Essential Portuguese Grammar By ALEXANDER da R. PRISTA Formerly Instructor of Portuguese Language and Literature in New York University DOVER PUBLICATIONS, INC. NEW YORKCopyright © 1966 by Dover Publications, Ine, All rights reserved under Pan American and In- ternational Copyright Conventions. Published in Canada by General Publishing Com- pany, Lid, $0 Lesmill Rosd, Don Mills, Teronto, Ontario, Essential Portuguese Grammar is a new work, first published by Dover Publications, Ines in 1966, International Standard Book Number: 0486-21680.0 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 6620418 ‘Manufactured in the United States of America Dover Publications, Ine- 180 Varick Steet New York, N.Y. 10014 CONTENTS Suggestions for Vocabulary Building. =. ‘Similarities between English and Portuguese V¢ Word Order How to Form Questions Interrogative Words Nouns and Articles. Gender of Portuguese Nouns ‘The Definite Article Plurals of Nouns. Noun Suffixes... Hints on the Identification of Gender... ‘Masculine and Feminine Forms of the Same Noun . ‘Common Prepositions and the Definite Article ‘The Indefinite Article. . Adjectives ‘Agreement of Adjectives with Nouns. Feminine Singular Forms of Adjectives . Plurals of Adjectives ae Position of Adjectives. Adverbs vos ‘Comparisons of Adjectives and Adverbs ‘Comparisons of Inequality Irregular Comparative Forms ‘The Absolute Superlative ‘The Word “Than” ‘Comparisons of Equality Possesive Adjectivesiv CONTENTS: Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns Demonstrative Adjectives. Contraction of Prepositions with Bite, Esse and. Ara Este, Esse and Agule as Pronouns - ‘The Pronouns Isto, Iss and Aguilo Personal Pronouns . Subject Pronouns Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns | i Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns with the same Verb. Stressed (Prepositional) Forms of the Personal Pronouns How to Avoid the Use of Double Pronouns Table of Personal Pronouns Negatives Que as Conjunction and Relative Pronoun Que as Conjunetion Que as Relative Pronoun Prepositions . Por and Para Conjunetions. Verbs. ‘Comparison of English and Portuguese Verbs | The Three Conjugations ‘The Present Tense. Goran of Pct Tene in Enis and Portuguese First Conjugation Second Conjugation . Third Conjugation ‘The Progressive Present ‘The Present Partciple ‘The Use of Estar ‘The Imperative or Command Form Polite Command Forms (Thitd Person Forms) First Person Plural Commands . Familiar Command Forms Review Table of Command Forms (Regular Conjuga- tions) . CONTENTS ‘The Past Definite Tense “The Past Definite of the Model Verbs. ‘The Imperfect Tense “The Imperfect Tense of the Model Verbs ‘The Uses of the Imperfect Tense ‘The Pluperfect Tense (Compound Typ) of the Model Verbs . ‘The Future Tense. “The Future Tense of the Model Verbs ‘The Uses of the Future Tense Position of Object Pronouns with the Future Tense How to Avoid the Future Tense i len ‘The Conditional Mood i ‘The Conditional of the Model Verb Falar. ‘The Uses of the Conditional ‘The Subjunctive Mood Formation of the Subjunctive Tenses; Present Subjunc- tive. aga Imperfect Subjunctive Q Past Perfect Subjunctive Future Subjunctive Uses of the Subjunctive a ‘The Subjunctive in IfSentences. Reflexive Verbs. . ‘Comparison of Reflexive Verbs in English and Portuguese ‘The Present (Indicative) Tense of Reflexive Verbs Other Tenses of Reflexive Verbs 3 Important Reflexive Verbs. i Uses of the Reflexive i 4 ‘The Passive Voice ‘i Prepositions and Infinitives Verbs Followed Directly by the Infinitive Verbs Followed by a or de belore the Infinitive ‘The Present Participle and the Infinitive ‘The Personal Infinitive Idiomatic Constructions ‘The Verb Fazer ‘The Verb Ter SIPPPOSPSSS eelaeest. SIBPPSBBSSLSALPZSome Useful Expreion Appendix A. Complete Paradigm of the Three i Conjugations ‘The Present Perfect Tense (Indicative). ‘The Secondary Pluperfect Tense ‘The Future Perfect Tense (Indicative) ‘The Conditional Perfect Tense ‘The Present Perfect Subjunctive ‘The Future Perfect Subjunctive Appendix B, Orthographie-Changing Verbs Appendix C. Radical-Changing Verbs Appendix D. Irregular Verbs. Trregular Forms of the Imperfect Indicative Irregular Forms of the Future Indicative and Conditional AGlossary of Grammatical Terms... ‘The Parts of Speech Words about Verbs Words about Nouns ‘Miscellaneous Terms. ‘The Parts of the Sentence Index INTRODUCTION Essential Portuguese Grammar is based on the assumption that you plan to spend a limited number of hours studying Portuguese gram- ‘mar and that your objective is simple everyday communication. ‘This book is not a condensed outline of all aspects of Portuguese grammar. It isa series of hints to help you use more effectively and with greater versatility phrases and vocabulary that you have already learned. How to Study Essential Portuguese Grammar Ifyou have already studied Portuguese in a conventional manner, you can use this book as a refresher by glancing through all of it first and then selecting those areas on which you wish to concentrate. Ifyou have never studied Portuguese grammar, then the following suggestions will be helpful: 11. Master several hundred useful phrases and expressions such as you will find in any good phrase book or in the Listen & Learn Portuguese course. You will understand the suggestions contained in Essential Portuguese Grammar more easily after you have achieved this basic working knowledge of Portuguese. The purpose of this book is to enable you to gain greater fluency once you have learned phrases and expressions, not to teach you to construct sentences from. rules and vocabulary. 1a, Read through Essential Portuguese Grammar at least once in its ‘entirety, Don't be concerned if anything is not immediately clear to you. What may appear discouragingly difficult at first will become easier as your studies progress. But the first reading is necessary to acquaint you with terms and concepts peculiar to Portuguese grammar. Learning what these terms and concepts are ‘will help you to improve your comprehension of Portuguese and to ‘use more freely the expressions you already know. As you use Portuguese and hear it spoken, many ofits grammatical patterns will become familiar to you. Euential Portuguese Grammar helps you to discover these patterns so that you can use them.a INTRODUCTION 3: Go back to this book periodically. Sections which seem difficult ‘or of doubful benefit at fist may prove extremely useful later. 4 For the most part, the book follows a logical order, taking up the major divisions of grammar in sequence. You will do best to follow this order. However, some students learn best when they study to answer an immediate question or need (e.g. how to form the com= parative; how to conjugate the verb “to be,” ete.). Ifyou are one of these students, turn to the section that interests you. But read ‘through the entire section, rather than just an isolated part. Indi vidual remarks, taken out of context, are easily misunderstood. 