Sap 2000

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SAP2000
Integrado
AnlisisdeElementosFinitos
y
DiseodeEstructuras
TUTORIALDETALLADOINCLUYENDO
ANLISISPUSHOVER
ComputadorasyEstructuras,Inc. Versin6.20Beta
Berkeley,California,EstadosUnidos Juniode1998
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DERECHOSDEAUTOR
https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_f 1/121
16/4/2017 SAP2000
ElprogramainformticoSAP2000ytodaladocumentacinasociadasonpropiedady
Conderechosdeautor.LosderechosmundialesdepropiedadrecaenenComputersandStructures,Inc.
Elusosinlicenciadelprogramaolareproduccindeladocumentacinencualquierforma,sin
AutorizacinexplcitadeComputersandStructures,Inc.,estexplcitamenteprohibido.
Sepuedeobtenermsinformacinycopiasdeestadocumentacinen:
ComputadorasyEstructuras,Inc
1995UniversityAvenue
Berkeley,California94704EstadosUnidos
Tel:(510)8452177
Fax:(510)8454096
email:support@csiberkeley.com
web:www.csiberkeley.com
CopyrightComputersandStructures,Inc.,19781997.
EllogotipoCSIesunamarcaregistradadeComputersandStructures,Inc.
SAP2000esunamarcaregistradadeComputersandStructures,Inc.
WindowsesunamarcaregistradadeMicrosoftCorporation.
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RENUNCIA
TIEMPOCONSIDERABLE,ESFUERZOYGASTOSHANDADOENELDESARROLLO
YDOCUMENTACINDESAP2000.ELPROGRAMAHASIDOCOMPLETAMENTE
PRUEBASYUSADAS.ENELUSODELPROGRAMA,SINEMBARGO,ELUSUARIOACEPTAY
COMPRENDEQUENINGUNAGARANTAESEXPRESAOIMPLCITAPORLA
DESARROLLADORESOLOSDISTRIBUIDORESSOBRELAEXACTITUDOLAFIABILIDADDE
ELPROGRAMA.
ELUSUARIODEBEEXPLICITAMENTEENTENDERLASSUPUESTACIONESDELPROGRAMA
YDEBEINDEPENDIENTEMENTEVERIFICARLOSRESULTADOS.
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Tabladecontenido
A.Introduccin...............................................Unesdoc.unesco.orgunesdoc.unesco.org1
B.Descripcindelmodelodeedificio............................................Unesdoc.unesco.orgunesdoc.unesco.org3
C.TutorialParte1Creacin,anlisisydiseodelmodelobsico..............................9
1a.Configuracindelageometradelmodeloapartirdeunaplantilla.........................................9
1b.Configuracindelageometradelmodeloapartirdecero,incluidaslasrestricciones..........................21
2.Etiquetadodeloselementosdelajunta,delmarcoydelacarcasa.........................................33
3.Definicindelaspropiedadesdelmaterial.............................................Unesdoc.unesco.orgunesdoc.unesco.org35
4.Definicindeseccionesdelmarco.............................................Unesdoc.unesco.orgunesdoc.unesco.org37
5.Definicindeseccionesdeshell.............................................Unesdoc.unesco.orgunesdoc.unesco.org41
6.Asignacindegrupos..............................................Unesdoc.unesco.orgunesdoc.unesco.org43
7.Asignacindeseccionesdemarco.............................................Unesdoc.unesco.orgunesdoc.unesco.org51
8.Asignacindeseccionesdelacarcasa.............................................Unesdoc.unesco.orgunesdoc.unesco.org57
9.Asignacindeliberacionesfinalesdemarco............................................Unesdoc.unesco.orgunesdoc.unesco.org.59
10.Definicindecasosdecargaesttica............................................Unesdoc.unesco.orgunesdoc.unesco.org63
11.Asignacindecargasestticasdecuadro............................................Unesdoc.unesco.orgunesdoc.unesco.org....sesentaycinco
12.Asignacindecargasestticasdecarcasa............................................Unesdoc.unesco.orgunesdoc.unesco.org75
13.Asignacindecargasestticasconjuntas............................................Unesdoc.unesco.orgunesdoc.unesco.org77
14.Asignacindemasasarticulares.............................................Unesdoc.unesco.orgunesdoc.unesco.org83
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15.Asignacinderestriccionesdediafragma.............................................87
16.Anlisisestticoydinmico(noesunproblema)........................................89
17.Revisarformasdemodo.............................................Unesdoc.unesco.orgunesdoc.unesco.org93
18.Revisarformasdeformadas.............................................Unesdoc.unesco.orgunesdoc.unesco.org...95
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SAP2000TutorialdetalladoincluyendoanlisisPushover
19.Revisarlasfuerzasytensionesdeloselementos...........................................97
20.Realizaruncontroldetensindediseodeacero..........................................101
D.TutorialParte2AnlisisdePushover..............................................................................107
1.Definicindelaspropiedadesdelasbisagras(empuje)..............................................................................107
2.Asignacindelaspropiedadesdelasbisagras(empuje)..............................................................................113
3.Visualizacindelaspropiedadesdelasbisagrasgeneradas(pushhover).........................................117
4.Definicindecasosestticosdeurgencia............................................121
5.Ejecucindelanlisisdelospuntosdbiles........................................................................................129
6.Visualizacindelaformadeformadaydelasecuenciadelaformacindebisagras..............131
7.Visualizacindelasfuerzasdelelementodelmarcoencadapasodelpualado.........................................137
8.Visualizacindelascurvasdedispersinydelespectrodecapacidad.........................................139
E.Comentariosfinales..............................................Unesdoc.unesco.orgunesdoc.unesco.org153
Ii
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ParteA.Introduccin
A.Introduccin
Estetutorialesbastantedetallado.Sepretendeintroducirydemostrarmuchasdelas
CapabilitesdeSAP2000.Porqueestamostratandodedemostrartantos
Lascapacidadescomorazonables,elproblemadelejemplonoesnecesariamentecreadoylosresultados
Noserevisannecesariamentedelamaneramseficienteyconveniente.Amenudocon
Programasinformticos,loqueeseficienteparaunapersonapuedenoserelmejormtodopara
SiguientepersonaSesuponequeunavezintroducidoenelSAP2000capacidadesymtodos
Enestetutorial,losusuariosdecidirnqumtodosfuncionanmejorparaellosensuparticular
circunstancias.Acontinuacinsepresentaunesquemadeestetutorial(consulteelndicede
Esquemamscompleto):
A.Introduccin
B.Descripcindelmodelodeedificio
C.TutorialParte1Creacinyanlisisdelmodelobsico
D.TutorialParte2AnlisisdePushover
E.DiscusindecasosadicionalesdePushover
Sinoestinteresadoenlapartedeltutorial,puedeomitirlaspartesDy
MI.
Sisloestinteresadoeneltutorialdepushover,puedeleerlaspartesAyB,omitir
ParteC,yluegoabrirelmodeloyacreado(sinlosdatosdepushover)denominado
Sapwb01c.sdb,queseencuentraeneldirectorioTutorialdelCDdeSAP2000einiciar
ConelpasoD.
Nota:DebetenerSAP2000Versin6.20Betaoposteriorparaleerarchivos
Sapwb01c.sdbySapwb01d.sdb.Estosarchivosnosoncompatiblescon
VersionesanterioresdeSAP2000.
Porltimo,sinoestinteresadoentrabajaratravsdeltutorialenestemomento,perodesea
Verlosresultadosdelanlisisdepushover,entoncespuedeleerlaspartesAyB,omitirlaparteCy
LoscincoprimerospasosdelaparteD,yluegoabrirelmodeloyacreado(conelpushover
Data)denominadoSapwb01d.sdb,queseencuentraeneldirectorioTutorialdelCDdeSAP2000.
Acontinuacin,debeejecutarelanlisislinealestticoydinmicohaciendoclicenEjecutarenel
Analizarmen.Acontinuacin,seleccioneRunStaticPushoverenelmenAnalysispara
Anlisisdepushover.Losresultadosestnlistosparasuvisualizacin.Vanselospasos6,7y8delaparteD
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Paraobtenerinformacinsobrelosresultadosdevisualizacin.VealaparteEparaunadiscusinadicionaldelosresultados.Nota
Queparalosproblemasreales(encontrasteconlosproblemasdetutorial)siempredebeejecutary
Revisarlosresultadosdeunanlisisestticobsico(ytalveztambinelanlisisdinmico,al
Modo)paracomprobarquesumodeloseestcomportandocomousteddesea.
SAP2000tieneampliaayudaenlneaquepuedeayudararesponderamuchasdesuspreguntas.Unode
LasformasmstilesparaaccederalaayudaenlneaespresionarlateclaF1enelteclado
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Desdelamayoradeloscuadrosdedilogo.AlpresionarlateclaF1semostrarlaayudasensiblealcontexto
Pertenecientealcuadrodedilogoqueestabierto.Puedesertilusarestaopcin
Duranteestetutorialparaobtenermsinformacin.
Sinecesitamsasistenciatcnicaconrespectoaestetutorial,uotrosaspectosde
SAP2000,puedecomunicarseconCSIportelfonoal(510)8452177,oporcorreoelectrnicoa
Support@csiberkeley.com.
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ParteB.Descripcindelmodelodeedificio
B.Descripcindelmodelodeedificio
Elproblemadeejemploparaestetutorialesunaestructuradeaceroqueconstruyedosbahasdeanchopordos
Bahasprofundas,ydospisosdealtura.LosplanosylaelevacinenlaFiguraB1muestranlos
Dimensionesytamaosdelosmiembrosparaelmodelo.Eledificiotieneunmarcodemomentolateral
SistemaderesistenciaalafuerzaenladireccinXyunsistemaderesistenciaalafuerzalateraldebastidorreforzado
W8X58UN W14X132 W14X132

1/4 TS4X
4X 4X
TS4X 1/4 12'
24'
W8X58 W8X31 Y W8X58 UN
TS5X5X1/4
x TS5X5X1/4
UN
Nota:Todaslascolumnas 12'
'
Lasbasesestnfijadas.
24
W14X132 W14X132 W8X58
24' 24' UN 24'
Plandediseodecolumnas ElevacinAA
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W16X26 W24X55 W16X26 W24X55

TS4X4X1/4 TS5X5X1/4
ChevronBrace Abrazadera
5 44 Vigaderelleno
3 Vigaderelleno 53 ' 04 62 Vigaderelleno
Vigaderelleno 40 '
x
8 1x 8x 24 18X 4x 8x 24
W1 W2 W1 W W2 W1
W16X26 W16X26 W18X40 W18X40
TS4X4X1/4 Conc.Rellenar TS5X5X1/4
Plataformademetal
ChevronBraces Plataformademetal
XBrace
5
3 44 35 ' 04 26 40 '
x Vigaderelleno Vigaderelleno VigaderellenoVigaderelleno
8 21X 18X 24 8x 4x 18X 24
W1 W W W1 W2 W
W24X55 W16X26 W24X55 W16X26
24' 24' 24' 24'
Plandeltecho Plandelsegundopiso
FiguraB1:Ejemplodeplanosdeconstruccinyelevacindelmarcoreforzado
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EnladireccinY.TodoelaceroesFy=36ksi.Elsegundopisoesdehormignsobrecubiertademetal,
Ysesuponequeesundiafragmargidoenelmodelo.Lacubiertadeltejadonotieneconcreto,porloque
Noesmodeladocomorgido.
Z
Y
Vistaenperspectivaquemuestralasetiquetascomunes
Z
Y
Vistaenperspectivaquemuestralasetiquetasdelelementodemarco
FiguraB2:Vistasdelmodelodecomputadoraquemuestralasetiquetasdeloselementosdelajuntaydelmarco
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LafiguraB2muestravistasenperspectivadelmodelodecomputadoraqueincluyenetiquetas
Marcodelasetiquetasdeelemento.LafiguraB3incluyevistasenplantadelmodelodecomputadoraconelmarco
Etiquetasdeelementos.Tengaencuentaquelosrayosderellenonoseincluyenespecficamenteenelordenador
modelo.Estascifraspuedensertilescomoreferenciacuandoseesttrabajando
tutorial.
51 52 24 25
50
48 49 21 22 32
47
45 46 19 20
44
42 43 diecisis 17 18
41
39 40 14 15
Niveldeltecho NivelSegundoPiso
FiguraB3:Vistasdelplandelmodelodecomputadoraquemuestralasetiquetasdelelementodelmarco
Lassiguientessuposicionesseutilizanparacargasmuertasyvivas:
Techo: DL=40psf
LL=20psf
Segundaplanta: DL=80psf
LL=50psf
Muroperimetral: DL=20psf
Sesuponequeestascargasincluyenelpesopropiodeloselementosestructurales.FiguraB4
MuestralascargasdelhazdehazqueseaplicanacadahazenelmodeloSAP2000.
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Vigasdetecho39,40,51,52 Vigasdesegundopiso14,15,24,25
0.40klfDL 0,72klfDL
0,12klfLL 0.30klfLL
Vigasdetecho41/44,42,47/50,49 Vigasdesegundopiso16,18,21,23
5,76kDL 11,52kDL
2,88kLL 7,20kLL
0.16klfDL 0,24klfDL
Vigasdetecho45,46 Vigasdelsegundopiso19,20
0,48klfDL 0,96klfDL
0.24klfLL 0.60klfLL
Vigasdetecho43,48 Vigasdelsegundopiso17,22
11,52kDL 23,04kDL
5,76kLL 14,40kL
FiguraB4:CargasdeamplituddehazusadasenelmodeloSAP2000
Paraestemodelo,todalamasaseintroduceenlasjuntas.LaTablaB1definelasmasasdejuntasutilizadas
elmodelo.Laparteinferiordelamesadefinelasmasas,laporcinsuperiordela
Mesadefineaqujuntasserefierecomoelcentro,esquinayjuntasdeborde.Tengaencuentaque
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Noseasignanmasasalasjuntas22y26aniveldeltecho.Estassonlasjuntasenlapartesuperiorde
Losllaveschevron.
