Chapter 3 Reactions 1

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Chemical Reactions
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Chemical Reactions Chemical Equations

Evidence of a chemical reaction: Chemical Equations show:
Gas Evolution the reactants and products in a reaction.
Temperature Change the relative amounts in a reaction.
Color Change Example:
Precipitation (insoluble species forms) 4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) 2 Al2O3(s)
The numbers in the front are called
In general, a reaction involves a rearrangement stoichiometric coefficients
or change in oxidation state of atoms from The letters (s), (g), (l) and (aq) are the
reactants to products. physical states of compounds.
 Chapter 3 Reactions 2

Reaction of Phosphorus with Cl2 Reaction of Iron with Cl2

Notice the stoichiometric coefficients and the physical states of Notice the stoichiometric coefficients and the physical states of
the reactants and products. the reactants and products.

Chemical Equations Chemical Equations

4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) 2 Al2O3(s) Law of the
Conservation of Matter
This equation states that:
Because the same
4 Al atoms + 3 O2 molecules number of atoms are
react to form 2 formula units present in a reaction at
of Al2O3
the beginning and at
or... the end, the amount of
4 moles of Al + 3 moles of matter in a system 2HgO(s) 2 Hg(l) + O2(g)
O2 react to form 2 moles of does not change.
Al2O3

Chemical Equations Balancing Chemical Reactions

Since matter is Steps in balancing a chemical reaction using coefficients:
conserved in a chemical 1. Write the equation using the formulas of the reactants
and products. Include the physical states (s, l, g, aq
reaction, chemical
etc)
equations must be
2. Balance the compound with the most elements in the
balanced for mass! formula first using integers as coefficients.
In other words, there 3. Balance elements on their own last.
must be same number of 4. Check to see that the sum of each individual elements
atoms of the each kind are equal on each side of the equation.
on both sides of the 5. If the coefficients can be simplified by dividing though
Lavoisier, 1788 with a whole number, do so.
equatoin.
Chapter 3 Reactions 3

Balancing Chemical Equations: Balancing Chemical Equations:

Example Example
balance last balance last
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O
2 Cs & 6 Hs 2 Os 1 C & 2 Os 2 Hs & 1 O 2 Cs & 6 Hs 2 Os 1 C & 2 Os 2 Hs & 1 O

balance H first

___C2H6 + O2 CO2 + 3 H2O

___

This side will always have This side has an odd # of

an even # of O-atoms O-atoms

Balancing Chemical Equations: Balancing Chemical Equations:

Example Example
balance last balance last
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O
2 Cs & 6 Hs 2 Os 1 C & 2 Os 2 Hs & 1 O 2 Cs & 6 Hs 2 Os 1 C & 2 Os 2 Hs & 1 O

balance H first balance H first

2 2H6
___C + O2 CO2 + 3 H2O
___ 2 2H6
___C + O2 CO2 + 3 H2O
___
balance C next
2C2H6 + O2 4 CO2
___ + 6H2O

Balancing Chemical Equations: Balancing Chemical Equations:

Example Example
balance last balance last
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O
2 Cs & 6 Hs 2 Os 1 C & 2 Os 2 Hs & 1 O 2 Cs & 6 Hs 2 Os 1 C & 2 Os 2 Hs & 1 O

balance H first balance H first

2 2H6
___C + O2 CO2 + 3 H2O
___ 2 2H6
___C + O2 CO2 + 3 H2O
___
balance C next balance C next
2C2H6 + O2 4 CO2
___ + 6H2O 2C2H6 + O2 4 CO2
___ + 6H2O

balance O balance O
2C2H6 + 7 O2
____ 4CO2 + 6H2O 2C2H6 + 7 O2
____ 4CO2 + 6H2O

4 Cs 12 Hs 4 Cs 12 Hs
14 Os 14 Os
 Chapter 3 Reactions 4

Balancing Equations Balancing Equations: Practice

___ Al(s) + ___ Br2(l) ___ Al2Br6(s)

___C3H8(g) + ___ O2(g)

___ CO2(g) + _____ H2O(g)

___B4H10(g) + ___ O2(g)

___ B2O3(g) + ___ H2O(g)

Balancing Equations: Practice Balancing Equations: Practice

Solid magnesium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric
acid to form aqueous magnesium chloride and
water.
Write the balanced chemical equation for this
reaction.
Solid magnesium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric
acid to form aqueous magnesium chloride and
water.
Write the balanced chemical equation for this
reaction.