5 Examples are given for every rule. It is helpful to memorize these examples. If you learn every example in Busenial Portuguese Grammar, together with its literal translation, you will have en= countered the basic difficulties of Portuguese and studied models for their solution, {6 You cannot study Portuguese systematically without an under- standing of its grammar, and the use and understanding of gram- matical terms is as essential as a knowledge of certain mechanical terms when you learn to drive a car. If your knowledge of gram- tatical terms is weak, read the Glossary of Grammatical Term (p. 99) and refer to it whenever necessary. In every language there are many ways to express the same thought. Some constructions are simple, others more difficult. During your first experiments in communication, use a simple construction. Throughout Essential Portuguese Grammar you will find suggestions on how to avoid complicated constructions in favor of simpler ones. You may ultimately wish to master a more sophise ticated way of expressing yourself. Be satisfied at first with the simplest, ‘As you begin to speak Portuguese, you will become aware of the areas in which you need the most help in grammar. If you have nno one with whom to speak, speak mentally to yourself. In the course of'a day see how many of the simple thoughts you've expressed in English you are able to turn into Portuguese, This kind of experimental self-testing will give direction to your study of gram- mar. Remember that you are studying this course in Portuguese not to pass an examination or to receive a certificate, but to com- rmunicate with others on a simple but useful level. Essential Portu- INTRODUCTION ‘quse Grammar is not the equivalent of a formal course of study at a ‘university. Although it could serve as a supplement to such a ‘course, its primary aim is to help the adult study on his own. Indeed, no self-study or academic course or series of courses is ever ideally suited to all students. You must rely on and be guided by ‘your own rate of learning and your own requirements and interests. Essential Portuguese Grammar makes self-study easier. If this or any other grammar tends to inhibit you in speaking Portuguese or in using what you have learned through phrase books, ‘conversation courses, or the Lister & Learn records, curtail your study ‘of grammar until you feel it will really assist rather than hinder your speaking. Your objective is speaking, and you can learn to speak a language without learning its grammar, But because of its sys tematic approach, grammar is a short-cut to language learning for those who feel at home with it. The fundamental purpose of Essential Portuguese Grammar is to help you by eliminatinghit-or-miss memorization.SUGGESTIONS FOR VOCABULARY BUILDING x Study words and word lists that answer real and preferably immediate personal needs. If you are planning to travel in the near future, your motivation and orientation are clear cut and Listen & Lear Portuguese ot & good travel phrase book will provide you with the material you need. But select from this material that specifically applies to your case. For instance, if you don’t plan to ‘motor, don't spend time studying the parts of the car. Ifyou like foreign foods, study the supplementary Portuguese food list in Listen & Lear Portuguese. Even if you do not plan to travel in the near future, you will probably learn more quickly by imagining a travel situation. 2 Memorize by astociation. Phrase books and Listen @ Learn Portuguese ustaly give associated word lists, Ifyou use a dictionary, don’t memorize words haphazardly but choose words which are related and belong to the same family. 4 Study the specialized vocabulary of your profession, business, or hhobby. If you arc interested in real estate, learn the terms asso- ciated with property, buying, selling, leasing, etc. If you are interested in mathematics, acquire a vocabulary in this science. Many of these specialized words can be used in other areas too, You may not find specialized vocabularies in ordinary phrase books, but a good dictionary will help you to make up a list for your own6 SUGGESTIONS FOR VOCABULARY BUILDING Similarities between English and Portuguese Vocabulary 1 will help you to expand your Portuguese vocabulary if you ‘remember that many Portuguese words aresimilarin appearanceand ‘meaning to English words. Notice: o perfume (the perfume), ¢ lelefone (the telephone), a rasa (the rose), 0 momento (the moment), ‘comercial (commercial). Here are some common differences in spelling between English and Portuguese: English & or ck=Por. ¢ (before a, 0 or) sack—saco qu (before « or park—parque; check— @ cheque » ph ot th err Bee a ae ion—nagdo ap, dade nationality—nacionalidade ah See Sees ci nationalism—nacionalismo ee nite nationalist—nacionalista met’ » iar nationalize-—nacionalizar ous 680 famous—famoso ‘Study this list of words, observing the differences between English and Portuguese. Note that rrand ss (and rarely mm and nr) are the ‘only double consonants used in Portuguese: ENOLISH PORTUGUESE area rea hotel hotel perfume perfume professor professor radio radio annual anual ‘commercial comerci idea dei special especial telephone telefone SIMILARITIES IN VOCABULARY PORTUGUESE aritmética li momento ‘monarca problema reumatismo causa es isn ae se ae SS geography geografia ey Pi me a “tin ee eee ogc ay gi ind a a nag Sieve oa afWORD ORDER Word order in Portuguese i oquent : \ ee i equenly the sme as in English. ‘This aed to the sires between mary English ant Portes eg dfn ae eyo undead «Prue en vith a minim knowledge of grammar, Contre the flow sentences in Portuguese and in Englis ca r Liston ¢ capital de Potugl {isbon ithe capital of Porta s turistas geralmente visitam, a a (0s pontos de interesse, The tourists generally visit the points of interest. HOW TO FORM QUESTIONS ‘You can turn a simple statement into a question in one of the following three ways: 1. Leave the sentence as itis and simply add a question mark at the ‘end. When speaking, raise your voice at the end of the sentence. ‘This is often done in English too. Seu pai fala inglés? Your father speaks English? Ela é americana? She is American? ‘a Invert the normal order and place the verb before the subject. Fala seu pai inglés? [Speaks your father English?) ‘Does* your father speak English? f cla americana? Is she American? ‘g Leave the sentence as it is and simply add one of the following, phrases at the end: ndo? [no?]; ndo é? [not is?];ndo éverdade? [not is ‘ruth?]; ndo é assim? (not is so?]