Etiquetascomunesenlasjuntasdelcentro,delbordeydelaesquina
Nivel Articulacincentral Articulacionesdelborde
Articulacionesdeesquina
Techo 24 20,23,25,28 19,21,27,29
Segundo 14 11,13,15,17 10,12,16,18
LasmasasconjuntasenelCentro,debordesyesquinasarticulaciones(k2seg/ft)
Nivel Articulacincentral Articulacionesdelborde
Techo 0,72 0,48 0,30
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Segundo 1,45 0,90 0,55
CuadroB1:Masasconjuntasutilizadasenelmodeloinformtico
Sesuponequelascargaslateralesdeterremotosonde17kips(0,0074ksf)aniveldeltechoy
16kipsenelsegundonivelparaladireccinX(direccindelmarcodemomento)y26kips
(0,0113ksf)enelniveldeltechoy23kipsenelsegundonivelparaladireccinY(apoyado
Direccindelbastidor).Estasfuerzasseasignancomocargasestticasestticasenelniveldeltecho
Ycomocargasconjuntasenelsegundonivel.Lasfuerzasdesegundonivelsedescomponenen
ComosemuestraenlaTablaB2.
Cargasconjuntasenlasjuntasdelcentro,delbordeydelaesquina(k)Paraelsegundonivel
Terremoto Articulacincentral Articulacionesdelborde
Direccin 14 11,13,15,17 10,12,16,18
EQX 2,67 2,00 1,33
EQY 3,83 2,88 1,92
CuadroB2:Fuerzasconjuntasutilizadasenelmodeloinformticoparalacargaestticadeunterremotoen
NivelSegundopisoendireccinXeY
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ParteC.TutorialParte1Creacin,anlisisydiseodelmodelobsico
C.TutorialParte1Crear,analizary
Diseodelmodelobsico
Estetutorialpasosatravsdelaconfiguracindelageometradelmodeloapartirdeunaplantillaincorporada
(Etapa1a),ydesdecero(etapa1b).Noesnecesariorealizarambospasos,para
ParacompletareltutorialUnooelotroessuficiente.Sinembargo,puedesertilver
Elprocesoylastcnicasutilizadasparacompletarambospasos.Recomendamosqueparaobtener
Informacinadicionalduranteelcursodeestetutorialserefiereliberalmentealalnea
AyudadisponibleenSAP2000pulsandolateclaF1desdecasicualquiercuadrode
Obtenerayudacontextual.
Paso1a:Configuracindelageometrademodelosapartirdeunaplantilla
1.Hagaclicenelcuadrodesplegabledelabarradeestadoparacambiarlasunidadesakipft.
2.EnelmenArchivoseleccioneNuevomodelodeplantilla....EstomuestraelModelo
CuadrodedilogoPlantillas.
3.Enestecuadrodedilogo:
HagaclicenlaplantillaSpaceFrame. Estomostrarelespacio
(ConsultelaFiguraC1).
Enestecuadrodedilogo:
UncambiodelnmerodebahasalolargodeX2.
unchequedelcuadroderestriccionessinoloest.
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unchequedelcuadrodelneasdedivisinsinoloest.
Acepteelrestodelosvalorespordefecto.
aHagaclicenelbotnOK.
4.Lapantallaseactualizarymostrarunavista3Dy2D(XYPlane@Z=24)dela
Modeloenventanasadyacentesconazulejosverticales.
5.Tengaencuentaquelasrestriccionespredeterminadasproporcionadascuandosemarcalacasilla
ElcuadrodedilogoEspaciomarcosonsoportesfijos.
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FiguraC1:CuadrodedilogoMarcoespacial
FiguraC2:Pantallainicialdelaplantilladelmarcoespacial
10 Paso1a
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6.HagaclicenlaventanaXYPlane@Z=24paraasegurarsedequeestactiva.Notacuando
Laventanaestactiva,subarradettuloseresaltar.
7.HagaclicenelbotnVista2DYZ Enlabarradeherramientasprincipalparacambiarlavista
ElevacinenelplanoYZ.TengaencuentaqueelttulodelaventanaleeYZPlane@X=24.
Estemismottulotambinapareceenelladoizquierdodelabarradeestadoenlaparteinferiordel
SAP2000ventana.
8.Hagaclicenelhazdeniveldeltechoenelladoizquierdodelaelevacinparaseleccionarlo.Apartirdelaedicin
men,hagaclicenDividirMarcos...paramostrarlabrechacuadrosseleccionadoscuadrodedilogo.
9.AceptelosvalorespordefectodeestecuadrodedilogoyhagaclicenelbotnAceptar.Lavigadeltecho
Sedivideendoshaces,proporcionandoasunnodoparalapartesuperiordelaabrazaderadechevron.
10.HagaclicenelbotnElementomanuarenlabarradeherramientas,oseleccioneDibujar
MarcodeelementoenelmenDibujo.ElprogramaestahoraenmodoDibujo.
Nota:Sisostieneelpunterosobreunbotndelabarradeherramientasduranteunossegundos,uncuadrodetexto
Incluyendoelnombredelbotnaparecer.
11.AsegresedequeelajustaralacuadrculaarticulacionesybotndePuntos
Enlabarradeherramientaslateral
Estdeprimido.Coloqueelpunterodelratnenlajuntaconlaetiqueta"A"enlafiguraC3y
Hagaclicenelbotnizquierdodelratn.Tengaencuentaquecuandoelpunterodelratnestcercadelaarticulacin,
Seajustaalaarticulacinyapareceuncuadrodetextoqueindica"Interseccindecuadrcula".Esteesel
efectodelbrochedepresinalasarticulacionesycuentanconpuntosderejilla.
Nota:OtrasopcionesdecomplementoincluidasenSAP2000incluyenSnaptoMidpointsy
Finaliza,Ajustaralasinterseccionesdeelementos,AjustaraperpendicularyAjustara
Lneasybordes.Losbotonesparaestascaractersticasseencuentranenellateral
barradeherramientasjustodebajodelbrochedepresinenlasarticulacionesylarejillabotndepuntos.Tengaencuenta
quetodos
delcomplementocaractersticastambinsepuedeaccederatravsdelaopcinAjustara...de
elmenDibujo.ParaobtenermsinformacinsobrelasfuncionesdecapturarpidadeSAP2000,
ConsulteeltematituladoSnapToolsenlaayudaenlneadeSAP2000.Clickeaenel
MendeAyudayseleccioneBsquedadeayudaen...opcinparaaccederalalnea
AyudaenSAP2000.
12.Coloqueelpunterodelratncercadelajuntaconlaetiqueta"B"enlaFiguraC3yobservequeeneste
CasoelcuadrodetextodelaopcinAjustaraslodice"Punto"porquelaarticulacinnoocurreen
Unainterseccindecuadrcula.Hagaclicenelbotnizquierdodelratnparadibujarlallavedechevron
elemento.
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segundo
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re
FiguraC3:EtiquetasarticuladasparaeldibujodeChevronBrace
Nota:Siquisiera,enestepuntoustedpodrasimplementehacerclicenelpuntoCenlaFiguraC3
Paradibujarelsegundoelementoderefuerzo.Silohiciramos,elpuntodepartidapara
Laabrazaderaestaraenlapartesuperior(puntoB)yelpuntoinferiorestaraenlapartesuperior
Inferior(puntoC).Aunquenonecesariamenteseaunproblema,
Inconsistenteconlaformaenqueintroducimoslaprimerallave.Enesteejemplovamosaoptar
porconsistencia.
Nota:Silodesea,enestepuntopuedemoverelpunterodelratn
3D,yseleccionelasegundajuntaparaelsiguienteelementodemarco
ah.Intentemoverelpunterodelmousesobrelaventanadevista3D,peroparaesto
Ejemplo,enrealidadnohaceclicparadefinirelsegundomiembrodemarco.
13.PulselateclaIntroeneltecladoparadetenereldibujodelsegundomiembrodelmarco.Nota
queelbotndeelementodemarcoDrawtodavaestdeprimido,esdecir,elprogramaseencuentratodavaen
DrawModeylistoparadibujarotroelementodemarco.
14.Hagaclicenlajuntaconlaetiqueta"C"yluegoenlajuntaconlaetiqueta"B"enlaFiguraC3,yluego
PresionelateclaIntroeneltecladoparadibujarelsegundomiembroderefuerzodechevron.
12 Paso1a
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15.Hagaclicenelbotndeelementodemarcodrenajerpidoenlabarradeherramientas.Acontinuacin,hagaclicen
Enelreaetiquetada"D"enlaFiguraC3paraingresarlosXbraces.Elmodeloahoraaparece
ComosemuestraenlaFiguraC4.
Nota:LasllavesXtambinpodranhabersidointroducidasusandolamismatcnicaque
Fueempleadoparalosaparatosdechevron.
Nota:TantoelmanuarelementoyelelementodemarcoQuickDraw
opcionestambinestndisponiblesenelmenDibujo.
Nota:Laopcinrpidadecrtmanuartrabajadedosmanerasdiferentes.T
Puedehacerclicenunsegmentodecuadrculaparadibujarrpidamenteunsoloelementodemarcoentre
Lasdoslneasdecuadrculaperpendicularesadyacentes.Alternativamente,puedehacerclicenun
Espaciolimitadoporcuatrolneasdecuadrculaparadibujarrpidamenteunaabrazaderacruzadacomosehizo
aqu.
16HagaclicenelbotnUnacuadrculadeDownEnlabarradeherramientasprincipaldosvecespara
16/4/2017 SAP2000
YZelevacinenX=24.TengaencuentaqueelttulodelaventanacambiaaYZPlane@X=24.los
ModeloaparececomosemuestraenlaFiguraC5.
17.Usaremosunmtododiferenteparalocalizarestosaparatosdechevron.HagaclicenlaopcinAjustara
Puntosmediosyelbotndeextremosparaactivarestaopcinchasquido.Hagaclicenelsorteo
Elementodemarcodebotnenlabarradeherramientas,oseleccionesealarloselementosdelmarco
enelmenDibujo.ElprogramaestahoraenmodoDibujo.
18.Siteelpunterodelratnenlajuntaconlaetiqueta"A"enlaFiguraC5yhagaclicenlaizquierda
Botndelratn.
19.Muevaelpunterodelratnsobreelcentrodelelementodevigaenelpuntomarcado
"B"enlaFiguraC5.CuandoaparezcaelcuadrodetextoAjustarafuncinqueindica"Puntomedio"
Hagaclicconelbotnizquierdodelratnparaintroducirelelementoderefuerzo.Acontinuacin,pulselatecla
elteclado.
20.HagaclicenlaopcinAjustarapuntosmediosyelbotnFinaliza
Paradesactivaresteajuste
opcin.
21.Hagaclicenlajuntaconlaetiqueta"C"yluegoenlajuntaconlaetiqueta"B"enlaFiguraC5,yluego
PresionelateclaIntroeneltecladoparadibujarelsegundomiembroderefuerzodechevron.
22.HagaclicenelbotndeelementodemarcoQuickDraw Enlabarradeherramientaslateral.Acontinuacin,hagaclicen
Enelreaetiquetadacomo"D"enlaFiguraC5paraingresarlosXbraces.
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FiguraC4:Modelodespusdeintroducirelprimerjuegodeabrazaderas
segundo
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re
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14 Paso1a
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FiguraC5:Modelolistoparadibujarsegundojuegodeabrazaderas
23.HagaclicenelbotnPunteroparasalirdelModoDrawyentrarenMododeSeleccin.
24.Hagaclicenlavigadeltechoenlapartesuperiordelmarcoreforzadoparaseleccionarlo.Tambinhagaclicenlaarticulacinen
Lapartesuperiordelaabrazaderachevron(centrodelavigadeltechodelmarcoreforzado)paraseleccionarlo.
25.EnelmenEditarseleccioneFotogramasDivida...paramostrarlosmarcosseleccionadosDivida
cajadedilogo.
Seleccionarlasvacacionesenlasinterseccionesconlosmarcosseleccionadosylaopcindearticulaciones.
HagaclicenelbotnOK.
Nota:Estocompletalaintroduccindelageometradelelementodemarco.Ahoravamosa
Geometradelelementodelacajadeentrada.Utilizaremoselementosdeconchaparamodelareltecho
diafragma.Vamosademostrartresdiferentesopcionesparaintroducirel
Elementosdeshell.
27.HagaclicenelbotnXY2DVerenlabarradeherramientasparacambiarlavistaaunplande
ElplanoXY.TengaencuentaqueelttulodelaventanaleeXYPlane@Z=24.
28.HagaclicenelbotnQuickDrawrectangularelementodeShell Enlabarradeherramientaslateral
(oseleccioneQuickDrawrectangularelementodeShellenelmenDibujo).
29.Hagaclicenelreamarcada"A"enlaFiguraC6paraingresarelprimerelementodeshell.Tengaencuentaque
UnelementoShellrpidosedibujahaciendoclicenunespaciodecuadrcula,limitadoporcuatrocuadrcula
lneas.