_ Mg(OH)2(s) + _ HCl(aq)

Balancing Equations: Practice Balancing Equations: Practice

Solid magnesium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric
acid to form aqueous magnesium chloride and
water.
Write the balanced chemical equation for this
reaction.
Solid magnesium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric
acid to form aqueous magnesium chloride and
water.
Write the balanced chemical equation for this
reaction.

_ Mg(OH)2(s) + _ HCl(aq) _ MgCl2(aq) + _ H2O(l) _ Mg(OH)2(s) + _ HCl(aq) _ MgCl2(aq) + _ H2O(l)

Balance with a coefficient of 2 in front of both HCl
and water.
 Chapter 3 Reactions 5

Balancing Equations: Practice Chemical Equations: Review

Solid magnesium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric What Scientific Principles are used in the process of
acid to form aqueous magnesium chloride and balancing chemical equations?
water. What symbols are used in chemical equations:
Write the balanced chemical equation for this gasses: _____
reaction.
liquids: _____
solids: _____
_ Mg(OH)2(s) + _ HCl(aq) _ MgCl2(aq) + _ H2O(l)
aqueous species in solution: _____
Balance with a coefficient of 2 in front of both HCl
What is the difference between P4 and 4P in an
and water.
eq.?
Mg, Cl, O and H are now balanced.
In balancing a chemical equation, why are the
reactant and product subscripts not changed?

Chemical Equilibrium Chemical Equilibrium

When writing chemical reactions one starts with:
Reactants products
Once equilibrium is achieved, reaction continues, but there
is no net change in amounts of products or reactants.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

Some reactions can also run in reverse:

2NH3(g) N2(g) + 3H2(g)

Under these conditions, the reaction can be written:

3H2 (g) N2 (g) 2NH3 (g)

Double arrows indicate Equilibrium.

Classifying Compounds Classifying Compounds

Salts (ionic compounds): Composed of a Molecular Compounds:
metal and non metal element(s). Covalently bonded atoms, not acids, bases or
Acids: Arrhenius definition salts.
Produce H+(aq) in water Compounds like alcohols (C2H5OH) or table
Examples: HCl, HNO3, HC2H3O2 sugar (C6H12O6)
Bases: Arrhenius definition These never break up into ions.
Produce OH(aq) in water
Examples: NaOH, Ba(OH)2, NH3
 Chapter 3 Reactions 6

Classifying Compounds Classifying Compounds

Classify the following as ionic, molecular, Classify the following as ionic, molecular,
acid or base. acid or base.
Compound Type Compound Type
Na2SO4 Na2SO4 ionic
Ba(OH)2 Ba(OH)2 base
H3PO4 H3PO4 acid
CH4 CH4 molecular
P2O5 P2O5 molecular
NH3 NH3 base
HCN HCN acid

Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Aqueous Solutions: Water as the solvent Many reactions involve ionic compounds,
especially reactions in water aqueous
Solution = solute + solvent solutions.

That which is dissolved That which is dissolves KMnO4 in water K+(aq) + MnO4-(aq)
(lesser amount) (greater amount)

There are three types of aqueous solutions:

Those with Strong Electrolytes
Those with Weak Electrolytes
& those with non-Electrolytes

Ionic Compounds (CuCl2) in Water Strong Electrolyte

When ions are present in water,
the solutions conduct
electricity!
Ions in solution are called
ELECTROLYTES
Examples of Strong Electrolytes:
HCl (aq), CuCl2(aq) and NaCl
(aq) are strong electrolytes.
These dissociate completely (or
nearly so) into ions.
Strong Electrolytes conduct
electricity well.
 Chapter 3 Reactions 7

Strong Electrolytes Weak Electrolytes

HCl(aq), CuCl2(aq) and NaCl(aq) are strong Acetic acid ionizes only to a small
electrolytes. extent, it is a weak electrolyte.
These dissociate completely (or nearly so) into
CH3CO2H(aq) CH3CO2 (aq) H (aq)
ions.
Weak electrolytes exist in solution
under equilibrium conditions.
The small concentration of ions
conducts electricity poorly.
Weak electrolytes exit primarily in
their molecular form in water.