. ‘These phrases are the Portuguese equivalents of such English phrases as ‘isn’t it?" “don't you?” “aren't you?” etc Sua mie fala frances, ndo ¢verdade? ‘Your mother speaks French, doesn’ she? Elet estava li, do ¢ assim? He was there, wasn't he? *# The verb “to doused in Engh questions such as “De you want some coffee?” “ie not ‘se this way in Portugucse ‘|The worl ele (he), les (hey) it (i) ne (es) ne (hat, ee (those), ape (hat) and epee (those) mere once spelled witha ieumflex accent on thet Feet and appear withthe sceent in Dover's Listen Gear Portaguce. Tis sree aboliined in such eases by the Inet orthographic agreement between, Porugal and Brasil wil no be wsed in the present book although particularly in Brac it continues 10 be used. °10 HOW TO FORM QUESTIONS Interrogative Words ‘Most questions, in Portuguese as in English, begin with a question ‘word such as “when?” “where?” “how?” Study the following list carefully: Como? How? Como se diz em portugues? [How itself (it) says in Portu- guese?] ‘How do you say (this) in Por- tuguese? Quando parte para o Brasil? When are you leaving for Brazil? Quando? When? Onde? Where? Onde esti o livro? Where is the book? Porgue?*™ Why? Porque estuda portugués? Why do you study Por- ‘tuguese? Quem? Who? Quem so cles? Who are they? De quem? Whose? De quem 6 esta casa? [Of whom is this house?) Whose house is this ? Que? What? Que diz meu irmiio? Which ?f What does my brother say? Que rua é esta? What street is this? Que professor disse isso? Which teacher said that? * When it sands alone, porque is writen witha crcunes: Extuda portugués. Porgl? You study Portuguese. Wy? 1 See foote on nxt pe INTERROGATIVE WORDS u Qual? Which? Which Qual deles ¢ 0 capitio?- (pL. Quais?) ——one(s)?f Which (ot) of ther, the captain’ Quis so oslivoxde Manuel? [Which are the books of Manuel?) Which (one) are Manuel's books? 2 How much? Quanta usta isto? oe Hea mach does this cost? 2 How many? Quamasdiash4 numasemana? (rm. Quentas?) How may days te ens (Quantas semanas hi mumano? Flow many weeks are there in a year? otc hatin rating “which” gt ie asthe ative immediately stb cn Sohich teacher") ul the pronoun ("which one) seer irivaga ieemecgnnocd fpenou ce ime tc | ‘een wd intend of to rate nterogatve pronoun “wha ei cis mew emo? rk does ay bebe my? ‘When gut (ru) stands Mone, a circumflex is aded tothe « ‘Bava guint coun 0 ga Youwant someting, Wht?NOUNS AND ARTICLES Gender of Portuguese Nouns All Portuguese nouns are either masculine or feminine. In general, nouns denoting male persons or animals are masculine, and nouns denoting female persons or animals are feminine. ‘This rule, however, is of no help in identifying the gender of the countless nouns which do not denote persons or animals. On page 15 we ssive some hints on the identification of gender, but the best way is ‘to memorize the definite article together with the noun, The Definite Article {In Portuguese, the definite article agrees in gender and number with the noun it accompanies. English is simpler in this respect, for the same form, ‘‘the,” is used for all nouns, singular or plural, ‘The forms of the definite article in Portuguese are: Mase, #6. 0 MASC, Phat Examples of the articles together with nouns: MASc. 0 irmio, the brother os irmaos, the brothers vant, a inma, the sister as irmis, the sisters Plurals of Nouns 1. The majority of Portuguese nouns end in a vowel and simply add an s to form the plural: 1 casa (the house) as casas (the houses) © livro (the book) 0s livros (the books) a lei (the law) as leis (the laws) 2, Nouns ending in -r or -2 add -es to form the plural: ‘a mulher (the woman) as mulheres (the women) © rapaz (the boy) os rapazes (the boys) PLURALS OF NOUNS 3 3+ Nouns ending in -t form their plural in one of two ways (a) Ifthe last syllable is stressed, -es is added to the singular form: pats (the country) 0s pafses (the countries) (b) Ir the last syllable is not stressed, the noun remains unchanged in the plural: © lapis (the pencil) 0s lapis (the pencils) 4- Nouns ending in -m change the -m to -ns in the plural ‘ohomem (the man) 0s homens (the men) ‘jardin (the garden) 08 jardin (the gardens) ‘a Viagem (the journey) as viagens (the journeys) 5 Nouns ending in -a,~l,-ol and -al change thei -l to is: 6 animal (the animal) 08 animais (the animals) ‘papa (the paper) os pape (the papers) ‘ol (the sun) (0s sis (the suns) © paul (the swamp) 08 pau (the swamps) 6. Nouns ending in -il form their plural in one of two ways, depend- ing on whether the -il is stressed or unstressed: (a) Stressed -il is changed toi © barr (the barrel) os barrs (the barrels) (b) Unstresed -il is changed to -is: . 10 fossil (the fossil) fsteis (the fosils) ‘7. Nouns ending in -do generally form their plural in one of the following ways: (a) -do changes to -ds: ‘a ligdo (the lesson) as ligdes (the lessons) (b) ~do changes to -das: ‘ irmdo (the brother) os irmdas (the brothers) (6) -@o changes to -des: 6 edo (the dog) 1s edes (the dogs) * + Toe aria with Spanish may find it easier to remember the various plural ndings of Portuguese denims by comparing them withthe equivalent endings in Spa so,“ lecin) “o (icto) ine (hermano) “i (imo) “ar capitan) % (capiti) p.m (lector) es iges) ‘ams (hermancs) Sus (rmacs) Toe (eapitanes) “hes (capitis)4 NOUNS AND ARTICLES By far the greatest number of nouns ending in ~do form their plural by changing -do to -des, Therefore, when in doubt, change ~do to es and you will be understood, Nouns that change -do to -des are very few. The following sentence will help you to remember those most frequently used: ssa, O capitds alemdo di pao a0 edo, ‘The German captain gives bread to the dog. PL. Os capitdes alemaes dio paes aos caes. ‘The German captains ive loaves of bread to the dogs. Susmary Taste or Noun Puunats xo. PL. noun ends in vowel: a casa as casas noun ends in -r oF =z © rapaz os rapazes noun ends in =f: (a) last syllable stressed: 0 pais 108 paises (b) last syllable unstressed: 0 lépis 0s lipis znoun ends in -m: ohomem 0s homens noun ends in -al,-c,-ol,-wl: animal os animais, rnoun ends in -il: (a) last syllable stressed: 0 barri os barris (b) last syllable unstressed: 0 fossil 0s fésscis noun ends in -d: a ligho as ligdes cdo 08 eles Noun Suffixes A special feature of Portuguese nouns is that their meaning can be ‘modified by the addition of suffixes. Thus home (man) can become homenzinho (small man) or homenzarndo (huge man). Mulher + In this mnemonic sentence, alone (German) is, sity speaking, an adjective, ‘bat the noun «aldo (the Geran) forms is plural in exaetly the same way MASGULINE AND FEMININE FORMS 15 (woman) can become mulerinka (small woman), mulherona (big, strong. woman) or mulherdo (big, masculine woman). The use of these and other suffixes to express various shades of meaning is very frequent idiomatic Portuguese and it is well for you to be aware of it, even if you do not make use of suffixes yourself, Hints on the Identification of Gender ‘We have already said that the best way for you to remember the gender of a noun is to memorize the noun together with its article. ‘There are, however, a few general rules which can help you in recognizing and remembering the gender of a noun. 1. You can recognize the gender of a noun by its ending. (a) Nouns ending in-»,¢ «im, «om and -um are generally masculine: «0 médico (the doctor), of (the end), o som (the sound), o atm (the tuna). ; (&) Nouns ending in~,-¢o,-dade and -gem are generally feminine: a criada (the maid), a ado (the action), acaridade (the chaity), 4 bagagem (the baggage). Exceptions: o dia (the day), o oeta (the poet), mapa (the map), « telegrama (the telegram) and a number of others. 