30.Observequeslosemuestraelcontornodelelementoshell.Aveces,cuandosetrabaja
Conelementosdeshell,esmsfcilsipuedeverelelementodeshelllleno.
Conjuntodeelementosdelbotn
enlabarradeherramientasprincipal(oseleccioneConjuntodeelementosdela...
Vermen).AparecerelcuadrodedilogoEstablecerelementos.
31.MarquelacasillaRellenaloselementosyhagaclicenelbotnOKparamostrarlaconcha
Elementosllenos.
32.Hagaclicenelreamarcada"B"enlaFiguraC6paraintroducirunsegundoelementodeshell.Tengaencuentaque
Esteelementosereconfigurarenunpasosubsiguiente.
Paso1a 15
16/4/2017 SAP2000
Pgina23
mi F
MARIDO UN
GRAMO
do
segundo
re
FiguraC6:EntradadeElementodeShell
33.HagaclicenelbotnDibujarElementorectangularShell Enlabarradeherramientaslateral(o
seleccioneDibujarElementorectangularShelldesdeelmenDibujo).Asegresedequeel
BrochedepresinenlasarticulacionesylarejillabotnPuntos
Enlabarradeherramientaslateralestseleccionada
(Deprimido).
34.Hagaclicenelpunto"C"enlaFiguraC6yluegohagaclicenelpunto"D"para
Ingreseelsiguienteelementoshell.TengaencuentaqueunelementorectangularShellesdibujadopor
Haciendoclicparadefinirdosesquinasdiagonalmenteopuestasentres.
35.HagaclicenelbotnDibujaruncuadrilteroelementoShell Enlabarradeherramientaslateral(o
seleccioneDibujardeCuatroElementosShelldesdeelmenDibujo).
36.Hagaclicenlospuntosmarcados"E","F","G"y"H"enlaFiguraC6,eneseorden,para
Dibujeunelementocuadradodelacscara.
37.Hagaclicenlospuntosmarcadoscon"H","G","C"y"H"enlaFiguraC6,enese
Dibujeunelementodeconchatriangular.
Nota:LoselementosdeShellpuedenserdecuatrocarasodetrescaras.Engeneral,
Serecomiendaelusodeelementosdedoblecara.
diecisis Paso1a
Pgina24
38.HagaclicenelbotnRemodeladora enlabarradeherramientas(oseleccioneCambiarlaformadelelemento
DelmenDibujo).
39.Hagaclicunavezenelelementoshellenlaesquinainferiorderecha(dibujadoeneltem29en
Elreamarcadacomo"B"enlaFiguraC6)pararesaltarla.Tengaencuentaquelasmanijasdeextremodemiembro
16/4/2017 SAP2000
AparecenenelelementodeconchacomosemuestraenlaFiguraC7.
do UN
segundo
FiguraC7:Elementodelelementodereestructuracin
40.Hagaclicenelpuntomarcado"A"enlaFiguraC7,ymientrasmantienepresionadoelratnizquierdo
,Arrastrelaempuaduradeextremodelmiembroalpunto"B".
41.HagaclicenelbotnActualizardelaventanaenlabarradeherramientasprincipal(oseleccioneActualizar
VentanaenelmenVer)paraverlosresultadosdelaremodelacindelelemento.
42.HagaclicenelbotnDibujaruncuadrilteroelementoShell Enlabarradeherramientaslateral(o
seleccioneDibujardeCuatroElementosShelldesdeelmenDibujo).Luegohagaclicenlospuntos
Etiquetadoscomo"C","A","B"y"C"enlaFiguraC7,eneseorden,paradibujarunaconchatriangular
elemento.
43.HagaclicenelbotnPunteroparasalirdelModoDrawyentrarenMododeSeleccin.
Paso1a 17
Pgina25
44.Ahoradevolveremoslavistadelelementoshellaloselementossinrellenar.HagaclicenelSet
Elementosbotnenlabarradeherramientasprincipal(oseleccioneConjuntodeelementos...desdelavista
men).AparecerelcuadrodedilogoEstablecerelementos.
45.DesactivelacasillaetiquetadaRellenaloselementosyhagaclicenelbotnOKparamostrarlaconcha
Elementosnorellenos.LapantalladebeaparecercomosemuestraenlaFiguraC8.
16/4/2017 SAP2000
FiguraC8:Modelocontodaslasentradasdegeometra
46.EnelmenArchivo,seleccioneGuardarylaentradadeunnuevonombreparaguardarelarchivo.
Nota:esunabuenaideaguardarsuarchivoconfrecuencia.
Estocompletalaentradadelageometradelmodelo.Ahorapuederealizarunadelassiguientesacciones:
Sihainiciadoelmodeloapartirdeunaplantilla,ynoquiereintentareliniciodela
Modelodesdecero,luegosaltealPaso2.
Sihainiciadoelmodeloapartirdeunaplantillayahoraquiereprobarempezandodesde
Cero,luegocontineconelpaso1b.
Sihainiciadoelmodelodesdecero,ynoquieretratardearrancarelmodelo
Desdeunaplantilla,luegosaltealpaso2.
18 Paso1a
Pgina26
Sihainiciadoelmodeloapartirdecero,yahoraquiereprobarempezandodesdeuna
Plantilla,acontinuacin,volveralprincipiodelpaso1a.
16/4/2017 SAP2000
Paso1a 19
Pgina28
Pgina27
Paso1b:Configuracindelageometrademodelodesdecero
Estetutorialpasosatravsdelaconfiguracindelageometradelmodeloapartirdeunaplantillaincorporada
(Etapa1a),ydesdecero(etapa1b).Noesnecesariorealizarambospasospara
ParacompletareltutorialUnooelotroessuficiente.Sinembargo,cadaunodeellostiene
Informacinnica.
1.Hagaclicenelcuadrodesplegabledelabarradeestadoparacambiarlasunidadesakipft.
2.EnelmenArchivo,seleccioneNuevoModelo....Estomuestraelsistemadecoordenadas
Cuadrodedilogodedefinicin.
Seleccionelapestaacartesiano.
AjusteelnmerodeespaciosderejillaenlasdireccionesX
Direccina2.
AjusteelnmerodeespaciosdecuadrculaenY
Direccina4.
AjusteelnmerodeespaciosdecuadrculaenladireccinZ
a2.
AjustarelespaciadodecuadrculaenladireccinXa24.
AjustarelespaciadodecuadrculaenladireccinYa12.
AjustarelespaciadodecuadrculaenladireccinZa12.
HagaclicenelbotnOKparaaceptarlacuadrcula
definicin.
4.Lapantallaseactualizarymostrarunavista3Dy2D(XYPlane@Z=24)en
Ventanascontiguasconbaldosasverticales.
5.HagaclicenlaventanaXYPlane@Z=24paraasegurarsedequeestactiva.Notacuando
Laventanaestactiva,subarradettuloseresaltar.
Paso1b 21
16/4/2017 SAP2000
Pgina29
6.HagaclicenelbotndeelementodemarcoQuickDraw Enlabarradeherramientaslateral(oseleccione
ElementodelcaptulodrenajerpidodelmenMarco).
Nota:Sisostieneelpunterosobreunbotndelabarradeherramientasduranteunossegundos,uncuadrodetexto
Incluyendoelnombredelbotnaparecer.
7.EnlaventanarotuladaXYPlane@Z=24,paraintroducirunelementodeviga,hagaclicenunacuadrcula
lnea.LaherramientaElementodelcaptuloQuickDrawcrearentoncesunelementodevigaenese
Lneadecuadrculaqueseextiendeentrelaslneasdecuadrculaperpendicularesms
Puntoenelquehizoclic.Porlotanto,hagaclicenlosdiezlugaresdesignadosporunOenlafigura
C9paradibujaralgunasdelasvigasdeltecho.
Nota:Siseolvidaunpocoalhacerclicenunalneadecuadrcula,elprogramapuedeasumir
Ustedestabaintentandointroducirdostirantesdiagonalesenlabahadelimitadaporel
Lneasdecuadrcula.Siestosucede,simplementehagaclicenelbotnDeshacerenelmenprincipal.
Barradeherramientasdosveces,oseleccioneDeshacerAadirmarcodelmenEdicindosveces.
FiguraC9:Vigasdeniveldetechodedibujorpido
8.HagaclicenelbotnElementomanuar Enlabarradeherramientaslateral.Elprogramaes
AhoraenmodoDraw.
22 Paso1b
Pgina30
9.AsegresedequeelajustaralacuadrculaarticulacionesybotndePuntos
Enlabarradeherramientaslateral
Estdeprimido.Coloqueelpunterodelratnenlajuntaconlaetiqueta"A"enlaFiguraC10y
Hagaclicenelbotnizquierdodelratn.Tengaencuentaquecuandoelpunterodelratnestcercadelaarticulacin,
Seajustaalaarticulacinyapareceuncuadrodetextoqueindica"Interseccindecuadrcula".Esteesel
Nota:OtrasopcionesdecomplementoincluidasenSAP2000incluyenSnaptoMidpointsy
Finaliza,Ajustaralasinterseccionesdeelementos,AjustaraperpendicularyAjustara
Lneasybordes.Losbotonesparaestascaractersticasseencuentranenellateral
barradeherramientasjustodebajodelbrochedepresinenlasarticulacionesylarejillabotndepuntos.Tengaencuenta
16/4/2017 SAP2000
quetodos
delcomplementocaractersticastambinsepuedeaccederatravsdelaopcinAjustara...de
elmenDibujo.ParaobtenermsinformacinsobrelasfuncionesdecapturarpidadeSAP2000,
ConsulteeltematituladoSnapToolsenlaayudaenlneadeSAP2000.Clickeaenel
AyudarmenyseleccioneBsquedadeayudasobre...opcinparaaccederal
AyudaenlneaSAP2000.
do UN
F re segundo
GRAMO mi
FiguraC10:Dibujodevigasdeniveldetechorestantes
10.Coloqueelpunterodelratncercadelajuntaconlaetiqueta"B"enlaFiguraC10yhagaclicen
Botnizquierdodelratnparadibujarelelementodelavigadeltecho.
Paso1b 23
Pgina31
Nota:NopudimosutilizarlaherramientademarcoelementoQuickDrawparadibujarestaviga
Porqueelhazatraviesaunalneaderejilla.
11.Deformapredeterminada,elprogramaestahoralistoparadibujarotroelementodemarcoapartirde
Punto"B".PresionelateclaIntroeneltecladoparadetenereldibujodelsegundo
Marcoenestaubicacin.
12.Coloqueelpunterodelratnenlajuntaconlaetiqueta"C"enlaFiguraC10yhagaclicenlaizquierda
Botndelratn.Hagaclicensecuenciaenlasjuntas"D"y"E"yluegopresionelateclaEnter
Paradibujarlasdosvigasdetechosiguientes.
13.AhoravamosaeditarlaslneasdelacuadrculademaneraquepodemosutilizarelelementodemarcoQuickDraw
Herramientaparaentrarenelltimohazdetechoqueseextenderdesdeelpunto"F"hastaelpunto"G"enlafigura
C10.
14.EnelmenDibujar,seleccioneEditarcuadrcula....EstomuestralaopcinModificarlneasdecuadrcula
cajadedilogo.
HagaclicenlaopcinSenelreadeDireccin.
Resalte12enelcuadrodelistaUbicacinYyhagaclicenelbotnBorrarCuadrcula.
Resalte12enelcuadrodelistaUbicacinYyhagaclicenelbotnBorrarCuadrcula.
HagaclicenelbotnOK.
16/4/2017 SAP2000
16.HagaclicenelbotndeelementodemarcoQuickDrawEnlabarradeherramientaslateral(oseleccione
ElementodelcaptulodrenajerpidodelmenMarco).
17.Hagaclicenlalneadecuadrculaentrelospuntos"F"y"G"enlaFiguraC10paraingresarelltimo
Vigadetecho.ElmodeloahoraaparececomosemuestraenlaFiguraC11.
18.SeleccionartodosloselementosdebastidordeltechoylasjuntasenelplanoXY@Z=24
"Windowing".Parahaceresto:
Hagaclicenelbotndelpunteroenlabarradeherramientasparaactivarelmododeseleccin.
Muevaelpunteroporencimayalaizquierdadeloselementosdebastidorylasarticulaciones.
Hagaclicymantengapulsadoelbotnizquierdodelratn.
24 Paso1b
Pgina32
Mientrasmantiene,muevaelpunterodebajoyaladerechadeloselementosdebastidory
ArticulacionesUnaventanabandadegomamostrarlareginseleccionada.
FiguraC11:ModeloDespusTodaslasvigasdeltechodenivelsehanelaborado
Soltarelbotnizquierdodelratnparaseleccionartodosloselementosdeestaventana.
19.DesdeelEditarmen,seleccioneCopiar.
20.DesdeelEditarmen,seleccionePegar.EstomostrarelcuadrodedilogoPegarCoordenadas
caja.
21.Enestecuadrodedilogodeentradade0paraDeltaX,0paraDeltaYy12paraDeltaZ.
22.HagaclicenelAceptarbotnylageometraparaelniveldeltechosecopiaenelsegundonivel.
23.HagaclicenelUnacuadrculadeDownbotnenlabarradeherramientasprincipalparamostrarelplan
vistaenelsegundoniveldelsuelo,Z=12.TengaencuentaloscambiosdettulodeventanaaplanoXY@
Z=12.ElmodeloapareceahoracomosemuestraenlafiguraC12.
Nota:Lassegundasvigasnivelenlosprticosarriostradosnonecesitanunaarticulacinenel
centropararecibirunaparatoortopdico.Porlotantovamosaeliminarlasjuntasdecentro.
