CRANIUM

THE SKULL
R. Druga
Institute of Anatomy, 2nd and 1st Medical
Faculty
 NEUROCRANIUM

SPLANCHNOCRANIUM
 CRANIUM, THE SKULL I
Most highly modified region in the axial
skeleton

The neurocranium developed from a

series of cartilages ventral to the brain (base)
From mesenchyme over the dome of the
head (calvaria or calva)
Cranial cavity

Splanchnocranium branchial apparatus

(cartilaginous elements) have been replaced
by overlying dermal bones
 Branchial apparatus

The mandibular region and the neck are

formed by six paired branchial arches
(cart. bars supporting the gill apparatus).
In the tetrapods branchial arches were
modified and persist in the facial (maxilla,
mandibula) and neck skeleton (laryngeal
cartilages)
Derivatives of
cartilagines of
the branchial
arches

1st arch = Meckel

cart., mandibula,
malleus

2nd arch = Reichert

cart., stapes, styloid
proc.,stylohyoid lig.

3rd arch = hyoid

bone

4th and 6th arch =

laryngeal cartil.
 CRANIUM II

Complex of skeletal elements, adapted to

support and contain the brain, brain vessels,
cranial nerves and envelops
Special senses (eye ball, nasal cavity, inner ear)
Intracranial spaces (epidural, subdural,
subarachnoideal)
Circulating cerebrospinal fluid
x
 CRANIUM

Komplex kost axilnho skeletu

Obsahuje mozek, mozkov cvy a obaly
Obsahuje on kouli a sluchov apart
len se na bazi lebn, kalvu
(calvaria) a na obliejov skelet.
Pro klinickou medicinu m nejvt
vznam baze lebn a obliejov
skelet !!
 CRANIUM III
General cranial features
Base
Calvaria
Facial skeleton
Spaces, cavities
The skull, considered as a whole, is of greater
practical importance than the individual bones of
which it is made up !!!!!! Most important part of
base.
the skull is the
Norma lateralis
Norma
facialis
or
Norma
frontalis

The orbit

The
anterior
nasal
aperture
 The interior of the
cranium
Basis cranii
interna

Norma
basalis
Basis cranii
externa
The anterior,
middle and
posterior
cranial fossa

Basis cranii
interna
!
Fossae cranii
OS
OCCIPITALE

Squamous, basilar and

lateral part
Internal aspect Cruciate eminence, 4 fossae
Occipital bone of a newborn child
Posterior aspect
Inferior aspect
OS
SPHENOIDALE Body
The
greater
In the base of wings
the skull
The
Resembles a lesser
bird with wings wings
outstretched
The
pterygoid
processes
Posterior
aspect

Chiasmatic sulcus
optic cana
Superior Hypophyseal
aspect fossa
Dorsum sellae

Sella turcica
Sulcus caroticus
 Sphenoid bone body

Cubical, contains two air sinuses /

septum
Anteriorly ethmoid bone
Posteriorly occipital bone
Sulcus chiasmatis (optic canal)
Hypophyseal fossa + Dorsum sellae=
sella turcica (Turkish saddle)
Fissura orbitalis
superior :
III., IV., VI.,
V/1,
V. orbitalis sup.

For. rotundum :
V/2
For. ovale : V/3
For. spinosum:
a. meningea
media
ANTERIOR ASPECT
 Greater wing 5 surfaces (facies)

Cerebral surface part of the midle cranial fossa

Orbital surface part of the lateral wall of the orbit
Temporal surface temporal fossa
Infratemporal surface- infratemporal fossa
Sphenomaxillar surface- pterygopalatine fossa
OS
TEMPORALE

Parts:
Squamous
Petromastoid
Tympanic
(styloid process)
 Petrous part of the temporal bone

Is wedged between the sphenoid and occipital

bones
Has a base, an apex, four surfaces, three margins
The anterior (superior) surface (trigeminal impression,
arcuate eminence)
The posterior surface (the internal acoustic meatus)
The inferior surface (the carotid canal, the jugular fossa)
The ventrobasal surface (medial wall of the tympanic
cavity)

x
 OS TEMPORALE PARS PETROSA,
PYRAMIS
Klnovit konfigurace- mezi os sphenoidale a
occipitale
Base, apex, 4 stny (facies)
Facies posterior (porus acusticus internus)
Facies inferior (canalis caroticus, fossa jugularis)
Facies anterior (eminentia arcuata, impressio
trigeminalis)
Facies ventrobasalis (= mediln stna cavum
tympani)
Temporal bone + pyramis external aspect
PYRAMIS-internal
aspect (facies ant. et
post.)
Internal acoustic meatus - n. VII., n.VIII.)

Porus and meatus acusticus internus

Meatus acusticus
internus l. dx.
 PYRAMIS,
FACIES
INFERIOR
Carotid canal

Stylomastoid
foramen (n. VII.)
Jugular
foramen
Jugular foramen
(internal jugular
vein, N. IX., X.,
XI.)

Canaliculus for
the tympanic
nerve
Facies inferior

Canalis caroticus
Foramen jugulare
Processus styloideus
Foramen
Stylomastoideum
Processus
mastoideus
Fossa mandibularis
Canaliculus
tympanicus
PYRAMIS : FACIES VENTROBASALIS

Medial wall of the tympanic cavity

Mastoid
air cells

Celullae
mastoideae

Pneumatic
type

Stylomastoid foramen.
Canalis n. facialis
Tympanic cavity

Promontory
Tympanic nerve
Tympanic plexus
Tympanic
cavity,
posterior wall
N. VII.