2. The gender of a noun may be recognized by its meaning. ‘qase, (a) The names of male persons and animals are almost always masculine: o pai (the father), ledo (the lion). (b) The names of the months are masculine: Abril (April). (c) ‘The names of oceans, rivers, lakes and mountains are masculine: o AVlintico, (the Atlantic), © Amazonas (the Amazon), 0 lago Erie (Lake Erie), os Alpes (the Alps). rex, (d) The names of female persons and animals are usually feminine: a mde (the mothes), a leoa (the liones). ‘Masculine and Feminine Forms of the Same Noun ‘You may find it useful to recognize the following changes in (1) Changing the final vowel can make a masculine noun feminine: + Not to be confined with the ending i, which is no sure indication of gender. (The ending sm however, makes 8 noun feniaine.)6 NOUNS AND ARTICLES rancsco(Francis)—Francisca (Frances) Sih (sn) fla (daughter) (@) Some feminine nouns are formed by adding Hine form: cantor (singer, mase.)—cantora (singer, fem.) (3) Dropping the final vowel and adding certain sufixes can make a matculine nown feminine oeta (poet) —poetisa (potes) (4) Some nouns refer to both male and female persons and adjust their gender accordingly: ‘ catudante (the student, mase)—e etudante (the student, fem.) «pianist (she pianist, ma «to the mascu- \—2 pianista (the pianist, fem.) Common Prepositions and the Definite Article ‘The most common Portuguese prepositions when used together with the definite article are contracted as follows: sixoutar PLURAL 4,10, at a8 aos as ti, of, from do da dos das bor, by, for pelo pela pelos pelas then use the contracted form that corresponds to it, Dei a minha bagagem ao motorista T gave my baggage to the driver. Nio sabemos o nome da rua. ‘We do not know the name of the street. Deixou os paptis no automével. He left the papers in the automobile, Foi acompanhado pelas mulheres. ‘He was accompanied by the women. ‘THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE ” ‘The Indefinite Article In English the indefinite article “a” becomes “an” when it precedes vowel. In Portuguese the indefinite article agres in ender with the noun i accompanicn Seay the folowing sas wm am quart (00m); avi (an airplane) ie a ma anda (a window); ama acre (an acre) ‘he indefinite arte has no plural in English. Portuguese wes lor oso um and ama and mat, respecivey to expres an etn plural (“some”) nt homens (some men), tmas mulheres (rr ommnon prepositions de and an fom contraction with the indefinite artle afllows: PREPOSITION INDEFINITE ARTICLE a swoutar (= a") PLURAL (=“some”) um uma ms unas de, of from dum duma duns dumas ‘Quem pode esquecer o perfume duma rosa? ‘Who can forget the fragrance of « rose? és a pilula mum copo de agua. He put the pill in a glass of water.ADJECTIVES Agreement of Adjectives with Nouns In Portuguese, adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they accompany. A masculine singular noun requires a ‘masculine singular adjective, a feminine singular noun a feminine singular adjective, ctc, In English, the use of adjectives is simpler because they are invariable: a green dress, two green dresses, Feminine Singular Forms of Adjectives Feminine singular adjectives are formed from the masculine singular in a variety of ways: 1. Most Portuguese adjectives end in -o in the masculine singular (Grance, white; alto high; velo, old). "These adjectives change the 0 to ain the feminine singular: © homem novo a mulher nova (the young man) (the young woman) 0 livro branes casa branca (the white book) (the white house) 2. Adjectives ending in in the masculine singular are general tnchanged inthe eninio ingles ee vestido verde t bala vende (he geen dre) (the geen pure) tum homem pobre mas alegre umn mulher pobre mas alegre (€ poor but hapey man) (a poor but happy woman) 3 Masculine singular adjectives ending in a consonant generally remain unchanged in the feminine singular um homem amvel luma pessoa amével (a pleasant man) (@ pleasant person) © céu azul a cadeira azul (the blue sky) (the blue chair) PLURALS OF ADJECTIVES 19 0 senso comum ‘uma flor comum (common sense) (@.common flower) rapaz feliz a mie feliz {the happy boy) (the happy mother) Exception: Many adjectives indicating nationality that end in ~é and -I, as well as some adjectives ending in -or, form the feminine by adding -a to the masculine form: ‘um rio inglés a lingua inglesa {an English river) (dhe English language) © cavalo espanhol a terra espanhola (the Spanish horse) (the Spanish land) fo homem encantador a mulher encantadora (the charming man) (the charming woman) 4- Adjectives ending in -do drop the final -o in the feminine © vinho alemdo a cerveja alemd (the German wine) (the German beer) 5 Adjectives ending in -u (not -eu!) add -a to form the feminine: (the uncooked rice) (the raw meat) 6. Adjectives ending in -au change -au to ~ia: © clima europe 1 cooperagio europeia (the European climate) (Buropean cooperation) +z. Important irregular feminine singulars you should remember are the feminines of om (good) and mau (bad), which are boa and ma, respectively: uum bom fio sama boa filha (a good son) (@ good daughter) 0 mau tempo uma mé estagao (the bad weather) (a bad season) 8 The numeral adjective dois (two) has the feminine form duas. Plurals of Adjectives In general, Portuguese adjectives form their plural in the same manner as the nouns with the corresponding endings. (Note: This20 ADJECTIVES ‘ay not be the same ending as on the noun the adjective is accom- panying!) The cases shown in the following table are just like the noun plurals summarized in the table on page 14: wo, Pt adjective ends in vowel novo novos espanhola _espanholas. adjective ends in -ror-z: _encantador _encantadores feliz felizes adjective ends in -m: comum, comuns adjective ends in -al, -l, sl, oul: usual usuais amivel amaveis espanhol _espanhéis azul azuis adjective ends in «il: (a) last syllable stressed: civil civis (b) last syllable unstressed: dificil dificeis Note the following case in which adjective plurals are