Paso1b 25
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Pgina33
SAP2000tutorialdetalladoqueincluyaanlisispasoapaso
24.HagaclicenlassegundasvigasniveletiquetadosAyBenlafiguraC12paraseleccionarlos.
UN
segundo
do
re
LafiguraC12:ModeloDespusdeTodosniveldecubiertaVigascopianenSegundoNivel
25.DesdeelEditarmenseleccionenetemarcosdecombinarestosdoselementosenunsolo
elementoyeliminarlasarticulacionesnoutilizadossobrantesdelprocesodeunin.
26.Hagaclicencualquierpartedelelementodebastidorcombinadoparaseleccionarlo.Tengaencuentaquelatotalidad
miembrosedestacverificandoasquelosmiembrossehanunido.
27.HagaclicenelClaroSeleccinbotnenlabarradeherramientas(oseleccioneBorrarSeleccin
DelSeleccionemen)paraanularlaseleccindelaviga.
28.HagaclicenlassegundasvigasdeniveldelaetiquetaCyDenlafiguraC12paraseleccionarlos.
DesdeelEditarmenseleccionenetemarcosdecombinarestosdoselementosenunsolo
elemento.
29.HagaclicenlaventanadeetiquetadoplanoXY@Z=12paraasegurarsedequeestactivo.Tengaencuentacuando
laventanaestactiva,seresaltarlabarradettulo.
30.HagaclicenlaVista2Dyzbotn enlabarradeherramientasprincipalparacambiarlavistaauna
elevacinenelplanoYZ.TengaencuentaqueelttulodelaventanaleeplanoYZ@X=24.
26 Etapa1b
Pgina34
16/4/2017 SAP2000
ParteC.Parte1TutorialCrear,analizarydisearelmodelobsico
Estemismottulotambinseproduceenelladoizquierdodelabarradeestadoenlaparteinferiordela
SAP2000ventana.ElmodeloaparececomosemuestraenlafiguraC13.
segundo
UN do
re
LafiguraC13:YZElevation
31.HagaclicenelelementodemarcoDrawbotn enlabarradeherramientas.Elprogramaes
ahoraenelmododetrazado.
32.Asegresedequeelbrochedepresinalasarticulacionesylospuntosderejillabotn
enlabarradeherramientasdellado
esdeprimido.ColoqueelpunterodelratnenlaarticulacindelaetiquetaAenlafiguraC13y
hagaclicenelbotnizquierdodelratn.Tengaencuentaquecuandoelpunterodelratnseencuentracercadelaarticulacin,
brochesdepresinalaarticulacin,yuncuadrodetextoquedicequeaparezcaRedInterseccin.Esteesel
33.ColoqueelpunterodelratncercadelaarticulacinconlaetiquetaBenlafiguraC13ytengaencuentaqueeneste
casodequeelcuadrodetextoopcinAjustaraslodicePunto,porquelaarticulacinnoseproducea
unainterseccindelacuadrcula.HagaclicenelbotnizquierdodelratnparadibujarlallavedeChevron
elemento.
Nota:Siquisiera,enestepuntoustedpodrahacerclicenelpuntoCenlaFiguraC
12paradibujarelsegundoelementodeabrazadera.Situviramosquehacereso,elpuntodeinicio
Paraelpuntalseraenlapartesuperior(puntoB)yelpuntoinferiorestaraen
Etapa1b 27
Pgina35
laparteinferior(puntoC).Aunquenoesnecesariamenteunproblema,estosera
incompatiblesconlaformaenquelaentradadelprimeraparatoortopdico.Enesteejemplovamosaoptar
porconsistencia.
Nota:Siquisiera,enestepuntosepodamoverelpunterodelratnenla
3Dventanayseleccionelasegundaarticulacinparaelsiguienteelementodelmarco.Tratar
moverelpunterodelratnsobrelaventanadeVista3D,peroparaesteejemplo
enrealidadnohagaclicparadefinirelsegundoelementodebastidor.
34.PulselateclaIntroeneltecladoparadejardedibujarelsegundoelementodebastidor.Nota
queelelementodemarcoDrawbotntodavaestdeprimido,esdecir,elprogramaseencuentratodavaen
Modoylistoparadibujarotroelementodelmarcodibujar.
35.HagaclicenlaarticulacindelaetiquetaCyluegolaarticulacinmarcadocomoBenlafiguraC13,yluego
pulselateclaIntroeneltecladoparadibujarelsegundomiembroderefuerzogaln.
16/4/2017 SAP2000
36.HagaclicenelelementodemarcoQuickDrawbotnenlabarradeherramientas.Acontinuacin,hagaclic
enelreadelaetiquetaDenlafiguraC13paraentrarenlosXllaves.
Nota:LarpidaElementomanuaropcinfuncionadedosmanerasdiferentes.T
puedehacerclicenunsegmentodecuadrculaparadibujarrpidamenteunelementorpidadeunsolocuadro
entrelasdoslneasdelarejillaperpendicularesadyacentes.Comoalternativa,puede
hagaclicenunespaciodelimitadoporcuatrolneasdelacuadrculaparadibujarunrefuerzotransversalcomoera
hechoaqu.
Nota:tambinpodranhabersidointroducidaLosXllavesutilizandolamismatcnicaque
fueempleadoparalasllavesdeChevron.
Nota:TantoelmarcodesealarloselementosyelelementodemarcoQuickDraw
opcionestambinestndisponiblesenelsorteodemens.
37.HagaclicenelBajarunacuadrculabotnenlabarradeherramientasprincipaldosvecesparamostrarla
vistaenalzadoenX=24.TengaencuentaloscambiosdettulodeventanaaplanoYZ@X=24.
38.Repetirlospasos32atravsde36paradibujarelsegundoconjuntodetirantes.Tengaencuentaqueelsegundoconjunto
dellavesseproduceenelladoderechodelaelevacin.Elmodeloapareceahoracomo
semuestraenlafiguraC14.
39.Ahoravamosadibujarlascolumnas.Hagaclicenlasubicacionesdeseiscolumnasdelneasdecuadrculadesignados
conunajuntaenlafiguraC14paradefinirlaprimeralneadecolumnas.
28 Etapa1b
Pgina36
40.Hagaclicenelpunterobotn parasalirdelmodoDibujaryentrarenMododeSeleccin.Hagaclicen
thesixcolumnsjustenteredtoselectthem.
FigureC14:ModelAfterBracesHaveBeenDrawn
Note:Amessageonthelefthandsideofthestatusbaratthebottomofthe
SAP2000windowtellsyouhowmanyofeachtypeofelementarecurrently
seleccionado.
41.FromtheEditmenu,chooseReplicate.ThiswilldisplaytheReplicatedialogbox.
16/4/2017 SAP2000
42.InthisdialogboxselecttheLineartab,input24forX,0forYand0forZ.Input2
forthenumber.
43.ClicktheOKbuttonandthegeometryforthecolumnswillbereplicatedtwiceata
24footspacing.
Note:Inadditiontolinearreplication,theReplicateoptionalsoallowsradial
replicationandmirroring.Refertothetopicreplicateintheonlinehelpfor
moreinformation.TheonlinehelpcanbeaccessedbyclickingontheHelp
Etapa1b 29
Pgina37
menuandselectingtheSearchforHelponoptionoryoucanaccessitby
pressingtheF1keyonthekeyboardwhentheReplicatedialogboxisopen.
44.Nowwewillapplythebaserestraints.ClickinthewindowlabeledYZPlane@
X=24tomakesureitisactive.Notewhenthewindowisactive,itstitlebarwillbe
highlighted.
45.FromtheViewmenuselectSet2DView.ThiswilldisplaytheSet2DView
dialogbox.
46.MakesuretheXYplaneoptionbuttonisselectedandenter0intheZ=editbox.
47.ClicktheOKbutton,andthewindowwillnowdisplaytheXYPlane@Z=0.
48.SelectallofthejointsintheXYPlane@Z=0bywindowing.Todothis:
ClickthePointerbuttononthesidetoolbarleftsideofthescreen.
Movethepointeraboveandtotheleftofthesupportjoints.
Clickandholdtheleftmousebutton.
Whileholding,movethepointerbelowandtotherightofthesupportjoints.UN
rubberbandwindowwillshowtheregionselected.
Releasetheleftmousebuttontoselectallelements(joints)inthiswindow.
49.FromtheAssignmenu,chooseJoint,andthenRestraintsfromthesubmenu.Esta
willdisplaytheJointRestraintsdialogbox.
50.Inthisdialogbox:
Clickthepinnedbasefastrestraintbutton tosetalltranslationaldegreesof
freedom(U1,U2andU3)asrestrained.
ClicktheOKbutton
51.Clickinthewindowlabeled3DViewtomakesureitisactive.
52.ClicktheRefreshWindowbuttononthemaintoolbar(orselectRefresh
WindowfromtheViewmenu)toseetherestraintsinthe3DViewwindow.
30 Etapa1b
16/4/2017 SAP2000
Pgina38
53.ClickintheplanviewwindowcurrentlylabeledJointRestraintstomakesureitis
activo.
54.ClicktheShowUndeformedShapebuttontoresettheviewandtoreturnthe
windowlabeltoXYPlane@Z=0.
55.ClicktheUpOneGridlinebuttononthemaintoolbartwicetodisplaythe
elevationviewatZ=24.
56.Tofinishdefiningthemodelgeometry,completeitems25through46inStep1a,
ie,thepreviousstep.Whenfinished,returntothispoint.
Thiscompletestheinputofthemodelgeometryfromscratch.Nowyoucandooneof
elseguimiento:
Ifyoustartedthemodelfromscratch,anddonotwanttotrystartingthemodel
fromatemplate,thengoontoStep2.
Ifyoustartedthemodelfromscratch,andnowwanttotrystartingitfroma
template,thenreturntothebeginningofStep1a.
Ifyouwanttostopworkingonthetutorialfornow,andcloseSAP2000,make
surethatyouhavesavedyourfileasoutlinedinitem46ofStep1a,andthen
fromtheFilemenuselectExit.
Etapa1b 32
Pgina40
Pgina39
Step2:RelabelingJoint,FrameandShellElements
16/4/2017 SAP2000
1.Clickinthewindowlabeled3DViewtomakesureitisactive.Notewhenthe
windowisactive,itstitlebarwillbehighlighted.
2.ClicktheSetElementsbuttononthemaintoolbar(orselectSetElements
fromtheViewmenu).ThisdisplaystheSetElementsDialogbox.
3.Inthisdialogbox:
IntheJointsareachecktheLabelsbox.
IntheFramesareachecktheLabelsbox.
IntheShellsareachecktheLabelsbox.
ClicktheOKbutton.
Note:Weareturningontheelementlabelssothatwecanseetheeffectofthe
elementrelabeling.Itisnotnecessarytoturnonelementlabelsinorderto
relabelthem.
4.FromtheSelectmenuchooseSelect,andthenAllfromthesubmenu.Allelements
inthemodel(joints,frameelementsandshellelements)areselected.
5.FromtheEditmenuchooseChangeLabelstodisplaytheRelabelSelectedItems
dialogbox.
6.Inthisdialogbox:
PresstheF1keytodisplaythecontext
sensitiveonlinehelpforthisdialogbox.
Whenfinishedreadingtheonlinehelp,
clicktheXinthetoprighthandcorner
oftheHelpwindow,orselectExitfromthe
FilemenuontheHelpwindowtocloseit.
IntheChangeLabelInitializationareaof
thedialogboxtype1intheNextNumber
editboxesforJoint,FrameandShell
Paso2 33
Pgina41
elementos.
Accepttherestofthedefaultvaluesinthedialogbox.
ClicktheOKbuttontomakethechanges.
Note:Itisnottypicallynecessarytorenumbertheelements.Itisdonehere
toillustratetheprocess,andtomakesurealltutorialusershavethe
samenumberingsystem,whethertheystartedthemodelfromatemplate,
orfromscratch,sincewewillrefertojointandframeelementsbytheir
labelslaterinthistutorial.
Note:Joint,FrameandShellelementlabelscanbegivenalphanumeric
prefixes.TheseprefixescanbeinputinthePrefixeditboxesonthe
RelabelSelectedItemsdialogbox.
Note:Itisnotnecessarytoselectallelementstorelabel.Youcouldselect
onlyafewelements,ofanytype,andrelabelonlytheselectedelements.
7.ClicktheSetElementsbuttononthemaintoolbar(orselectSetElements
16/4/2017 SAP2000
8.Inthisdialogbox:
IntheJointsareaunchecktheLabelsbox.
IntheFramesareaunchecktheLabelsbox.
IntheShellsareaunchecktheLabelsbox.
ClicktheOKbutton.
9.ClicktheSaveModelbuttononthemaintoolbar,orselectSavefromtheFile
menutosavethefile.
Thiscompletesrelabelingthejoint,frameandshellelements.
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Step3:DefiningMaterialProperties
Inthistutorialwewillusedefaultmaterialproperties,exceptthatwewillnotusetheself
weightandselfmass.Inthisstepwewillfirstreviewthedefaultmaterialproperties
(items1through14)andthenwewillchangethematerialpropertiestosettheself
weightandselfmasstozero(items15through21).
1.FromtheDefinemenuchooseMaterials.ThisdisplaystheDefineMaterials
dialogbox.
2.HighlightCONCintheMaterialsareaandclicktheModify/ShowMaterialbutton.
ThiswilldisplaytheMaterialPropertyDatadialogbox.
Note:Toaddanewmaterialproperty,clicktheAddNewMaterialbutton.