Mastoid antrum Pyramidal

(3,5) eminence
Chorda tympani

External auditory
meatus (1)
Tympanic sulcus
 Pyramid - canals and spaces

Canalis nervi facialis meatus ac. internus for.

Stylomastoideum (3 parts :ventrolateral, dorsolateral, caudal)
Canalis caroticus facies inferior apex pyramidis
Canaliculus tympanicus fossula petrosa cavum tympani
sulcus promontorii
Canaliculus chordae tympani canalis n. facialis
cavum tympani fissura petrotympanica
Canalis musculotubarius m. tensor tympani, Eustachian tube
Labyrinthus osseus vestibulum, canales semicirculares, cochlea
OS FRONTALE, SQUAMA FRONTALIS, PARTES ORBITALES

Desmogenn osifikace
ze dvou zklad
Inferior aspect

Roof of
the orbit

OS FRONTALE, PARTES ORBITALES, PARS

NASALIS (Apertura sinus frontalis)
Internal aspect SQUAMA FRONTALIS
 OS ETHMOIDALE

Lamina cribrosa (nerve I.)

Lamina perpendicularis (crista galli)
Labyrithi ethmoidales (cellulae
ethmoidales)
Lamina orbitalis (papyracea)
Concha nasalis media et superior
Cock s comb
Parietal
bone
Sulci of the middle meningeal Epidural space
artery
Epidural hematoma
OBLIEJOV
SKELET

FACIAL
SKELETON
Maxilla 4 plochy
4 surfaces

Tlo + 4
vbky: Facies :
anterior,
Body + 4
processes posterior,
(proc. orbitalis
frontalis, nasalis (the base
palatinus, of the hollow
zygomaticus pyramidal body)
(/apex),
alveolaris)
Maxillary hiatus is
ovelaid by ethmoid
conchae
Maxillary
sinus (25 cm3)
 Maxilla - ossification

The maxilla ossifies in membrane.

The premaxilla (incisive bone, carrying incisor
teeth) is in most mammals an independent
bone.
OSSA PALATINA
OSSA
PALATINA

Orbital process (3)

Sphenoidal process
(5)
Sphenopalatine
incisure
MANDIBULA
Corpus
CORPUS + Alveolar process

RAMUS
Condylar
process Each half
(articular ossifies from a
surface) single centre in
membrane
Coronoid ovelying the
process Meckel
(temporalis m.) cartilage
Sublingual fossa
Submandibular fossa

Mandibular canal
 Ramus in line with the body

Age changes in the mandible

Following the loss of

teeth the alveolar part is
absorbed
THE THE
NASAL ORBITAL
CAVITY CAVITY

CAVITAS ORBITA
NASI
OSSEA

Piriform
aperture
Choanae
Facies lateralis
CAVUM CAVUM
NASI NASI

MEATUS
THE NASAL NASI :
CAVITY, inferior
FRONTAL
SECTION medius
superior
SINUS
PARANASALES

Frontal
Maxillary
Ethmoidal
Sphenoidal
THE ORBIT ORBITA
THE ORBIT, MEDIAL WALL
ORBITA, FACIES MEDIALIS
Temporal fossa
FOSSA
Infratemporal
TEMPORALIS, fossa
INFRATEMPO
RALIS

Pterygomandibular Infratemporal
fissure
fossa :
Lamina lateralis
proc. Pterygoidei and
maxilla mandibular
ramus
FOSSA
PTERYGOPALATINA Pterygomandibular
fissura

Rotundum Upper wall :

maxillary surface of
Pterygoid canal the greater wings
Sphenopalatine for.
Inferior orbital Medial wall:
fissure palatine bone
Greater palatine canal

Anterior wall :
maxilla

Posterior wall :
pterygoid process
FOSSAE
CRANII

Anterior
Middle
Posterior
Lebka novorozence
Lebka
Skull in a new-born 6 fontanellae

Facial part small

(rudimentary condition
of the mandible and
maxillae)
Ossification is Paranasal
incomplete sinuses - absent
 Anterior fontanelle
BREGMA

Posterior fontanelle
 The skull during the birth

The skull is altered in shape

The skull is compressed and elongated
Bones of cranial vault (calva) overlap to a
small extent (fontanellae !!)
These changes disappear within a week

x
 Konfigurace lebky pi porodu

Lebka je komprimovna (mediolaterln)

Elongace lebky
Kosti kalvy se podsouvaj (fontanely)
V prbhu nkolika dn se konfigurace
lebky vrac k nornlu
CRANIOMETRY

Frankfurt plane
Frankfurtsk
horizontla
gnathion
 CRANIOMETRY I

Cranial height = bregma basion = Vka lebky

Cranial breadth = euryon euryon = ka lebky

Cranial length = glabella - occipital point = Dlka lebky

Facial height = nasion gnathion = Vka oblieje

Facial breadth = zygion - zygion = ka oblieje

CRANIOMETRY
CRANIAL INDEX
x 100/ d
do 75 dolicho-
75 80 meso-
Breadth x 100/ 80 a vce brachy -
length

Up to 75
dolichocephalic

75 80
mesocephalic

80 85
brachycephalic
 Female : wall thinner, superciliary arches, tuberosities and mastoid
Sexual differences processes less prominent, air sinuses smaller, tubera frontalia at
parietalia +
 References :

R. ihk : Anatomie 1, Avicenum

M. Grim, R. Druga et al.: Zklady anatomie. Galen 2001
Gray s Anatomy, Longman 1973
P. Kopf Maier : Atlas of Human Anatomy, Karger, 1990
KONEC LEBKY