different from noun plurals: adjective ends in -: ingles ingleses (just lke adjectives e 1 in 7 oF -2) ‘Remember the following unusual or irregular adjective plurals: No, PL. alemio (German, asc.) __alemaes alemi (German, ¥23.) alemis simples (simple) simples Position of Adjectives In Portuguese the adjective usually follows the noun uma lingua dificil, a dificult language tum rapaz esudioso, a studious boy POSITION OF ADJECTIVES 2 ‘a mag madura, the ripe apple relagdies comerciais, commercial relations ‘A number of very common adjectives, however, often precede the noun in Portuguese, as in English: som, good tum bom automével (a guod auto- mobile) ‘do, beautiful handsome, fine um belo presente (a beatiful git) no, bad ‘um mau pai (a bad father) rand, big, large, great uma grande aldea (a lrg village) lingo, lone {uma mga aséncia (a ong absence) bree, hort a bree carta (the shart letter) to, new, young ‘os news sapatos (the nav shoes) rita, much, many tmaite dor (much pain); mater anos (many years)* iro, segundo, etc, fist, wend ee 2 primi vex (heft time) Note: An adjective that normally follows a noun may take on a different connotation when placed before the noun, and vice versa. Compare: ‘um homem grande a large man ‘um grande homem —& great man © bom ano the good, prosperous year © ano bom the New Year * Do not confure this variable adjective mito, mui, mus, mits (much, many) swith the invariable adver mit (very, alt): ‘Be std mio cansado (He very Tired), Ela eta mato eansada (She sey tired)ADVERBS _ In English, adverbs are often formed by adding ly to the adjec- tive: sure, surely; quiet, quiets. In Portuguese, adverbs ae formed in a similar way, by adding -mave to the feminine singular of the adjective. Study this table: avjeorve apvans suase, sins. au, sino, claro (clear) clara clacamene (clearly) sincero (sincere) sincera.__sinceramene (sincerely) amivel (pleasant) amavel___amavelmenfe (pleasantly) cortés (courteous) cortes cortésmene (courteously) alegre (cheerful) alegre alegremente (cheerfully) Respondia sempre muito cerésmente. “He always answered very curzoul, Estavam sinceramenteflizes, They were sierely happy. Observations on adverbial forms: 1. When two or more adverbs that normally end in -mente are used together, generally only the ast one takes the ending, but all of them show the feminine singular form of the basic adjective: Ele caminhava vagarosa, resoluta © corajesamente. He walked slowly, resolutely and courageously. 2 The form of several common adverbs is, identical with the ‘masculine singular form of the adjective (without additional endings), although the -mente form also exists for some of them: ‘reve (or brevemente), shortly, soon préximo (or priximamente), nearly 1raro (or raramente), rarely certo (or certamente), certainly borate, cheap(ly) ADVERBS. 23 caro, deat(y) ‘ ‘proto (or prontament), promptly, quickly 3. You should memorize the following ist of other common adverbs that do not end in -mente: bem well ‘Jodo canta muito bem. John sings very well. ‘mal badly Tudo saiu mal. Everything turned out badly. demais too, too much Ele chegou tarde demais.* He arrived too late. Um pouco mais, por favor. A lille more, please. (um) pouco (a) litde Wo, tanto $0, so much Ele € tdo (or tanto) pequeno. “He is so small. sempre always Porque ¢ sempre triste? Why is he always sad? logo at once, (0 comboio partiu logo. immediately ‘The train left immediately. aqui, c& here Este livro esta agui. ‘This book is here. af there (near the per- Esse livro esta af. son addressed) That book is tha [near you]. ali, acold, 1A over there (away Aquele livro est aolé. from the speaker ‘That book is over thr. and the person addressed) Note that demas always follows the word it modifies. In general adverbs precede the word they modify but fllow the verb; exceptions to this rule are ‘mainly forthe sake of emphasis or euphony.COMPARISONS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS Comparisons of Inequality ‘There are two ways of expressing comparison in English. You can add -er or -est to some adjectives and adverbs (soft, softer, ‘oat; son, won, soon). Or you can place the words more” ‘or “less,” ‘most’ or “least” before these and other adjectives and adverbs (interesting, more or less interesting, mest or last interesting; Aiki, mae o as quik, mt ola quick). In Portuguese there is only one way of expressing sich comparisons ‘of inequality. Place the words mais (more), 0 mais (most), or manas (ea), mans (let) bere the adjective o adverb In adjectives, the definite article in o mais and o menos must agree in gender and number with the accompanying noun. co Study the following table: forte, strong mais forte, stronger 0 maicforte, (the) strongest menos forte, less strong 0 menas forte, (the) least : f strong, interessante, mais interessante, © mais interessante, (the) interesting ‘more interesting most interesting ‘menos interessante, menos interessante, (the) less interesting least interesting claramente, mais claramente, mais claramente, most clearly ‘more clearly clearly ‘menos claramente, less 0 menos claramente, least clearly clearly Jodo ¢ forte, mas José & mais forte. Francisco & o mais forte. ‘John is strong, but Joseph is stronger. Francis is the strongest. ‘A minha viagem foi muito interessante. A viagem de Maria foi ‘menos interessante. A viagem de Fernanda foi a menos interes- sante, ™ ‘THE ABSOLUTE SUPERLATIVE 25 My trip was very interesting. Maria's trip was less interesting. ‘Fernanda’s trip was the least interesting. ‘Faga favor de falar mais claramente, o mais claramente possivel. Please speak more clearly, as clearly as possible. Irregular Comparative Forms While most adjectives and adverbs express comparison regularly, some very common adjectives and adverbs have irregular forms of comparison, In a few of these cases the regular forms are also used, ‘ApJ. bom, good melhor, better 0 melhor, best mau, bad ior, worse « pior, worst grande, big, mais grande on _ 0 mais grande on large ‘maior, larger, 0 maior, largest, greater, greatest pequeno, mais pequeno on _o mais pequeno oR small ‘menor, smaller menor, smallest / bem, well melhor, better 0 melhor, best ‘mal, badly ior, worse » piar, worst muito, ‘mais, more 0 mais, most much, very pouco, little mens, less 0 menas, least Este € 0 melhor hotel da* nossa cidade. "This is the best hotel in our city. Este lapis esereve pior que aquele. ‘This pencil writes worse than that one. Qual € elivro mais interessante da sua coleceao? ‘What is the most intersting book in your collection? ‘The Absolute Superlative Portuguese frequently uses the adjective or adverb form that ends in -lssimo, This form is called the absolute superlative because it implies no comparison. A similar absolute judgment is expressed in English when you say very smart or extremely