3.Notethematerialpropertiesshown,andnoticethattheyareinunitsofkipsandfeet.
4.ClicktheCancelbuttontoexittheMaterialPropertyDatadialogboxwithout
makinganychanges.
5.ClicktheCancelbuttontoexittheDefineMaterialsdialogboxwithoutmakingany
Cambios.
6.Clickthedropdownboxinthestatusbartochangetheunitstokipin.
7.FromtheDefinemenuchooseMaterials.ThisagaindisplaystheDefine
Materialsdialogbox.
8.HighlightCONCintheMaterialsarea,ifitisnotalreadyhighlighted,andclickthe
Modify/ShowMaterialbutton.ThisdisplaystheMaterialPropertyDatadialogbox
forthematerialnamedCONC.
9.Notethematerialpropertiesshown,andnoticethattheyareinunitsofkipsand
pulgadas.
10.ClicktheCancelbuttontoexittheDefineMaterialsdialogboxwithoutmakingany
Cambios.
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11.HighlightSTEELintheMaterialsareaandclicktheModify/ShowMaterialbutton.
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Pgina43
12.Notethematerialpropertiesshown,andnoticethattheyareinunitsofkipsand
pulgadas.
13.ClicktheCancelbuttontwicetoexittheMaterialPropertyDatadialogboxandthe
DefineMaterialsdialogboxwithoutmakinganychanges.
14.Clickthedropdownboxinthestatusbartochangetheunitsbacktokipft.
15.FromtheDefinemenuchooseMaterials.ThisdisplaystheDefineMaterials
dialogbox.
16.HighlightCONCintheMaterialsareaandclicktheModify/ShowMaterialbutton.
17.Inthisdialogbox:
IntheAnalysisPropertyDataareatype0intheMassPerUnitVolumeeditbox.
IntheAnalysisPropertyDataareatype0intheWeightPerUnitVolumeedit
caja.
ClicktheOKbutton.
18.HighlightSTEELintheMaterialsareaandclicktheModify/ShowMaterialbutton.
19.Inthisdialogbox:
IntheAnalysisPropertyDataareatype0intheMassPerUnitVolumeeditbox.
IntheAnalysisPropertyDataareatype0intheWeightPerUnitVolumeedit
caja.
ClicktheOKbutton.
20.ClicktheOKbuttontoclosetheDefineMaterialsdialogbox.
21.ClicktheSaveModelbutton onthemaintoolbar,orselectSavefromtheFile
menutosavethefile.
Thiscompletesthereviewanddefinitionofmaterialproperties.
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Pgina44
Step4:DefiningFrameSections
Wewilluseninedifferentwideflangesections(W24X62,W24X55,W21X44,W18X40,
W18X35,W16X26,W14X132,W8X58andW8X31)andtwodifferentstructuraltube
sections(TS5X5X1/4andTS4X4X1/4)forthismodel.Wewillusethestructural
sectionsdatafileprovidedwithSAP2000.ThefileiscalledSECTIONS.PROand
residesinthesamedirectoryasSAP2000.
1.FromtheDefinemenuchooseFrameSections.ThiswilldisplaytheDefine
FrameSectionsdialogbox.
2.Inthisdialogbox:
ClickontheImportdropdownbox.
ClickonImportI/WideFlange.ThiswilldisplaytheSectionPropertyFile
dialogbox.
Inthisdialogbox:
LocatetheSECTIONS.PROdatafile.Itistypicallylocatedinthedirectory
whereyouinstalledSAP2000.
OpentheSECTIONS.PROdatafilebyhighlightingitandclickingonthe
Openbuttonorbydoubleclickingonthefilename.
Thiswilldisplayadialogboxthatincludesascrollinglistboxshowingall
theI/wideflangesectionsavailableinthedatafile.Thetitlebarofthisbox
displaysthefullpathtothedatafile.
Note:InaSAP2000sessionyouonlyhavetolocateandopenthe
SECTIONS.PROdatafileonce.Youhavetheoptiontoselectanother
datafileatanytimebychoosingPreferencesintheOptionsmenuand
selectingtheSteeltab.
Inthelistbox:
UsetheScrollbuttonstolocatetheW24X62framesection.Clickonce
onthissectiontohighlightit.
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UsetheScrollbuttonstolocatetheW24X55framesection. Mientras
holdingdowntheCtrlkeyonthekeyboard,clickonceonthissectionto
highlightitandaddittotheselection.
Note:Framesectionsmaybeselectedoneatatimeortheymaybe
selectedingroupsasshowninthisexample.Toselectmultiple
framesectionsthatarenexttoeachother,holddowntheShiftkey
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andclickonthefirstandlastframeelementinthegroup.Toselect
multipleframesectionsthatarenotnexttoeachother,holddown
theCtrlkeyandclickeachsectionyouwanttoselect,asisdone
aqu.
UsetheScrollbuttonstolocatetheW21X44,W18X40,W18X35,
W16X26,W14X132,W8X58andW8X31framesections.Mientras
holdingdowntheCtrlkeyonthekeyboard,clickonceoneachsectionto
ClicktheOKbutton.ThiswilldisplaytheI/WideFlangeSectiondialog
boxwhichshowsaschematicviewofthelastselectedsection(W8X31),
sectiondimensions,andSTEELasthedefaultmaterialtype.
ClicktheOKbutton.ThiswillclosetheI/WideFlangeSectiondialogbox
andreturntotheDefineFrameSectionsdialogbox.Noticethatinthedialog
boxthelabelsoftheselectedframeelementsareaddedtothedefaultsection
name(FSEC1)intheFrameSectionarea.
ClickontheImportdropdownbox.
ClickonImportBox/Tube.Thiswilldisplayascrollinglistboxshowingallthe
box/tubesectionsavailableinthedatafile.
Inthisdialogbox:
UsetheScrollbuttonstolocatetheTS5X5X1/4framesection.Clickonce
onthissectiontohighlightit.
UsetheScrollbuttonstolocatetheTS4X4X1/4framesection. Mientras
holdingdowntheCtrlkeyonthekeyboard,clickonceonthissectionto
38 Etapa4
Pgina46
ClicktheOKbutton.ThiswilldisplaytheBox/TubeSectiondialogboxthat
showsaschematicviewofthelastselectedsection(TS4X4X1/4),section
dimensions,andSTEELasthedefaultmaterialtype.
ClicktheOKbutton.ThiswillclosetheBox/TubeSectiondialogboxandreturn
totheDefineFrameSectionsdialogbox.Noticethatinthedialogboxthelabels
oftheselectedframeelementsareaddedtothepreviouslydefinedframe
Secciones.
3.ClicktheOKbuttontoclosetheDefineFrameSectionsdialogbox.
Thiscompletesthedefinitionofframesections.
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Pgina47
Step5:DefiningShellSections
Wewilluseoneshellsectionpropertyinthemodeltomodeltheroofdiaphragm.Nosotros
willassumetheroofdiaphragmtobeequivalenttoa1"thickconcretediaphragm.This
isnotarecommendedwaytoapproximateametaldeckdiaphragm,itisjustasimpleand
expedientmethodtouseforthisexample.
1.FromtheDefinemenuchooseShellSections.ThiswilldisplaytheDefineShell
Sectionsdialogbox.
2.Inthisdialogbox:
ClicktheAddNewSectionbutton.ThiswilldisplaytheShellSectionsdialog
caja.
Inthisdialogbox:
TypeROOFintheSectionNameeditbox.
AcceptthedefaultmaterialCONC.
Inthethicknessareatype0.0833inboththeMembraneandBendingedit
boxes.
IntheTypearea,selecttheMembraneoption.
Note:IngeneralwerecommendusingtheShelltypeoptionforshell
elementos.
ClicktheOKbutton.
3.ClicktheOKbuttontoclosetheDefineShellSectionsdialogbox.
menutosavethefile.
Thiscompletesthedefinitionofshellsections.
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Step6:AssigningGroups
Groupscanbeapowerfultoolforselectingelementsforbothassignmentsanddisplay.
Inthisstepwewillcreateninegroups,asshowninthetablebelow:
GroupName Descripcin
ROOF Allroofleveljoints,frameelementsandshellelements
2ND Allsecondleveljoints,frameelementsandshellelements
COLS Allcolumnelements
FRCOLS Allmomentframecolumns
BRCOLS Allbracedframecolumns
BRACE1 Allbracesbetweenthefirstandsecondlevel
BRACE2 Allbracesbetweenthesecondlevelandtherooflevel
FRMGIRD Allmomentframegirders
BASE Allbottomlevelcolumnsandsupportjoints
Note:BydefaulttheprogramcreatesagroupnamedALLwhichincludesall
elementsinthemodel(jointelementsincluded).
1.ClickinthewindowlabeledXYPlane@Z=24tomakesureitisactive.Notewhen
2.ClickthePointerbuttononthesidetoolbarandselectalloftheelementsinthe
XYPlane@Z=24bywindowing.
Note:Toaddmorejointsand/orelementstoanalreadyassignedgroup,first
selectthegroup,thenselectmorejointsand/orelements,andfinallyassign
themtothegroup.Groupassignmentalwaysreplacestheexistingelements
inthatgroup.
3.FromtheAssignmenuchooseGroupName.ThiswilldisplaytheAssignGroup
dialogbox.
4.Inthisdialogbox:
TypeROOFintheeditboxatthetopoftheGroupsarea.
ClicktheAddNewGroupNamebuttontodefineagroupnamedROOF.
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Note:AcommonerroristoforgettoclicktheAddNewGroupNamebutton
beforepressingtheOKbutton.
ClicktheOKbuttontoassigntheselectedelementstothegroupnamedROOF.
5.ClicktheDownOneGridlinebuttononthemaintoolbartodisplaytheplan
viewatZ=12.NotethewindowtitlechangestoXYPlane@Z=12.
6.SelectalloftheelementsintheXYPlane@Z=12bywindowing.
dialogbox.
8.Inthisdialogbox:
Type2NDintheeditboxatthetopoftheGroupsarea.
ClicktheAddNewGroupNamebuttontodefineagroupnamed2ND.
ClicktheOKbuttontoassigntheselectedelementstothegroupnamed2ND.
9.ClickonthexzbuttononthemaintoolbartoviewanelevationintheXZplane.
NotethetitleofthewindowisprobablyXZPlane@Y=24itdependsonthe
sequenceofstepsyoufollowedincreatingthemodel.IfthewindowtitleisnotXZ
Plane@Y=24,clicktheUpOneGridlinebuttononthemaintoolbarorthe
DownOneGridlinebuttononthemaintoolbaruntilthetitleofthewindowis
XZPlane@Y=24.
10.Clickonthesixcolumnelementsinthisviewtoselectthem.
Note:SAP2000willdisplaythenumberandtypeofelementsyouhaveselected
onthelefthandsideofthestatusbaratthebottomoftheSAP2000window.
Note:Youcanclickagainonasingleselectedelementtodeselectit.Ifyouwant
todeselectallelementsatonce,thenclicktheClearSelectionbuttonon
thesidetoolbar,orchooseClearSelectionfromtheSelectmenu.
11.ClicktheDownOneGridlinebutton onthemaintoolbartodisplaythe
elevationatY=0.NotethewindowtitlechangestoXZPlane@Y=0.
12.Selectthebottomlevelcolumnsbyintersection.Todothis:
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ClickthePointerbuttononthesidetoolbar.
ClicktheSetIntersectingLineSelectModebuttononthesidetoolbar.
Movethepointertotheleftofthecolumnsyouwanttoselect.
Clickandholdtheleftmousebutton.
Whileholding,movethepointertotherightofthemembersyouwanttoselect.
Arubberbandwillshowtheintersectingline.
Releasetheleftmousebuttontoselectallmembersthatintersectthisline.
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13.ClicktheSetIntersectingLineSelectModebuttonagainandselectthetoplevel
Columnas.
14.ClicktheDownOneGridlinebutton onthemaintoolbartodisplaythe
15.UsetheIntersectingLinemodetoselectthesixcolumnelementsinthiselevation.
Thereshouldnowbeatotalof18frameelementsselected.Youcanconfirmthisby
lookingonthelefthandsideofthestatusbaratthebottomoftheSAP2000window.
dialogbox.
17.Inthisdialogbox:
TypeCOLSintheeditboxatthetopoftheGroupsarea.
ClicktheAddNewGroupNamebuttontodefineagroupnamedCOLS.
ClicktheOKbuttontoassigntheselectedelementstothegroupnamedCOLS.
18.Nowwewillassignthemomentframecolumnstoagroup.Clickonthelefthand
columnandthecentercolumn(4elementstotal)toselectthem.
19.ClicktheUpOneGridlinebutton onthemaintoolbartwicetodisplaythe
20.Clickontherighthandcolumnandthecentercolumn(4elementstotal)toselect
ellos.Thereshouldnowbeeightframeelementsselected.
Paso6 45
Pgina53
dialogbox.
22.Inthisdialogbox:
TypeFRCOLSintheeditboxatthetopoftheGroupsarea.
ClicktheAddNewGroupNamebuttontodefineagroupnamedFRCOLS.
ClicktheOKbuttontoassigntheselectedelementstothegroupnamed
FRCOLS.
23.Nowwewillassignthebracedframecolumnstoagroup.Clickontheyzbutton
onthemaintoolbartoviewanelevationintheYZplane.Ifnecessary,clickthe
UpOneGridlinebuttononthemaintoolbaruntilthetitleofthewindowisYZ
Plane@X=24.
24.Clickonthefourcolumnelementsatthebracedframetoselectthem.
