exacerbate the impact
of climate change. Making buildings capable of rainwater harvesting, installing solar panels,
sensible disposal of garbage and relying on terrace gardens in an urban city can create resilient
systems. Carpooling so that there are fewer cars on the road, reducing the use of air conditioners
and relying on strong disaster management responses can go a long way.
-- Kirthi Jayakumar, Founder & CEO, The Red Elephant Foundation, Chennai

Cities should ideally be supported by a social, economic and political framework thats flexible
in nature to support changing needs. With land as a prime resource in cities, high-dense housing
is concentrated without taking adequate measures to check the availability of water, electricity,
services, etc. Since haphazard development occurs without adequate planning, most South Asian
cities provide bad living environments for people. Further, urban sprawl results in the creation of
an unsustainable suburbia, the failed Western concept that is being tested in Indian cities
currently. The sprawling populations that commute to the city centre in their private vehicles not
only contribute to fuel exhaustion but also create massive traffic jams. Resilience comes from the
ability to support massive change. The secret to build resilience into a city lies in the creation of
a holistic infrastructure system; this includes providing effective public transport improving
connectivity throughout the city, anticipatory planning of consumption of everyday resources and
prevention of inhabitable slums in neighbourhoods. This can provide better life within cities.

-- Sivagami Periannan, Student, Masters of Architecture (Urban Design), Centre for

Environmental Planning and Technology (CEPT), Ahmedabad, India

"Dhaka is a bustling city of nearly 17 million, the third most-densely populated in the world.
Part of the worlds largest river delta, Bangladesh is extremely vulnerable to climate change.
Confused seasons and monsoons have exacerbated desertification in more arid regions while the
nations capital faces unprecedented erosion leaving what should be vibrant tropical flora and
fauna chronically dust-covered and riders of CNGs and rickshaws getting a mouthful of dust in
every ride, particularly in the winter.
To make Dhaka resilient, reduction of cars by provision of a public transportation system like an
MRT and capacity-building of the related infrastructure could be one route to counteract climate
change. Additionally, once in use, safety, particularly of women and girls needs to be ensured.
In the developing world, building community trust for institutions is also critical to any efforts
toward a sustainable economy and environment. The people of Bangladesh are a resilient lot,
without a doubt, so hopefully once given the necessary resources, the present degradation in
biodiversity and environment can be halted and reversed. "

-- Mehvish Ally, Law Student and Red Elephant Foundation volunteer, American
expatriate currently residing in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Barcelona, Spain and Copenhagen, Denmark come to mind when I hear the term 'resilience'.
A truly resilient city needs a responsive administration that plans for tough conditions in order to
address the worse rather than getting directly affected. small-scale sustainable planning
strategies can be adopted to lower the risks and improve resilience. Setting up small-scale
addressable goals and large-scale achievable goals at the start of every term of
administration. There should be continuity in resilience planning when there is change in
administration a proper handover. It has to be associated with local government bodies and
international partners.
-- Viswanathan S., Student Architect, Chennai, India
It is important for civic authorities to engage in climate risk analysis and understand the
likelihood of various hazards due to changes in the climate and engage with the different
communities to adopt a more inclusive and integrated planning approach. This allows the
government as well as the communities to understand the potential losses and plan adequate
measures and interventions to potential risks. Thus, empowering communities with information
and engaging with them to develop interventions from their experiences is key. Engage, educate
and empower is central in making cities and communities resilient.

-- Sharda Vishwanathan, Volunteer, The Red Elephant Foundation, Atlanta, USA

It's really planning that's strikes me as most essential, whether it's to build a new 'resilient' city
or to make an existing city more resilient. The only problem that lies in placing planning as a
priority is that it is up to the planners to decide on what is a risk. But so long as a risk is not
rejected out of hand, proper planning is the key to resilience. From determining the potential
risks, to carrying through to making the necessary preparations, or just deciding on a course of
action to take in the likelihood of the event occurring, all add a level of resilience. Only the
planning aspect will show the scope of the problem, and it's the first and essential step to be
taken before considering any large project or social intervention as a measure of resilience.

-- Rukshan De Mel, PhD student, Disaster Management [critical infrastructures resilience

to extreme weather events], Colombo, Sri Lanka

The biggest issue in South Asia is the rate of urbanization. Considering the speed with which
population in South Asia urbanizing providing incentives to bridge the urban-rural gap would
provide resilience to stop infrastructure from failing.
-- Anam Zeb, Research Manager, Climate Tracker, Islamabad, Pakistan