smart,t ot when you “+ Noe that che word in” when wed afer a superlative is translated by de in Portuguese. Ours, iis also posible to use mal (¥ery o xremamane (extremely) with the simple fort of the adjective, a in English ‘Be Crigtsines On Ele €extemanent vic Hi enteric26 COMPARISONS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ‘use exellent instead of the best. Compare the meaning of “This wine is excellent” with “This is the best wine I have ever tasted, ‘To form the absolute superlative: 3 When the basic adjective ends in an unstressed vowel, drop the vowel and add ~issimo: alto (high), altissime (very high); verde (green), verdissino (extremely green). Note the spelling changes in co and -g0 adjectives: rico (rich), rigussimo (very rich); largo (wide), larguissimo (very wide). Irregular: amigo (ftiendly), amictssine (very friendly). '% When the adjective ends in -s, merely add -isino: portugués (Portuguese), portuguesissimo (very Portuguese) 3 Observe what happens with adjectives ending in ~do, ed and «2: ‘do (healthy), sanissimo (extremely healthy); amével (pleasant), amabilissina (very pleasant); feroz (fierce), ferocissimo (very fierce), 4 The absolute superlative forms of fii (easy) and difli (difficult) are facilimo and dfettimo, 5: For adverbs which end in -mente, the ~isimo is added to the adjective before -mente: alegre (cheerful), alegrissimo (very cheerful), alegrissimamente (very cheerfully); cortés (courteous), cortesisime (very courteous), cortesissimamente (very courteously) ; possivel (possible), possibilissima (extremely possible), possbilissimamente (very possibly). Remember that the form of the adjective to which -meate is added is the feminine singular: alegrssima, Lisboa é uma cidade interessantissima, Lisbon is a wer intersting city, Games € um grandisimo poeta, Camoes is a vay great poet. Este eto ladra feecssimamente, This dog barks very ferociously. ‘The Word “Than” ‘The word than used in comparisons (I am taller than he is) is generally translated by que or do que in Portuguese: ‘Meu pai é mais rico que (on do que) seu irmao. My father is richer than his brother, COMPARISONS OF EQUALITY 27 “The form do quis always used when a clause follows the “than” Estou menos feliz do que ele pensa. Lam less happy than he thinks. i But when the than" is followed by a numeral or a word expressing quantity, the “than” is translated by de: Isto custa mais de dez délares. ‘This costs more thon ten dollars. Comparisons of Equality ‘The “as... .as” of comparisons of equality (She is as pretty as her sister) is translated in Portuguese either by to... como of by #0. quanto, As in English, the two words are placed around the adjec~ tive or adverb: tdo simples como (as simple as), ldo pronto quanto (as ‘quickly as). Sou tdo rico como eles. Tam as rich as they. © nosso hotel 6 ido cémodo quanto (oR coma) 0 seu, ‘Our hotel is ar comfortable as yours.EXPRESSING POSSESSION In English you can say cither “the teacher's book” or “the yo 1¢ teacher's book” or ‘the book ofthe teacher.” ‘There is no form corresponding to the apostrophe fin Portuguese. form comparable to “the book ofthe teacher” a esposa do general 0 chapéu de minha mie the general’s wife my mother’s hat, Possessive Adjectives Ts Portuguese the poseive adjective i almost alway proce ve ramon alvaye preceded by the definite article. Study the two words togethers unit. meu ‘aminha ‘opment at minha as mys mine teu atu on teu as funn yout, yours (am. tng,) ssn orem stuns his, hes ber, Ta your, va onoso — anossa —_ 0 nossos an voto avons Orvonon at vous Your, yours (Gormal fam, oseu - ame onsen anus ther, thee; out oor (polit) Observations on possessive adjectives: 1, Possessive adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun they accompany, that is, with the thing possessed: Onde est a nossa bagagem? ‘Where is our baggage? Senhor, eis o sat pastaporte, Sir, here is your passport. 28 POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES Senhora, eis 0 stu passaporte. Madam, here is your passport. Estou visitando or meus amigos. T am visiting my friends 0 seu impermedivel e as suas luvas esto acold. ‘Tour raincoat and your gloves are over there. ‘a, The form o seu (a sua, 0s seus, as suas) may mean “ is," “their,” or “your (polite),” but in the normal course of a conversation there should be no trouble in recognizing what nouns they refer back to: [Joo estd aqui mas o seu amigo esté no Ri ‘John is here but his friend is in Rio. (Os rapazes estio em Coimbra mas 0 seu amigo est em Lisboa. ‘The boys are in Coimbra but ther friend is in Lisbon. It is possible, however, to avoid any possible ambiguity by the forms dele (his), dela (her), dees (their, referring to masculine possessors), delas (thei, referring to feminine possessors), do senhor (your, referring to a masculine singular possessor), da senora (your, referring to a feminine singular possessor), dos shores (your, Teferring to masculine possessors) and das senhoras (your, referring to feminine postessors).* ‘These forms follow the noun they accom- pany: [Joo esti aqui mas o amigo dele estd no Rio. ‘John is here but his friend is in Rio. (Os rapazes esto em Coimbra mas o amigo dees esti em Lisboa ‘The boys are in Coimbra but their friend is in Lisbon. (© livro do senhor est af mas os dela estio aqui ‘Your book is there but hers are here. ‘g- The definite article is omitted: {a) before unmodified words of family relationship: ‘Mex pai velho. Nossostios esto alegres. ‘My father is old, ‘Our uncles are cheerful + -Telitera meaning of hes fora i of im fhe of em (mas. of ham ey of tata, 9 bp ef fe one of ea especies Ee tried when te forms di dl te ae employe30 EXPRESSING POSSESSION (©) after the word este and after numerals: Este meu livro & azul. [This my book is blue] This book of mine is biue, ois amigos meus estio ali. [Two friends mine are there,] Two ftiends of mine are there. (©) generally when the possessive stands alone: De quem é este cdo? E mou, [Of whom is this dog? Is mine,] Whose dog is this? 1 mine, Aquele automével & reso. ‘That automobile is ours, (@) There is a tendency (mainly in Brasil) to omit the article before a possessive that is used as an adjective Tenho o meu livro. oR ‘Tenho meu livro. Thave my book. However, the article is always used before a possessive that has the force ofa pronou Nao tenho a minha gramética mas o Sr, tem a sua. 1 do not have my grammar but you have yours, 4- Sometimes, contrary to English usage, the possessive adjective itselfis omitted. This happens especially with parts of the body or with articles of clothing about whose ownership there can be no doubt. Perdi as tuvas. Corte a mio, [1 lost the gloves.) [1 cut the hand] Tost my gloves. Teut my hand. 5 The form o teu (a tua, os eus, as tas) is used only in conversatic with relatives, close friends, etc., and should in general be avoided. by the tourist. Te is used less in Brazil than in Portugal. ‘The form @ vas, etc, is now rare in both countries. To express “your,” use ‘the forms o seu (a sua, os seus, as suas) or do senhor (da senkora, etc.). DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS ‘Demonstrative Adjectives: ‘The demonstrative adjectives esle* (this), exe (that) and aguele (that) refer, asin English, to both persons and things. They always agree in gender and number with the noun they accompany: MASC, SING, FEM. SING,-MASC. PL. FEM.TL. este esta ‘estes estas this, these esse essa esses cessas_ that, those faquele —aquela.