25.ClicktheDownOneGridlinebuttononthemaintoolbartwicetodisplaythe
elevationatX=24.
26.Clickonthefourcolumnelementsatthebracedframetoselectthem.Thereshould
nowbeeightframeelementsselected.
dialogbox.
28.Inthisdialogbox:
16/4/2017 SAP2000
TypeBRCOLSintheeditboxatthetopoftheGroupsarea.
ClicktheAddNewGroupNamebuttontodefineagroupnamedBRCOLS.
BRCOLS.
29.Nowwewillassignthebottomlevelbracedframebracestoagroup.Clickontwo
bottomlevelbracestoselectthem.
30.ClicktheUpOneGridlinebutton onthemaintoolbartwicetodisplaythe
elevationatX=24.
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31.Clickontwobottomlevelbracestoselectthem.Thereshouldnowbefourframe
elementsselected.
dialogbox.
33.Inthisdialogbox:
TypeBRACE1intheeditboxatthetopoftheGroupsarea.
ClicktheAddNewGroupNamebuttontodefineagroupnamedBRACE1.
BRACE1.
34.Nowwewillassignthetoplevelbracedframebracestoagroup.Clickontwotop
levelbracestoselectthem.
elevationatX=24.
36.Clickontwotoplevelbracestoselectthem.Thereshouldnowbefourframe
elementsselected.
dialogbox.
38.Inthisdialogbox:
TypeBRACE2intheeditboxatthetopoftheGroupsarea.
ClicktheAddNewGroupNamebuttontodefineagroupnamedBRACE2.
BRACE2.
39.Nowwewillassignthemomentframegirderstoagroup.Clickonthexzbutton
onthemaintoolbartoviewanelevationintheXZplane.Notethetitleofthe
windowisXZPlane@Y=24.
40.Clickontherooflevelandsecondlevelbeamontherightsideofthiselevationto
selectthem.
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elevationatY=24.
42.Clickontherooflevelandsecondlevelbeamontheleftsideofthiselevationto
selectthem.Thereshouldnowbefourframeelementsselected.
dialogbox.
44.Inthisdialogbox:
TypeFRMGIRDintheeditboxatthetopoftheGroupsarea.
ClicktheAddNewGroupNamebuttontodefineagroupnamedFRMGIRD.
FRMGIRD.
45.Finallywewillassignthelowerlevelcolumns,bracesandthebasejointstoagroup.
ThisgroupcanbeusedintheGroupJointForceSumoption(ontheDisplaymenu)
todisplaythebaseshear.ClickthePerspectiveTogglebutton onthemain
barradeherramientas.AperspectiveviewoftheXZelevationisdisplayed.
46.ClicktheSetIntersectingLineSelectModebuttonandselectallofthebottom
levelcolumns.Notethatindoingsoyouwillalsoselectthebottomlevelbraces.
47.Clickonthexybutton onthemaintoolbartoviewanelevationintheXY
avin.NotethetitleofthewindowisXYPlane@Y=12.
48.ClicktheDownOneGridlinebuttononthemaintoolbartodisplaytheplanat
Z=0.
49.Selectallofthejointsatthislevelbywindowing.Thereshouldnowbe9joints
and13frameelementsselected.
dialogbox.
51.Inthisdialogbox:
TypeBASEintheeditboxatthetopoftheGroupsarea.
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16/4/2017 SAP2000
ClicktheAddNewGroupNamebuttontodefineagroupnamedBASE.
ClicktheOKbuttontoassigntheselectedelementstothegroupnamedBASE.
Note:TheBASEgroupwillbeusefulfordeterminingbaseshears,overturning
moments,totalverticalloads.
menutosavethefile.
Thiscompletestheassignmentofgroups.
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Pgina57
Step7:AssigningFrameSections
RefertoFigureB1forthebeam,columnandbraceelementsections.
2.ClicktheSetElementsbutton onthemaintoolbar(orselectSetElements
3.Inthisdialogbox:
IntheShellsareachecktheHidebox.
ClicktheOKbutton.
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5.ClicktheUpOneGridlinebuttononthemaintoolbartwicetodisplaytheroof
levelplanatZ=24.
7.Inthisdialogbox:
IntheShellsareachecktheHidebox.
ClicktheOKbutton.
8.InthewindowlabeledXYPlane@Z=24,clickonframeelements40,45,46and51
toselectthem(seeFigureC15).
Note:YoucanrefertoFigureC15,FiguresB2andB3,aswellasthescreen,
toidentifytheframeelementnumbers.
Paso7 51
Pgina59
FigureC15:FrameElementLabels
9.FromtheAssignmenuselectFrameandthenSectionsfromthesubmenu.Esta
willdisplaytheDefineFrameSectionsdialogbox.
10.IntheFrameSectionsareaclickontheW16X26nameoncetohighlightitandthen
clicktheOKbutton.ThisassignstheW16X26propertytotheselectedframe
elementos.NotetheotherframeelementshavethedefaultFSEC1assigned.
11.ClicktheShowUndeformedShapebuttontoclearthedisplayoftheassigned
sectionssothatyoucanseetheframeelementlabelsagain.
12.Intheplanview,clickonframeelements41,42,44,47,49and50toselectthem.
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clicktheOKbutton.
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16.Intheplanview,clickonframeelements43and48toselectthem.
clicktheOKbutton.
19.FromtheSelectmenuselectSelectandthenGroupsfromthesubmenu.Estavoluntad
displaytheSelectGroupsdialogbox.
20.ClickonthegroupnameFRMGIRDoncetohighlightitandthenclicktheOK
botn.
clicktheOKbutton.
24.ClickinthewindowlabeledXYPlane@Z=24tomakesureitisactive.
25.ClicktheDownOneGridlinebuttononthemaintoolbartodisplaythesecond
floorplanatZ=12.
26.FromtheSelectmenuselectSelectandthenLabelsfromthesubmenu.Estavoluntad
displaytheSelectbyLabelsdialogbox.
27.ClicktheElementTypedropdownboxandselectFrame.
ClicktheElementTypedropdownboxandselectFrame.
Type15intheStartLabeleditbox,24intheEndLabeleditboxand9inthe
Incrementeditbox.
ClicktheOKbutton.
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clicktheOKbutton.
30.Intheplanview,clickonframeelements16,18,19,20,21and23toselectthem.
clicktheOKbutton.
33.Intheplanview,clickonframeelements17and22toselectthem.
clicktheOKbutton.
36.FromtheAssignmenuselectClearDisplayofAssignstoclearthedisplayofframe
assignsfromtheplanview.
39.Inthisdialogbox:
IntheFramesareaunchecktheLabelsbox.
ClicktheOKbutton.
41.ClickonthegroupnameBRACE1oncetohighlightitandthenclicktheOKbutton.
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43.IntheFrameSectionsareaclickontheTS5X5X1/4nameoncetohighlightitand
thenclicktheOKbutton.
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45.ClickonthegroupnameBRACE2oncetohighlightitandthenclicktheOKbutton.
47.IntheFrameSectionsareaclickontheTS4X4X1/4nameoncetohighlightitand
thenclicktheOKbutton.
49.ClickonthegroupnameFRCOLSoncetohighlightitandthenclicktheOKbutton.
clicktheOKbutton.
53.ClickonthegroupnameBRCOLSoncetohighlightitandthenclicktheOKbutton.
clicktheOKbutton.
57.ClickonthegroupnameCOLSoncetohighlightitandthenclicktheOKbutton.
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58.FromtheSelectmenuselectDeselectandthenGroupsfromthesubmenu.Esta
willdisplaytheSelectGroupsdialogbox.
59.Inthisdialogbox:
ClickonthegroupnameFRCOLSoncetoselect(highlight)it.
HolddowntheCtrlkeyonthekeyboardandclickontheBRCOLSgroupname
oncetohighlightitandaddittotheselection.
ClicktheOKbutton.
clicktheOKbutton.
assignsfromthe3Dview.
menutosavethefile.
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Thiscompletestheassignmentofframesectionproperties.
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Step8:AssigningShellSections
3.Inthisdialogbox:
IntheShellsareaunchecktheHidebox.
ClicktheOKbutton.
6.Inthisdialogbox:
IntheShellsareaunchecktheHidebox.
ClicktheOKbutton.
7.ClicktheUpOneGridlinebuttononthemaintoolbartodisplaytherooflevel
planatZ=24.
9.ClickonthegroupnameROOFoncetohighlightitandthenclicktheOKbutton.
10.FromtheAssignmenuselectShellandthenSectionsfromthesubmenu.Estavoluntad
displaytheDefineShellSectionsdialogbox.
11.IntheShellSectionsareaclickontheROOFnameoncetohighlightitandthenclick
theOKbutton.
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12.FromtheAssignmenuselectClearDisplayofAssignstoclearthedisplayofshell
assignsfromtheplanview.
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13.ClicktheSaveModelbuttononthemaintoolbartosavethefile.
Thiscompletestheassignmentofshellsectionproperties.
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Step9:AssigningFrameEndReleases
WewillreleasetheM3andM2momentattheendsofallnonmomentframegirders,and
releaseM3,M2andtorsionalmomentattheendsofallbraces.
3.ClickonthegroupnameROOFoncetohighlightit,then,holdingdowntheCtrlkey,
clickontheGroupNamed2NDtoaddittotheselection.ClicktheOKbutton.
4.FromtheSelectmenuselectDeselectandthenGroupsfromthesubmenu.Esta
5.ClickonthegroupnameFRMGIRDoncetohighlightitandthenclicktheOK
botn.
6.FromtheAssignmenuselectFrameandthenReleasesfromthesubmenu.Esta
willdisplaytheFrameReleasesdialogbox.
Note:Theendreleaseswillbeappliedincorrectlytotheroofbeamsatthe
bracedframesasaresultofthisselection.Wewillfixthatinitems8through
18.
7.Inthisdialogbox:
ChecktheStartandEndboxesforMomentM22(Minor)andMomentM33
(Major).
ClicktheOKbuttontoapplythereleases.
8.Notethatreleasesareappliedatthecenterofthebracedframeroofbeams.Estoes
notcorrectsincethebracedframeroofbeamsarecontinuousoverthetopofthe
chevronbrace.
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10.InthisdialogboxchecktheLocalAxesboxandtheLabelsboxintheFramesarea
andclicktheOKbutton.ThelocalaxesarrowsappearasshowninFigureC16.
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FigureC16:FrameElementLocalAxesArrows
Note:Thelocalaxesarrowsarecolorcodedred,whiteandblue.Thered
arrowisalwayslocalaxis1,thewhitearrowisalwayslocalaxis2,andthe
bluearrowisalwayslocalaxes3.Intheplanview,localaxis2ispointing
straightupandthuswecannotseethatarrow.
Note:Forframeelements,localaxis1alwayspointsalongthelongitudinalaxis
ofthememberfromthestartjointtotheendjoint.Thuswecanusethelocal
axestotellwhichendisthestartendforanyframeelement.
11.Clickonframeelements41and47toselectthem.Notethatfortheseelements,
momentswillbereleasedatthestartendonly.
13.Inthisdialogbox:
ChecktheStartboxforMomentM22(Minor)andMomentM33(Major).
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14.Clickonframeelements44and50toselectthem.Notethatfortheseelements,
momentswillbereleasedattheendjointonly.
16.Inthisdialogbox:
ChecktheEndboxforMomentM22(Minor)andMomentM33(Major).
17.Thememberendreleaseshavenowbeencorrected.ClicktheSetElementsbutton
onthemaintoolbar(orselectSetElementsfromtheViewmenu).Thisdisplays
theSetElementsDialogbox.
18.InthisdialogboxunchecktheLocalAxesboxandtheLabelsboxintheFramesarea
andclicktheOKbutton.
20.ClickonthegroupnameBRACE1oncetohighlightit,then,holdingdowntheCtrl
key,clickontheGroupNamedBRACE2toaddittotheselection.ClicktheOK
botn.
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22.Inthisdialogbox:
ChecktheStartandEndboxesforMomentM22(Minor),MomentM33(Major)
andtheStartboxforTorsion.
Note:Youcanapplyatorsionalreleaseatoneendoftheframeelementor
theother,butnotbothsimultaneously.Ifyouappliedatorsionrelease
tobothends,theframeelementwouldbefreetospinaboutits
longitudinalaxis,andthusthestructurewouldbeunstable.
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releasesfromtheplanview.
menutosavethefile.
Thiscompletestheassignmentofframeelementendreleases.
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Step10:DefiningStaticLoadCases
Wewilldefinefivestaticloadcases.Theyaredeadload,liveload,earthquakeintheX
direction,earthquakeintheYdirectionandaloadpatterntobeusedinthepushover
anlisis.
1.FromtheDefinemenuselectStaticLoadCases.ThiswilldisplaytheDefine
StaticLoadCaseNamesdialogbox.
2.Inthisdialogbox:
TypeDLintheLoadeditbox.
SelectDeadfromtheTypedropdownbox.
Type0intheSelfWeightMultipliereditbox.
ClicktheChangeLoadbutton.
Note:Inthisexample,ifwehadwantedtheprogramtoautomatically
includetheselfweightofthestructuralmembers,wewouldhave
specifiedanonzeroweightperunitvolumeintheMaterialdata,andwe
wouldhaveputaselfweightmultiplierof1ontheDLloadcaseonly.
TypeLLintheLoadeditbox.
SelectLivefromtheTypedropdownbox.
ClicktheAddNewLoadbutton.
TypeEQXintheLoadeditbox.
SelectQuakefromtheTypedropdownbox.
TypeEQYintheLoadeditbox.