Weak Electrolytes Weak Electrolytes

Weak electrolytic solutions are characterized by Acetic acid ionizes only to a small extent, so it
equilibrium conditions in solution: is a weak electrolyte.
When acetic acid dissociates, it only partially
CH3CO2H(aq) CH3CO2-(aq) + H+(aq)
ionizes.
HC2H3O2 (aq) H+ (aq) + C2H3O2 (aq)
95% 5%
The majority species in solution is acetic acid in its
molecular form.
When writing a weak electrolyte in solution, one
NEVER breaks it up into the corresponding ions!
HC2H3O2 (aq) + (aq) + C2H3O2 (aq)
H

Non-Electrolytes Species in Solution: Electrolytes

Some compounds dissolve in
water but do not conduct Strong electrolytes: Characterized by ions only (cations &
anions) in solution (water).
electricity.
They are non-electrolytes. Conduct electricity well

Examples include: Weak electrolytes: Characterized by ions (cations & anions)

& molecules in solution.
sugar
ethanol Conduct electricity poorly
ethylene glycol
Non-electrolytes: Characterized by molecules in solution.
Non-electrolytes do not
dissociate into ions!
Do not conduct electricity
 Chapter 3 Reactions 8

Solutes in Aqueous Solutions Solubility Rules

How do we know if a compound will be soluble in
water?
For molecular compounds, the molecule must be
polar.
We will discuss polarity later, for now I will tell you
whether or not a molecular compound is polar

For ionic compounds, the compound solubility is

governed by a set of SOLUBILITY RULES!
You must learn the basic rules on your own!!!

Water Solubility of Ionic

Compounds
If one ion from the Soluble
Compound list is present in a
compound, then the compound is
water soluble.
Types of Reactions in a Solution
Precipitation Reactions: A reaction where an
insoluble solid (precipitate) forms and drops out
of the solution.
Acidbase Neutralization: A reaction in which an
acid reacts with a base to yield water plus a salt.
Gas forming Reactions: A reaction where an
insoluble gas is formed.
Reduction and Oxidation Reactions (RedOx): A
reaction where electrons are transferred from
one reactant to another.

Chemical Reactions in Water

EXCHANGE: Precipitation Reactions
EXCHANGE REACTIONS
Pb(NO3) 2(aq) + 2 KI(aq)
PbI2(s) + 2 KNO3 (aq)

EXCHANGE EXCHANGE
REACTIONS The anions exchange
Gas-Forming Acid-Base
Reactions places between cations.
Reactions
A precipitate forms if one of
the products in insoluble.

REDOX REACTIONS
 Chapter 3 Reactions
Precipitation Reactions
The driving force is the formation of
an insoluble solid called a precipitate.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2 KI(aq)
2 KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s)
BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)
BaSO4(s) + 2 NaCl(aq)
Precipitates are determined from the
solubility rules.
Precipitation reactions
Which species is the precipitate?
Pb(NO3)2(?) + 2KI(?) 2KNO3(?) + PbI2(?)
From the solubility rules:
All nitrate salts are soluble, therefore:
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(?) 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2(?)
Precipitation Reactions
Which species is the precipitate?
Pb(NO3)2(?) + 2KI(?) 2KNO3(?) + PbI2(?)
From the solubility rules:
All nitrate salts are soluble, therefore:
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(?) 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2(?)
All potassium salts are soluble, therefore:
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2(?)
By the solubility rules: PbI2 is the ppt.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s)
9
Precipitation Reactions
Which species is the precipitate?
Pb(NO3)2(?) + 2KI(?) 2KNO3(?) + PbI2(?)
Precipitation Reactions
Which species is the precipitate?
Pb(NO3)2(?) + 2KI(?) 2KNO3(?) + PbI2(?)
From the solubility rules:
All nitrate salts are soluble, therefore:
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(?) 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2(?)
All potassium salts are soluble, therefore:
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2(?)
Net Ionic Equations
Molecular Equation: all species listed as formula units or in
molecular form. reactants products
Note all states of each reactant or product by: (s), (l), (g) or
(aq)
Ionic Equation: All soluble (aq) species present are listed as
ions.
Leave all (s), (l) or (g) species as is. They do not dissociate
into ions
Net Ionic Equation:
From the ionic equation, cancel out any species that appear
on either side of the equation.
These are known as the spectator ions and they are
never part of a net ionic equation!
 Chapter 3 Reactions 10