-~—=aqueles-—aquelas._—_ that, those ‘The difference between the two words for “that” is that ase indicates something near the person being spoken to, while aguele indicates something further removed from both the speaker and the person addressed. Buta casa € branca, Estas casas so brancas. This house is white. ‘These houses are white. Esse cdo & ferot. Esses ches slo ferozes. ‘That dog {near you] is Gerce. Those dogs {near youl] are feree. é altas, Aguela montanha € alta. Aquelas montanhas s80 ‘That mountain [over there] is Thase mountains [over there] are high. high. Contraction of Prepositions with Este, Esse and Aquele ‘The very common Portuguese prepositions de (of, from) and em (on, in) form contractions when used together with the demonstrative ‘adjectives. The preposition a (to, at) contracts only with aqule * See second footnote on P. 9. 332 DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS: asc, FEM, MAS. eM, SiN. SING, PL, PL. deweste deste desta estes destas.-—of this, of these detesse dese dessa esses. dessas_—_of that, of those de+agule daquele daquela daqueles daquelas of that, of those em+ese neste nesta —nestes. = nestas in this, in these em+esse nese nessa ——nestes—onestas in that, in those em+aquele naquele naquela naqueles naquelas in that, in those a+aguele aquele AquelaAqueles—quelas to that, to those O livro deste rapaz esta nessa mala, [The book of this boy is in that suitcase (near you).] This boy’s book is in that suitcase, Dé o dinheiro dguelas mulheres, Give the money to thse women, Este, Esse and Aquele as Pronouns ‘When used as pronouns (that is, without an accompanying noun), ‘ate means “this” or “this one,” esse means “that” or “that one” (near you) and aquele means ‘‘that” or “that one” (over there). ‘They can refer to both persons and things.* ‘Veja as duas mesas, Esta & mais bonita que aguela. Look at the two tables. This one is nicer than that one. Que sapatos prefere sua filha? Esse, Which shoes does your daughter prefer? Those. {To expres “that of” or “those of” in Portuguese the definite article is often wed instead ofthe demonteatives: ‘As estas de Portugal © at do Brasil so magnifica, ‘The festivals of Portugal and hw of Brasil are magnificent © chaptu dela eo de win tn so noven [The hat of her and that of her aunt are new.) Her hat and her aunt’ are new. ap arses Saree ace nee ‘The pronouns isto (this, this thing), isso (that, Jeera on eh arene eee aS pe ed ore arent eens ae epost een ee tees itera eae ny a Se care a ee ee ree aePERSONAL PRONOUNS Even in English, some pronouns have different forms according to their use in a sentence; for example, “he” and ‘‘she” are subject Pronouns, while “him” and “her” are the corresponding object Pronouns. The situation in Portuguese is similar, but there are ‘more forms to remember, Subject Pronouns so. mL ier pens eu nds we 2x yes, tu you (fam) vs you (fam.; nove rare) SRD Pins. cle he cles they (mas) cla she elas they (lem.) esenhor you ossenhores you (polite mas) (polite mase.) asenhora you as senhoras you (polite fem.) (polite fem.) voct you (fam. voces you (fam. ‘mase. or fem.) ‘mase. or fem.) ‘Observations on subject pronouns: 1. The Portuguese pronouns which correspond to the English “you” are ty, ws, 0 senor (ete,),rocé and vocés. Ti is used in addressing ‘members of the family, small children and close friends (compare the Possessive adjective o ev). Tt is used less in Brazil than in Portugal. ‘The use of wis (and the possessive o russ) is today practically con- fined to sermons, political speeches and other formal public situa tions. Vocé is generally used in Brazil in the same situations of familiar address where tuis used in Portugal. In both Portugal and Brazil, vocs is used as the plural “you” in these familiar situations (addressing relatives, close friends, children, etc.). The polite form of “you” used in most situations and the one on which the tourist * ‘OBJECT PRONOUNS 35 i ‘os senhores, as senhoras), ee ee ara eres er tees Raa commen tS eo ed + eae aaa ea eee eats ee ae epee | aerate et er sae es ee tena os sro, Fala prtuguts? Sempre vajamos dec . Weuisaye nel by cars) Do youspenk Portuguese? Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns Engl the obi heer the) are In Bagh hoje pronouns (eyo, hie hem cst det Beaks or ndiet (egies nthe bok, He Fr neh to ma). The sme tue in Portuguese, cept Be ear ebjn pronoun havea diferent orm when they are salen they ae inet, Compare the wo tables pimecr onject isomer onject ‘PRONOUNS ‘me me (to) me i yu (um), (familiar) te (to) you ( ) ee se (0 hme, Sua you (pl mae. : or fem.) her it (em), bere (to) (pol. mac) _sovenhor_(o) you (pa you (pol. ) shes row pfemy Aan (yu ( at toy seu tie, eee ‘mase, or fem.) ‘or fem.) rue of vcd and tats and of tome other more rarely wed polite96 PERSONAL PRONOUNS: mzcr onjeer womect onjecr tem. nok us os (10) us ‘and pers. von you (formal fam.) vos (to) you formal rd per. on them (mat), co (mas), thes (fo) them (mase. ol mac) eee a a them (fem), (pol mate. or you (pol fem.) fem.) ‘senhores you (pol. masc.) aos senhores_(to) you (pol. rmase.) sssenhoras you (po. fem.) as senhoras_ (to) you (pol. fem.) vvocés you (fam. masc. Ren ‘vost (to) you (fam, ‘mase. or fem.) Ela deu-meo oral. (inie. 0b.) She gave me the newspaper, © Se.» viu ontem. (i. ob.) ‘You saw hin yesterday. (roti) (nt, oj ‘Agora av, mas eae asset horas Now I don't se her, but I spoke fo hr a even o'clock. Observations: 1. In general, Portuguese direct and indirect ob , rect and iniret objet pronouns ma precede or follow the verb. When they follow, a to the verb by a hyphen, Soo Jolo me ve. on Jolo vee Join secs But the object pronoun eannot be the frst wo Vee (0 ter word rer psi) He sees me. basi a sentence: + The tect pronouns ree the ven nepvsnece: io me moleste. (no other word order possible) - Don’t annoy me. : Sei ‘TWO OBJECT PRONOUNS 4h The polite forms of “you” (dr, ob.) and “to you" on which you 5S uld concentrate are o (you, masc, sing.) « (you fem. sing), as {yous masc pl), ae (you, fem. ph), the (9 you, mase. or fem. sing) oer tes (to you, maze. or fern pl). Te is also posible (especially to avoid confadion with the other