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SelectQuakefromtheTypedropdownbox.
TypePUSHPATintheLoadeditbox.
SelectOTHERfromtheTypedropdownbox.
3.ClicktheOKbutton.
menutosavethefile.
Thiscompletesthedefinitionofstaticloadcases.
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Step11:AssigningFrameStaticLoads
NotethatthebeamspanloadingisindicatedinFigureB4.
3.InthisdialogboxchecktheLabelsboxintheFramesarea,checktheHideboxinthe
ShellsareaandclicktheOKbutton.
4.ClickthePerspectiveTogglebuttononthemaintoolbar.Aperspectiveviewof
theXYplanisdisplayed.
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5.FromtheViewmenuselectSetLimits.ThisdisplaystheSetlimitsdialogbox.
6.Inthisdialogboxtype23intheMineditboxintheSetZAxisLimitsareaandclick
theOKbuttontochangethelimitssuchthatonlytheroofbeamelementsshow.
7.Selectroofbeams39,40,51and52byclickingonthem.
8.FromtheAssignmenuselectFrameStaticLoadsandthenPointandUniform
fromthesubmenu.ThiswilldisplaythePointandUniformSpanLoadsdialogbox.
9.Inthisdialogbox:
SelectDLfromtheLoadCaseNamedropdownbox.
IntheLoadTypeandDirectionarea,selecttheForcesoption,andselectGlobal
ZfromthedropdownDirectionbox.
IntheOptionsarea,selecttheAddtoExistingLoadsoption.
IntheUniformLoadarea,type0.40,orjusttype.4.
Note:Takecaretomakesureyouentertheminussignwiththeload.los
loadisinputintheglobalZdirection,thustheminussignindicatesa
downwardload.
ClicktheOKbuttontoapplytheload.
Paso11 sesentaycinco
Pgina73
10.ClicktheRestorePreviousSelectionbuttononthesidetoolbar(orselectGet
PreviousSelectionfromtheSelectmenu).
12.Inthisdialogbox:
SelectLLfromtheLoadCaseNamedropdownbox.
IntheUniformLoadarea,type.12.Don'tforgettheminussign.
13.Selectroofbeams41,42,44,47,49and50byclickingonthem.
15.Inthisdialogbox:
IntheUniformLoadarea,type.16.
Note:Thepointloadforbeams41/44and47/50caneitherbeinputasajoint
load,orasabeamspanloadattheendofabeam.Wewillinputitasa
beamspanload.
16.Selectroofbeams41and47byclickingonthem.
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18.Inthisdialogbox:
66 Paso11
Pgina74
IntheOptionsarea,selecttheAdd
toExistingLoadsoption.
InthePointLoadsareathereare
foursetsofDistanceandLoad
boxeslabeled1through4.Inthe
firstsetofboxesinput1inthe
Distanceboxand5.76intheLoad
caja.MakesuretheRelative
DistanceFromEndIoptionis
seleccionado.
IntheUniformLoadarea,type0.
21.Inthisdialogbox:
InthePointLoadsareatype1inthefirstDistanceboxand2.88inthefirstLoad
caja.
24.Inthisdialogbox:
Paso11 67
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Pgina75
InthePointLoadsareatype.5inthefirstDistanceboxand5.76inthefirst
Loadbox.
27.Inthisdialogbox:
InthePointLoadsareatype2.88inthefirstLoadbox.
30.Inthisdialogbox:
InthePointLoadsareatype0inthefirstDistanceboxand0inthefirstLoad
caja.
Note:Becauseoftheperspectiveview,youwillnotseethisloadafteritis
aplicado.Toseeit,clickthe3DViewbutton. Toreturntothe
perspectiveview,clickthexy2DViewbutton andthenclickthe
PerspectiveTogglebutton.
68 Paso11
Pgina76
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33.Inthisdialogbox:
36.Inthisdialogbox:
Loadbox.
39.Inthisdialogbox:
Paso11 69
Pgina77
41.Inthisdialogboxtype11intheMineditboxand13intheMaxeditboxintheSet
ZAxisLimitsareaandclicktheOKbuttontochangethelimitssuchthatonlythe
secondfloorbeamelementsshow.
42.Clickonthe3DViewbuttontochangetheviewtoathreedimensionalview.
SeeFigureC17.
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FigureC17:3DViewWithLimitsSetToShowSecondLevel
43.Selectsecondlevelbeams14,15,24and25byclickingonthem.
45.Inthisdialogbox:
caja.
70 Paso11
Pgina78
48.Inthisdialogbox:
49.Selectsecondlevelbeams16,18,21and23byclickingonthem.
51.Inthisdialogbox:
Loadbox.
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54.Inthisdialogbox:
Paso11 71
Pgina79
55.Selectsecondlevelbeams19and20byclickingonthem.
57.Inthisdialogbox:
caja.
60.Inthisdialogbox:
IntheUniformLoadarea,type0.6.
61.Selectsecondlevelbeams17and22byclickingonthem.
72 Paso11
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Pgina80
63.Inthisdialogbox:
InthePointLoadsareatype0.5inthefirstDistanceboxand23.04inthefirst
Loadbox.
66.Inthisdialogbox:
68.InthisdialogboxclicktheShowAllbuttonintheSetZAxisLimitsareaandclick
theOKbuttontochangethelimitssuchthattheentiremodelisdisplayed.
69.FromtheAssignmenuselectClearDisplayofAssignstoclearthedisplayofbeam
spanloading.Notethattheframeelementlabelsremainbecausetheywereturnedon
usingtheSetElementscommand.
70.Clickthexy2DViewbuttononthemaintoolbartoreturntoaplanview.Nota
thethewindowtitleisXYPlane@Z=24.
menutosavethefile.
Thiscompletestheassignmentofframestaticloads.
Paso11 73
Pgina81
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74 Paso11
Pgina82
Step12:AssigningShellStaticLoads
Therooflevellateralearthquakeloadsareassignedasshellstaticloads.
3.InthisdialogboxunchecktheHideboxintheShellsareaandclicktheOKbutton.
5.ClickonthegroupnameROOFoncetohighlightitthenclicktheOKbutton.
6.FromtheAssignmenuselectShellStaticLoadsandthenUniformfromthe
submenu.ThiswilldisplaytheShellUniformLoadsdialogbox.
7.Inthisdialogbox:
SelectEQXfromtheLoadCaseNamedropdownbox.
IntheUniformLoadareatype.0074intheLoadboxandselectGlobalXfrom
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thedropdownDirbox.
SelectAddToExistingLoadsintheOptionsarea.
9.FromtheAssignmenuselectShellStaticLoadsandthenUniformfromthe
submenu.ThiswilldisplaytheShellUniformLoadsdialogbox.
10.Inthisdialogbox:
SelectEQYfromtheLoadCaseNamedropdownbox.
Step12 75
Pgina83
IntheUniformLoadareatype.0113intheLoadboxandselectGlobalYfrom
thedropdownDirbox.
11.Clickthedropdownboxinthestatusbartochangetheunitstolbft.
Observethattheshellloadshownonthescreenisnow11.30instead
of0.01.Sometimesitisconvenienttochangeunitswhenviewinginputloadsand
outputresults.
12.Clickthedropdownboxinthestatusbartochangetheunitsbacktokipft.
13.FromtheAssignmenuselectClearDisplayofAssignstoclearthedisplayofshell
cargando.
14.ClicktheSaveModelbuttononthemaintoolbartosavethefile.
Thiscompletestheassignmentofshellstaticloads.
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76 Step12
Pgina84
Step13:AssigningJointStaticLoads
Thesecondlevellateralearthquakeloads(loadcasesEQXandEQY)areassignedas
jointstaticloads.Alsothestaticloadpatterntobeusedinthepushoveranalysis,
PUSHPATisassignedasjointstaticloads.
Notethestaticloadpatternforthepushoveranalysiscouldbeanycombination
ofjoint,frameandshellloading.
floorplanatZ=12.
4.InthisdialogboxunchecktheLabelsboxintheFramesarea,checktheLabelsboxin
theJointsareaandclicktheOKbutton.NoteweareleavingtheRestraintsboxin
theJointsareachecked.
5.Clickjoint14toselectit.
6.FromtheAssignmenuselectJointStaticLoadsandthenForcesfromthe
submenu.ThiswilldisplaytheJointForcesdialogbox.
7.Inthisdialogbox:
IntheLoadsareatype2.67intheForceGlobalXeditbox.
Step13 77
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Pgina85
10.Inthisdialogbox:
IntheLoadsareatype0intheForceGlobalXeditbox.
IntheLoadsareatype3.83intheForceGlobalYeditbox.
11.Clickonjoints11,13,15and17toselectthem.
13.Inthisdialogbox:
IntheLoadsareatype0intheForceGlobalYeditbox.
16.Inthisdialogbox:
78 Step13
Pgina86
17.Clickonjoints10,12,16and18toselectthem.
19.Inthisdialogbox:
IntheLoadsareatype1.33intheForceGlobalXeditbox.
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22.Inthisdialogbox:
23.WewillnowdefinethePUSHPATloadpatternthatwillbeusedinthepushover
anlisis.Itwillbeatriangulardistributionofloadovertheheightofthebuilding.
FromtheSelectmenuselectSelectandthenGroupsfromthesubmenu.Estavoluntad
Note:Ourpurposehereistoinputaninvertedtriangularloadingpatternover
theheightofthebuilding.Thuswewillput1kiploadsat9secondlevel
joints(9kipstotal)and2kiploadsat9roofleveljoints(18kipstotal).Nosotros
couldassignthe9kipsatthesecondleveland18kipsattheroofleveltothe
Step13 79
Pgina87
jointsonatributaryareabasis,orsomeotherbasis,butwewillnotconsider
anysuchrefinementinthisexample.
24.Clickonthegroupname2NDandthenclicktheOKbutton.
26.Inthisdialogbox:
SelectPUSHPATfromtheLoadCaseNamedropdownbox.
planatZ=24.
29.ClickonthegroupnameROOFandthenclicktheOKbutton.
30.Clickonjoints22and26todeselectthem.
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32.Inthisdialogbox:
SelectPUSHPATfromtheLoadCaseNamedropdownbox.
33.FromtheAssignmenuselectClearDisplayofAssignstoclearthedisplayofjoint
CargasNotethatthejointelementlabelsremainbecausetheywereturnedonusing
theSetElementscommand.
80 Step13
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menutosavethefile.
Thiscompletestheassignmentofjointstaticloads.
Step13 81
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Pgina90
Pgina89
Step14:AssigningJointMasses
WewilladdjointmassesconsistentwiththoseshowninTableB1.
3.FromtheAssignmenuselectJointandthenMassesfromthesubmenu.Estavoluntad
displaytheJointMassesdialogbox.
4.Inthisdialogbox:
Type.72intheDirection1editboxintheMassesinLocalDirectionsarea.
Type.72intheDirection2editboxintheMassesinLocalDirectionsarea.
IntheOptionsarea,selecttheAddtoExistingMassesoption.
ClicktheOKbuttontoapplythemass.
Note:Ifwewantedtoobtainverticaldirectionmodeshapesweshouldincludea
Direction3massaswell.
5.Clickjoints20,23,25and28toselectthem.
7.Inthisdialogbox:
Type.48inboththeDirection1editboxandtheDirection2editboxinthe
MassesinLocalDirectionsarea.
Step14 83
Pgina91
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10.Inthisdialogbox:
floorplanatZ=12.
14.Inthisdialogbox:
Type1.45inboththeDirection1editboxandtheDirection2editboxinthe
17.Inthisdialogbox:
20.Inthisdialogbox:
84 Step14
Page92
masas.Notethatthejointelementlabelsremainbecausetheywereturnedonusing
theSetElementscommand.
23.InthisdialogboxunchecktheLabelsboxintheJointsareaandclicktheOKbutton.
Thiswillturnoffthedisplayofjointlabels.
menutosavethefile.
16/4/2017 SAP2000
Thiscompletestheassignmentofjointmasses.
Step14 85
Pgina94
Pgina93
Step15:AssigningDiaphragmConstraints
Wewillassignadiaphragmconstraintatthesecondleveltosimulatearigiddiaphragm.
2.Selectallelementsatthesecondlevelbywindowing.
3.FromtheAssignmenuchooseJoint,andthenConstraintsfromthesubmenu.
ThiswilldisplaytheConstraintsdialogbox.
4.Inthisdialogbox:
IntheClickToarea,clickthedropdownboxandselectAddDiaphragm.Esta
willdisplaytheDiaphragmConstraintdialogbox.
Inthisdialogbox:
Type2NDDIAintheConstraintNameeditbox.
SelecttheZAxisoptionintheConstraintAxisarea.
ClicktheOKbutton.
ClicktheOKbuttontoexittheConstraintsdialogboxandassignthesecond
floorleveldiaphragmconstraint.
Note:Thejointschangecolorsindicatingtheconstrainthasbeenassigned.
Restricciones.
menutosavethefile.
16/4/2017 SAP2000
Thiscompletestheassigningofdiaphragmconstraints.
Step15 87
Pgina96
Pgina95
Step16:StaticandDynamicAnalysis(NotPushover)
Inthisstepwewillsettheanalysisoptionsforthestaticanddynamicanalysis(not
pushover)andruntheanalysis.
1.FromtheAnalyzemenuselectSetOptions.ThiswilldisplaytheAnalysis
Optionsdialogbox.
2.Inthisdialogbox:
ChecktheDynamicAnalysischeckbox.
ClickontheSetDynamicParametersbutton.ThiswilldisplaytheDynamic
AnalysisParametersdialogbox.