Writing Net Ionic Equations Writing Net Ionic Equations

Molecular Equation: Molecular Equation:
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s) Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s)
Total Ionic Equation:
Pb2+ (aq) + 2NO3 (aq) + 2K+(aq) + 2I(aq)

2K+(aq) + 2NO3 (aq) + PbI2(s)

Writing Net Ionic Equations Writing Net Ionic Equations

Molecular Equation: Molecular Equation:
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s) Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s)
Total Ionic Equation: Never break up Total Ionic Equation: Never break up
any (s), (l) or (g) any (s), (l) or (g)
Pb2+ (aq) + 2NO3 (aq) + 2K+(aq) + 2I(aq) or molecular Pb2+ (aq) + 2NO3 (aq) + 2K+(aq) + 2I(aq) or molecular
(aq) species! (aq) species!

2K+(aq) + 2NO3 (aq) + PbI2(s) 2K+(aq) + 2NO3 (aq) + PbI2(s)

Cancel out the spectator ions to yield the net ionic equation:

Pb2+ (aq) + 2I(aq) PbI2(s)

Acids & Bases Acids and Bases

Arrhenius Definition: Brnsted-Lowry:
An acid is any substance that increases the An acid is any substance that donates H+(aq)
H+(aq) concentration in an aqueous solution. to another species in an aqueous solution.
HX(aq) H+(aq) + X(aq) HX(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + X(aq)
A base is any substance that increases the H3O+(aq) = H+(aq)
OH(aq) concentration in an aqueous A base is any substance that accepts an
solution. H+(aq) in an aqueous solution.
MOH(aq) M+(aq) + OH(aq) H+(aq) + NH3(aq) NH4+(aq)
Chapter 3 Reactions 11

Acids Strong Acids

Examples: Strong acids are almost completely ionized in

water. (strong electrolytes)

HX (aq) (X = Cl, Br & I) hydro ___ ic acid

HNO3 (aq) nitric acid

HClO4 (aq) perchloric acid

H2SO4 (aq)* sulfuric acid

* Only the 1st H is strong, sulfuric acid dissociates via:

H2SO4 (aq) H+ (aq) + HSO4 (aq)

Acids Weak Acids

Examples: Weak Acids are incompletely ionized in water.
An acid: H3O+ in water (weak electrolytes) Weak acids are governed by
dynamic equilibrium.

HC2H3O2 (aq) acetic acid (vinegar)

nitrous acid HNO2 (aq)

hydrosulfuric acid H2S (aq)

hydrogen sulfate ion HSO4(aq)

Weak acids are always written in their molecular form.

See you text and home work for more examples.

Strong Bases Bases

Bases: A base is a substance that produces OH (aq) ions in Base: OH- in water
water by dissociation in water:

H O( )
NaOH(s) Na (aq) aq
2

NaOH(aq) Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)

Strong bases are almost completely ionized in aqueous
solution. (Strong electrolytes)
NaOH is a
Examples: Hydroxides of Group 1 (MOH(aq) where M = Li,
Na, K ect) and Ca, Sr, Ba.* strong base
*Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2 & Ba(OH)2 are slightly soluble, but that
which dissolves is present as ions only.
Chapter 3 Reactions 12

Weak Bases Ammonia, NH3

Weak Bases:

NH3 acts as a base by reacting with water:

NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH (aq)
Ammonia can also accept H+ from an acid:

NH3(aq) + H+(aq) NH4+(aq)

Reactions of Acids & Bases:

Acid-Base Neutralization Acid-Base Reactions
Acid + Base Salt + Water (usually) The driving force is the formation of water.
HA (aq) + MOH(aq) MA(aq) + HOH(l) NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(liq)
Strong acid - Strong base neutralization: HBr(aq)/KOH(aq)
Net ionic equation
Molecular Equation: OH-(aq) + H3O+(aq) 2 H2O(l)
HBr(aq) + KOH(aq) KBr (aq) + H2O(l) This applies to ALL reactions
Total Ionic Equation:
of STRONG acids and bases.
K+(aq) + Br (aq)
/
H+ (aq) + Br (aq)+ K+(aq) + OH (aq)
/ / / + H2O(l)

Net Ionic equation:

H+ (aq) + OH (aq) H2O (l)

Reactions of Acids & Bases:

Acid-Base Neutralization
Reactions of weak acids and strong bases:
Molecular Equation:

HC2H3O2(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaC2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l)

Total Ionic Equation:

/ /
HC2H3O2(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH(aq) Na+(aq) + C2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l)
Leave in
molecular
form

Net Ionic: HC2H3O2(aq) + OH(aq) C2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l)

 Chapter 3 Reactions 13

Non-Metal Acids Bases

Nonmetal oxides can form acids in Metal oxides form bases
aqueous solutions: in aqueous solution
Examples:
CO2(aq) + H2O(s) H2CO3(aq) CaO(s) + H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq)

SO3(aq) + H2O(s) H2SO4(aq)

Both gases come from the burning
of fossil fuels.

CaO in water. Indicator

shows solution is basic.

Gas-Forming Reactions Gas-Forming Reactions

Metal carbonate salts react with acids to the corresponding

metal salt, water and carbon dioxide gas.

2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) CaCl2(aq) + H2CO3(aq)

decomposes

Similarly: H2O(l) + CO2(g)

HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(s) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

acid base salt water

Neutralization!!!

Gas-Forming Reactions Gas-Forming Reactions

Group I metals: Na, K, Cs etc.. react vigorously

with water
2K(s) + 2H2O(l) 2KOH(aq)+ H2(g)

Metals & acid:

Some metals react vigorously with acid solutions: CaCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) 2 CaSO4(s) + H2CO3(aq)

Zn(s) + 2H+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + H2(g) Carbonic acid is unstable and forms CO 2 & H2O
H2CO3(aq) CO2 + water
(The antacid tablet contains citric acid + NaHCO3)
 Chapter 3 Reactions 14

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Thermite reaction: REDOX = reduction & oxidation
Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s) O2(g) + 2 H2(g) 2 H2O(l)
2Fe(s) + Al2O3(s)

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Oxidation Numbers

Oxidation involves a reactant atom or compound losing Chemists use oxidation numbers to account for the
electrons. transfer of electrons in a RedOx reaction.
Reduction involves a reactant atom or substance gaining Oxidation numbers are the actual or apparent
electrons. charge on atom when alone or combined in a
Neither process can occur alone that is, there must be compound.
an exchange of electrons in the process. 1. The atoms of pure elements always have an
The substance that is oxidized is the reducing agent oxidation number of zero.
The substance that is reduced is the oxidizing agent Examples: Mg(s)
All have an
oxidized reduced
Hg(l) oxidation number
Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) Mg2+(aq) + H2(g) of zero (0)
I2(s)
reducing oxidizing
agent agent O2(g)

Oxidation Numbers Oxidation Numbers

2. If an atom is charged, then the charge is the 3. In a compound, fluorine always has an oxidation
oxidation numbers . numbers of 1.
4. Oxygen most often has an oxidation number of 2.
*When combined with fluorine, oxygen has a positive O.N.
Examples: Ion Oxidation Number
*In peroxide, the O.N. is 1.