meanings of do a) 9 express rau by anor (mase. sing), @ koa (lem. sing.) of seioes (Cease, pl), a seas (fem. pl.) and ‘to you” by ao snkar (mas. sing), 4 senhora (fem. sing.), aos senkores (mas. pl.) as senhoras (fern. SL) These longer forms alvays follow the verb; no hyphen is used. Vejon, on Vejo 0 sentor (0 Sr). see you. ‘Nao thes dou o dinheiro, on Nio dou 0 dinheiro ds se- mnkoras (as Sras.). Tam not giving you the money. ‘4e When the object pronouns e, a 0, as follow a verb form ending in 7, «zor, they become lo, 1a, los, las, and the -r, -¢ or ~s is dropped: Faz ele 0 trabalho? Filo. (faz-+0) Does he do the work? He does it, ‘Hi ligdes para estudar. Vamos estudd-las. (estudar-+as) ‘There are lessons to study. Let's study than. ‘When ea, 25, as follow a verb form ending in -m or ~do, they become ‘Falam cles portugués? Falam-no, (alam +o) Do they speak Portuguese? They speak i Dio clasasluvasaorapaz? Nio, dto-tasa mie dele. (€io-+as) ‘Are they giving the gloves to the boy? No, they are giving them to his mother. ‘You can usually avoid these more dificult situations by placing o anos before the verb (when this is possible) or by avoiding the use of those pronouns as explained on page 39 Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns with the Same Verb ‘When a verb has both a direct and an indirect object pronoun, the indirect precedes the direct. When the direct object pronouns used are o, a, of, as, they combine with the indirect object pronouns as follows:8 PERSONAL PRONOUNS: INDIR. OB]. PRON. = +o $a ton tase me mo mas moss mas te fo) te toe tas the tho tha Thos Thas os nolo* noda —no-los_no-las vos vo-lo* vola vo-los vo-las Ihes tho tha thos. has Diz-mo, ‘He tells it fo me. Prefere estas luvas?Vendo-lhar muito barato, ‘Do you prefer these gloves? I (shall) sell them o you very cheap. (Bee the section below on how to avoid the use of double pronouns.) Stressed (Prepositional) Forms of the Personal Pronouns ‘These are the pronouns used after prepositions: x0, m para min for me atria de més "behind ws emf without zou pesto de ods near you (or- (am) mal fam.) com ele with him contra eer agains het (mase.) ade whe centre dae among them et no come with you comer with you (polite (polite masc.) senor” abo) para a senora for you (polite sem at without you “fem. ‘mboras (polite fem.) sem ed without you a vets to yu (fa, (Gam, mate. imate, or or fm) fem) _ The preposition com (with) makes the following irregular com- Dinations: comigo (with me), contigo (with you [fam. sing.]) consigo (with himself, herself, itself; with themselves; with yourself, your- selves [pol.]), connasco (with us), concasco (with you [formal fam. pl.]). * The combinations with nas and sr are almost always avoided in convertion, AVOIDING TWO OBJECT PRONOUNS 39 How to Avoid the Use of Double Pronouns ‘You can avoid object pronouns (I showed them to him) by replacing them with nouns (I showed the pictues to James). You can avoid using two pronouns with the same verb by replacing one of them with a noun (I showed them to James). Dev-me. (2 obj. prons.) Deueme6 livro, (1 obj. prom.) ‘He gave it to me. ‘He gave me the book. Nao that dé, (2 obj. proms.) Nao li dé as cartas. (1 obj. Don’t give them to her. Instead of the indirect object pronoun you can use the stressed. form ofthe pronoun with the preposition ¢ (to). In this way you avoid combinations such a8 me, Has, ec», and escape any possible ambiguity among the various meanings of le and Ue. Dares ‘Deu-o a min. Hie gave itt me, He gave it me. Niko thas dé. Nio as dé a ea. ‘Don’t give then ther. Don't give them fo her. ‘Table of Personal Pronouns ‘You will find the following table useful in reviewing the personal pronouns. For the sake of completeness we are including the reflexive pronouns here too. You will need to know them when you study reflexive verbs on page 68.: z i E 5 : “6 ofed 2% ‘wer voppodaud ay gpa soucid o 5 YPM JO paar rapa nok gp04 Cryoumes on | nok or gore nok 08 pave aw ga pana peat rare are G g nat wowore|| —orpumot ox | motor wore "| nok Se ays) ot equr® Tema = = a 2g not sogcro || osmemos 2 | nocor weal | nok 2 sed) nok soqun ae 2 [Athen 3: =P qo oa =e a 2 psa orem sot at an 2 Seinen = | ytamton om | wrong ae ve & peal 8 rok orspemos 21 | nok 0 31 ok at (ore no my pee q a= ot “a Zz Sige zane Sar amr ‘Balko “patang (momo) = omens sOther important negatives are: ninguém nobody ly Renhum, neahuma, no, none (adjective) nenhuns, nenhuras nada nothing nem... nem anelther.. nor nunca never ‘nunca mais Never again % When these negatives follow the verb Nio esté aqui ningun. [Not is here nobody] Nobody is here Ele ndo tem nenkim dinheiro, (He not has no money.) He has no money, nao is placed before the NEGATIVES Nao tenho nada, ee ie eee f these negatives precedes the verb, itis not followed 2, When one of by another negative: Maria sabe nadar. 7 eae ST Mary ees fo) ere Ele munca ver. He never comes.QUE AS CONJUNCTION AND RELATIVE PRONOUN Que as Conjunction In English the conjunction tht is frequently omit u is frequently omitted. (J knwo that 1 an rit soem abbreviated to Taos om ugh). Pee ‘tuguese the conjunction que must be expressed. Sei qu ela ver, know (that) she is coming. LJorue di que seu iemao & rico, ‘George says (that) his brother is rich, Que as Relative Pronoun Ee eeeee ee eee ec cs baton aan pom ha Sy Beer ene eres Seat Or toon etnies cches Neuen een ears Fle &0 meamo rapan gr vio a semana panda. Person, subject) Loree eshte by mle cae ae wea es um chapl qu no cute demain ( " mo (rie 0 8 thog Tanta hat tt de ot at too much Ae mulheres gu sabe 5 5 proce nfo eto aqui, (ets Persons, object) a a0 ‘De women oo you are ooking fr ar not hee Onde eto spats gu compre em Lisboa? , ne pre (ters to tings, Where ate the shoes ih bought in Lisbon? ‘“ QUE AS RELATIVE PRONOUN Observations: 1 After prepositions, “whom” is translated as quem: Os estudantes de quem fala s40 americanos. ‘The students of whom he is speaking (or, whom he is speaking about) are Americans. 2. The relative pronoun “what” (I know what I am doing) is translated as 0 que: Nio me diz nunca o que faz. Hee never tells me what he is doing. ‘5 The relative pronoun “whose” is translated as cy (cyja, ows, ‘ajas). Unlike the other relative words we have discussed, cajo ‘agrees in gender and number with the noun that follows ‘A mulher cajosfilhos esto doentes est muito preocupada. "The woman whase children are ill is very worried. 4 You will notice that in most cases Portuguese has different ‘equivalents for the relatie words “who,” “which,” “what,” “whose” and the inferragative “who,” “which,” “what,” “whose” (discussed on page 10). You should be careful not to confuse them. ‘Also, do not confuse the relative pronoun and conjunction “that” ‘with the demonstrative adjective and pronoun “that” (discussed on pages 31 to 33)-