AVR Microcontroller

Course

DAY 4
Overview

C Language Review

What is AVR

AVR ATmega 16/32

Pin Description

Digital Input Output

I/O Registers

LED Blinking Project
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AVR ATmega 16/32

Digital Input Output:

Digital I/O is the main characteristic of
microcontrollers which mean the ability to
directly monitor and control hardware

Practically all microcontrollers have at least 1-2
digital I/O pins that can be directly connected to
hardware (within the electrical limits of the
controller)

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AVR ATmega 16/32

Digital Input Output:

I/O pins are generally grouped into ports of 8
pins, which can be accessed with a single byte
access.

Pins can either be input only, output only, or most
commonly, bidirectional means both input and
output.

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AVR ATmega 16/32

Digital Input Output:

Apart from digital I/O capabilities, most pins
have one or more alternate functions to save pins
and keep the chip small.

All other modules of the controller which require
I/O pins, like the analog module or the timer, use
in fact alternate functions of the digital I/O pins.

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AVR ATmega 16/32

Digital Input Output:

The application programmer can select which
function should be used for the pin by enabling
the functionality within the appropriate module.

If a pin is used for the analog module, then it is
lost for digital I/O and vice versa, so the
hardware designer must choose carefully which
pins to use for which functions

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AVR ATmega 16/32

Digital Input Output:

All port pins have individually selectable pull-up
resistors with a supply-voltage invariant
resistance.

All I/O pins have protection diodes to both VCC
and Ground as indicated in Figure

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AVR ATmega 16/32

Digital Input Output:

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AVR ATmega 16/32

Digital Input Output:

Three I/O memory address locations are
allocated for each port, one each for the

Data Direction Register
DDRx

Data Register
PORTx

Port Input Pins
PINx

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Overview

C Language Review

What is AVR

AVR ATmega 16/32

Pin Description

Digital Input Output

I/O Registers

LED Blinking Project
Copy right reserved Confidential Material | AVR Course by Eng.Ahmed Serag
AVR ATmega 16/32

I/O Register Description:

Data Direction Register

Each bidirectional port has its own DDR,
which contains one bit for each pin of the port.

The functionality of a pin (input or output) is
determined by clearing or setting its bit in the
DDR.

Input
0

Output
1

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AVR ATmega 16/32

I/O Register Description:

Data Direction Register

This register is used to select the direction
of this pin.

To define a port as an Input port, so DDRx
is written logic zero( 0 ).

To define port as an Output port,so DDRx
is written logic one(1).

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What is Microcontroller

I/O Register Description:

Data Direction Register

Different pins of a port may be configured
differently, so it is perfectly okay to have three
pins configured to output and use the other
five as inputs.

After a reset, the DDR bits are generally
initialized to input. Reading the register
returns its value.

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AVR ATmega 16/32

I/O Register Description:

Data Direction Register

Examples:

DDRB=0xFF; define port B as output port

DDRC=0x00; define port B as input port

DDRD=0b00001111; define the first 4 bits
are defined as output and the remaining
are defined as input

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AVR ATmega 16/32

I/O Register Description:

PORT Register:

It is used to control the output data of port
and generate output voltage level
according to sent data logic 1
5 volts
logic 0
0 volts

Data can be directed to all the port directly
or to one bit in certain port

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AVR ATmega 16/32

I/O Register Description:

PORT Register:

This register is used in two modes

One for input defined port

One for output defined port

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AVR ATmega 16/32

I/O Register Description:

PORT Register:

If port is defined as input:

If PORT is written logic one the pull-up
resistor is activated.

If PORT is written logic zero the pull-up
resistor is deactivated or the pin has to be
configured as an output pin

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AVR ATmega 16/32

I/O Register Description:

PORT Register:

In addition, the Pull-up Disable PUD bit
in SFIOR control the pull-up function for
all pins

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AVR ATmega 16/32

I/O Register Description:

PORT Register:

When this bit is written to one, the pull-
ups in the I/O ports are disabled even if the
DDxn and PORTxn Registers are
configured to enable the pull-ups

When this bit written to zero so it is
enabled according to DDxn and PORTxn

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AVR ATmega 16/32

I/O Register Description:

PULL UP Resistor:

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AVR ATmega 16/32

I/O Register Description:

PORT Register:

If port is defined as output:

If PORT is written logic one the port pin is
driven high (one).

If PORT is written logic zero the port pin
is driven low (zero).

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AVR ATmega 16/32

I/O Register Description:

PORT Register

Examples:

DDRB=0xFF; define port B as output port

DDRC=0x00; define port B as input port

PORTC=0xFF; activate pull up resistor for
all pins in input port C

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AVR ATmega 16/32

I/O Register Description:

PORT Register

Examples:

PORTB=0xA5; port B will have output
data as 10100101

PORTB=0x86; port B will have output
data as 10000110

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AVR ATmega 16/32

I/O Register Description:

PIN Register

It is used to read the data on the port pin
regardless the direction of the port whether
input or output

The Port Input Pins I/O location (PINx)is
read only, while the Data Register and the
Data Direction Register are read/write.

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AVR ATmega 16/32

I/O Register Description:

PIN Register

Examples:

PORTB=0xA5; port B will have output
data as 10100101

PORTB=0x86; port B will have output
data as 10000110

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AVR ATmega 16/32

I/O Register Description:

PORT A specific Registers

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AVR ATmega 16/32

I/O Register Description:

PORT B specific Registers

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AVR ATmega 16/32

I/O Register Description:

PORT C specific Registers

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AVR ATmega 16/32

I/O Register Description:

PORT D specific Registers

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Overview

C Language Review

What is AVR

AVR ATmega 16/32

Digital Input Output

I/O Registers

Pin Description

LED Blinking Project
Copy right reserved Confidential Material | AVR Course by Eng.Ahmed Serag
LED Blinking Project

LED Blinking Project

Now lets design our first project of AVR which
is blinking LED

We need to connect a led with resistance to a pin
in PORTA as an example and make it blink and
control this blinking time

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 Questions

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