Mg2+(aq) +2 5. In compounds, Cl, Br & I are 1 (Except with F and

O present)
Cl(aq) 1
6. In compounds, H is +1, except as a hydride
Sn4+(s) +4
(H: 1)
2
Hg (aq)
2 +2/2 = +1 for each Hg atom
 Chapter 3 Reactions 15

Oxidation Numbers Oxidation Numbers

Examples: Most common oxidation numbers:
compound Oxidation Numbers

HF(g) H = +1 F = 1
H2O(l) H = +1 O = 2
OF2(g) O = +2 F = 1
Na2O2(s) Na = +1 O = 1
HCl(g) H = +1 Cl = 1
NaH(l) Na = +1 H = 1

Oxidation Numbers Oxidation Numbers

7. For neutral compounds, the sum of the oxidation numbers
Determine the oxidation number of iron in the
equals zero.
For a poly atomic ion, the sum equals the charge. following compound:
Examples:
+2 + 2 (1) =0
? + 3(1) = 0

MgCl2 Fe(OH)3
3 + 4 (+1) = +1

Iron must have an oxidation number of +3!

NH 4

Recognizing a Redox Reaction Practice:

Identify the species that is Oxidized and
Reduced by assigning oxidation numbers in the
In a RedOx reaction, the species oxidized and the following reaction.
species reduced are identified by the changes in
oxidation numbers :
3CH4 (g) Cr2O72 (aq) 8H (aq)
Oxidation numbers:
+1 0
2Ag+ (aq) + Cu(s) 2Ag(s) + Cu2+ (aq) 3CH3OH(l) 2Cr 3 (aq) 4H2O(l)
0 +2 Answer:
Oxidation numbers:

Since silver goes from +1 to zero, it is reduced.

Since copper goes from zero to +2, it is oxidized.
The reaction is balanced for both mass and charge.
 Chapter 3 Reactions 16

Practice: Practice:
Identify the species that is Oxidized and Identify the species that is Oxidized and
Reduced by assigning oxidation numbers in the Reduced by assigning oxidation numbers in the
following reaction. following reaction.

3CH4 (g) Cr2O72 (aq) 8H (aq) 3CH4 (g) Cr2O72 (aq) 8H (aq)
3CH3OH(l) 2Cr 3 (aq) 4H2O(l) 3CH3OH(l) 2Cr 3 (aq) 4H2O(l)
Answer: Answer:
The carbon in methane (CH 4) is oxidized (4 to 2) The carbon in methane (CH 4) is oxidized (4 to 2)

Chromium in dichromate is reduced (+6 to +3)

Redox Reactions Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Iron gains 3 electrons
(+3 to 0) oxidation
number change. It is
Reduced.
Carbon loses 2
electrons (+2 to +4) it
is Oxidized.

Redox Reactions Redox Reactions

REDOX = reduction & oxidation
Corrosion of aluminum Cu(s) + 2 Ag+(aq) Cu2+(aq) + 2 Ag(s)

In all reactions if a
species is oxidized then
another species must
also been reduced

2 Al(s) + 3 Cu2+(aq) 2 Al3+(aq) + 3 Cu(s)

Chapter 3 Reactions 17

Electron Transfer in a Redox

Redox Reactions Reaction
Cu(s) + 2 Ag+(aq) Cu2+(aq) + 2 Ag(s)

e e

2Ag+(aq) + Cu(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)

Two electrons leave copper.

The silver ions accept them.
The copper metal is oxidized to copper (II) ion.
The silver ion is reduced to solid silver metal.

Redox Reactions in Our World Examples of Redox Reactions

Batteries

Corrosion

Fuels Metal + halogen

2 Al + 3 Br2 Al2Br6
Manufacturing metals

Examples of Redox Reactions Examples of Redox Reactions

Metal + acid
Mg + HCl
Mg = reducing agent
H+ = oxidizing agent

Nonmetal (P) + Oxygen P4O10

Metal + acid
Cu + HNO3
Cu = reducing agent
Metal (Mg) + Oxygen MgO HNO3 = oxidizing agent
 Chapter 3 Reactions
Reviewing What Youve Learned
You have the following items available to you:
Deionized water, pH paper, test tubes various
metal nitrate salts, common acid and base
solutions.
Suggest a simple test or set of tests for
identifying the unknown substances. Use
proper terminology and write balanced
chemical equations where applicable.
Justify your answers thoroughly.
18
Reviewing What Youve Learned
How would you determine whether or not a
test tube containing a clear colorless solution
is water or sulfuric acid?
Given a white powder that my be silver
chloride or sodium chloride.
Whether a compound is silver nitrate or
sodium nitrate.3