Inthisdialogbox:
Type6intheNumberOfModeseditbox
IntheTypeofAnalysisareaselecttheEigenvectorsoption.
Accepttheotherdefaultvaluesinthedialogbox.
ClicktheOKbutton.
ChecktheGenerateOutputcheckbox.
Note:TheGenerateOutputoptioncreatesoutputthatwillbestoredinthe
*.outfilewhere*representsyourSAP2000filename.
ClickontheSetOutputOptionsbutton.ThiswilldisplaytheSelectOutput
Resultsdialogbox.
Inthisdialogbox:
ChecktheDisplacementscheckbox
ClickontheSelect/ShowLoadsbuttonadjacenttotheDisplacementscheck
caja.ThisdisplaystheSelectOutputdialogbox.
ClickontheEQXloadcasetohighlightit.Holddownthecontrolkeyand
clickontheEQYloadcasetoaddittotheselection.
Step16 89
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ClicktheOKbuttontoclosetheSelectOutputdialogbox.
ClicktheOKbuttontoclosetheSelectOutputResultsdialogbox.
ClicktheOKbuttonagaintoexittheAnalysisOptionsdialogbox:
Note:Itisimportanttonotethatwhendisplacementsorforcearespecifiedtobe
printedinthe*.outfilesusingtheGenerateOutputoption,dataforeachand
everyjointorelementisprinted.Youhavenocontroloverthis.Forlarger
problemsthiscanleadtoverylargeandunwieldyoutputfiles.Seethenotes
attheendsofsteps18and19forinformationonotherprintingoptions.
Note:Ifyouarerunningalargemodel,youmaywant/needtoincreasethe
memoryallocatedtoSAP2000abovethedefault2000Kb.Youcandothisin
theAnalysisoptionsdialogbox.
3.ClicktheRunAnalysisbuttononthemaintoolbar.
Note:YoucanalsoclicktheAnalyzemenuandselectRunorselectRun
Minimizedtoruntheanalysis.Runminimizedwillperformtheexecutionin
thebackground,ie,itwillallowyoutominimizeSAP2000whilethe
analysisisbeingcarriedout.ItalsoprovidesaCancelbuttonthatallows
youtostoparunthatisinprogress.
4.Awindowisopenedinwhichvariousphasesofanalysisareprogressivelyreported.
WhentheanalysisiscompletethescreenwilldisplayasshowninFigureC18.
5.Usethescrollbartoreviewtheanalysismessagesandcheckforanyerrororwarning
messages(thereshouldbenone).
Note:Theinformationinthescrollinganalysiswindowcanalsobefoundinthe
*.logfile,wherethe*representsyourfilename.
6.ClicktheOKbuttonintheAnalysiswindowtocloseit.Notethatthe3Dwindow
nowshowsthefirstmodeshape.
Thiscompletesthestaticanddynamicanalysis.
90 Step16
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FigureC18:ScreenMessageWhenAnalysisIsComplete
Step16 91
Pgina99
Pgina100
Step17:ReviewingModeShapes
Inthisstepwewillreviewthemodeshapes.
1.Notethatthefirstmodeshapeiscurrentlydisplayedinthe3DViewwindow.Hacerclic
onthiswindowtomakesureitisactive.Notewhenthewindowisactive,itstitlebar
willbehighlighted.
2.ClicktheDisplayModeShapebuttononthemaintoolbar,(orselectShow
ModeShapefromtheDisplaymenu).TheModeShapedialogboxappears.
3.Inthisdialogbox:
Setthemodenumberto1intheModeNumberarea.
Setthescalefactorto1intheScaleFactorarea.
Select(ie,check)theWireShadowandCubicCurveoptionsintheOptions
zona.
ClicktheOKbuttontoredisplaythefirstmode.
4.ClicktheStartAnimationbutton ,locatedinthestatusbaratthe
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bottomoftheSAP2000window,toanimatethemodeshape.
5.ClicktheRightArrowbutton,locatedinthestatusbaratthebottomofthe
screen,toviewthenextmodeshape.
Note:Whenviewingmodeshapes,therightandleftarrowbuttons,locatedin
thestatusbaratthebottomofthescreen,provideaneasywaytoviewthe
next(rightarrow),orprevious(leftarrow)modeshape.
6.UsingtheRightArrowbutton,reviewmodes2through6.Notethatmode1is
predominantlyintheXdirectionwewillusethisinformationwhencreating
pushoverloadcases.
Note:Additionalinformationonmodeshapesincludingmodalperiodsand
frequencies,modalparticipationfactorsandmodalparticipatingmassratios
canbefoundinthe*.OUTfile.
Step17 93
Pgina101
7.Afterviewingmode6,clicktheStopAnimationbutton ,locatedin
thestatusbaratthebottomoftheSAP2000window,tostopthemodeshape
animacin.
8.ClicktheShowUndeformedShapebuttontoclearthedisplayofmodeshapes.
Thiscompletesthereviewofdisplayingmodeshapes.
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94 Step17
Pgina102
Step18:ReviewingDeformedShapes
Inthisstepwewilldemonstratemethodsforreviewingthedeformedshapesand
displacements.
2.ClicktheDisplayStaticDeformedShapebutton,(orselectShowDeformed
ShapefromtheDisplaymenu).TheDeformedShapedialogboxappears.
3.Inthisdialogbox:
SelecttheEQXLoadCasefromtheLoaddropdownbox.
SelecttheAutoscalingoptionintheScalingarea.
CheckboththeWireShadowandtheCubiccurveboxesintheOptionsarea.
ClicktheOKbuttontodisplaythedeformedshape.
bottomoftheSAP2000window,toanimatethedeformedshape.
5.ClicktheStopAnimationbutton ,locatedinthestatusbaratthe
bottomoftheSAP2000window,tostopthedeformedshapeanimation.
6.ClicktheRightArrowbutton,locatedinthestatusbaratthebottomofthe
screen,toviewthenextdeformedshape,basedontheEQYstaticload.
Note:Whenviewingdeformedshapes,therightandleftarrowbuttons,located
inthestatusbaratthebottomofthescreen,provideaneasywaytoviewthe
next(rightarrow),orprevious(leftarrow)deformedshape.Youcaneasily
cyclethroughalloftheloadcasesinthismanner.
7.Rightclickonanyjointinthe3Dviewtobringupadialogboxwithdisplacements
forallsixdegreesoffreedom(UX,UY,UZ,RX,RY,RZ)forthatjoint.Whendone
viewingthesedisplacements,rightclickanotherjoint,orleftclickanywheretoclose
thedialogbox.
8.FromtheDisplaymenuselectSetOutputTableModetodisplaytheSelect
Outputdialogbox.
Step18 95
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Pgina103
9.AlloftheloadcasesintheSelectOutputdialogboxshouldbeselected(higlighted).
Iftheyarenot,clickoneachonewhileholdingdowntheCtrlkeytoselectthem.
ClicktheOKbuttontoacceptthisselection.
Note:Ifwewantedto,wecouldselectonlyone,orafewloadcases,insteadof
allofthem.
10.Rightclickanyjointtogetatableofdisplacementsforthejoint.Noteyoucanprint
thistablebyselectingPrintfromitsassociatedFilemenu.Whendoneviewingthis
tableclicktheXintheupperrighthandcornertocloseit.
Note:Youcanalsorightclickaframeelementorashellelementtogetatable
offorcesforthatelement.
Note:Youcanalsoprintjointdisplacementsfromthegraphicinterfacewithout
havingtofirstviewtheminatable.Withthismethodyoucancontrolthe
elementsforwhichtheoutputisprovided(printed).Aftertheanalysishas
beenrun,selectallofthejointsforwhichyouwantdisplacementoutput.
(Notethatifyoudon'tselectanyelements,thenthisfeaturewillgiveyou
outputforallelements.)ThenselectPrintOutputTablesfromtheFile
men.FillintheresultingPrintOutputTablesdialogbox,rememberingto
selecttheloadcasesforwhichyouwantoutput,andclicktheOKbutton.
NotethatwiththePrintOutputTablesfeatureyouhavetheoptionofprinting
totheprinterortoafile.Ifyouprinttoafile,anASCIIfileiscreatedwhich
youcanreviewinatexteditororwordprocessor.
11.ClicktheShowUndeformedShapebutton toclearthedisplayofdeformed
shapes.
Thiscompletesthereviewofdeformedshapesanddisplacements.
97 Step18
Pgina104
Step19:ReviewingForcesandStresses
Inthisstepwewilldemonstratemethodsforreviewingtheforcesandstressesinframe
andshellelements.
2.ClicktheMemberForceDiagramforFramesbutton ,(orselectShow
ElementForces/StressesfromtheDisplaymenuandthenselectFramesfromthe
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submenu).TheMemberForceDiagramforFramesdialogboxappears.
3.Inthisdialogbox:
SelecttheMoment33optionintheComponentarea.
SelecttheAutoscalingoptionintheScalingarea.
ChecktheFillDiagrambox.
ClicktheOKbuttontodisplaythemomentdiagramsasfilledshapes.
4.Rightclickonanyelementtodisplayadialogboxthatallowsyoutoseethemoment
atanypointalongtheelement.Whendoneviewing,rightclickonanotherelement
orleftclickanywheretoclosethedialogbox.
5.ClicktheMemberForceDiagramforFramesbutton,again(orselectShow
ElementForces/StressesfromtheDisplaymenuandthenselectFramesfromthe
submenu).TheMemberForceDiagramforFramesdialogboxappears.
6.Inthisdialogbox:
UnchecktheFillDiagrambox.
ChecktheShowValuesonDiagrambox.
ClicktheOKbuttontodisplaythemomentdiagramswithcriticalvaluesshown.
Step19 97
Pgina105
7.Rightclickonanyelementtodisplayadialogboxthatallowsyoutoseethemoment
atanypointalongtheelement.Whendoneviewing,rightclickonanotherelement
orleftclickanywheretoclosethedialogbox.
8.ClicktheElementForce/StressContoursforShellsbutton,(orselectShow
ElementForces/StressesfromtheDisplaymenuandthenselectShellsfromthe
submenu).TheElementForceStress/ContoursforShellsdialogboxappears.
9.Inthisdialogbox:
SelecttheForcesoptionbutton.
SelecttheF12componentbycheckingitsbox.
Accepttherestofthedefaultvalues.
ClicktheOKbuttontodisplaytheshellelementforces.
10.SupposewenowwanttoseetheYdirectionforcetransferredfromtheroof
diaphragmtojoints19,23,26and27instaticloadcaseEQY.Todothiswewilluse
theGroupJointForceSumfeature.ClickinthewindowlabeledXYPlane@Z=12
tomakesureitisactive.Notewhenthewindowisactive,itstitlebarwillbe
highlighted.
planatZ=24.
16/4/2017 SAP2000
13.InthisdialogboxchecktheLabelsboxintheJointsarea,unchecktheHideboxin
theShellsareaifitischecked,checktheLabelsboxintheShellsareaandclickthe
OKbutton.Thiswillturnonthedisplayofjointlabelsandshelllabels.
14.Clickonjoints19,23,26and27andonshells2,4and6.
dialogbox.
16.Inthisdialogbox:
98 Step19
Pgina106
TypeROOFSHRintheeditboxatthetopoftheGroupsarea.
ClicktheAddNewGroupNamebuttontodefineagroupnamedROOFSHR.
ROOFSHR.
Outputdialogbox.
18.AlloftheloadcasesintheSelectOutputdialogboxshouldbeselected(higlighted).
Iftheyarenot,thenclickoneachonewhileholdingdowntheCtrlkeytoselectthem.
ClicktheOKbuttontoacceptthisselection.
Note:Ifwewantedto,wecouldselectonlyone,orafewloadcases,insteadof
allofthem.
19.FromtheDisplaymenuselectShowGroupJointForceSumstodisplaythe
SelectGroupsdialogbox.
20.InthatdialogboxclickontheROOFSHRgrouptohighlightitandclicktheOK
botn.
Note:Wecouldselectmorethanonegroupatthistimeifwewantedto.
21.ThegroupjointforcesumfortheROOFSHRgroupisdisplayedforeachloadcase.
TheYdirectionforcetransferredfromtheroofdiaphragmtojoints19,23,26and27
instaticloadcaseEQYistheFYforceforloadEQY.
Note:Wecanusegroupstodefinesectioncutsthroughshellelements(and
frameelements)atanylocationandthenusetheGroupJointForceSum
featuretoseetheforcesactingatthatsectioncut.Todothis,imaginea
sectioncutthroughthestructure.Thesectioncutmaybethroughtheentire
structureorthroughaportionofthestructure.Selectalloftheelementsthat
thesectioncutpassesthrough,andselectallofthejointsconnectedtothose
elementsononesideofthesectioncut.Noteyoumustselectboththeshell
and/orframeelementsandthejoints.Defineagroupthatincludesallofthe
selecteditems.UsetheShowGroupJointForceSumoptionontheDisplay
menutoshowtheforcesatthesectioncut.
Step19 99
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Pgina107
22.WecandisplaythebaseshearusingtheBASEgroupwepreviouslydefined.De
theDisplaymenuselectShowGroupJointForceSumstodisplaytheSelect
Groupsdialogbox.InthatdialogboxclickontheBASEgrouptohighlightitand
clicktheOKbutton.
24.InthisdialogboxunchecktheLabelsboxintheJointsarea,unchecktheLabelsbox
intheShellsareaandclicktheOKbutton.Thiswillturnoffthedisplayofjoint
labelsandshelllabels.
25.Wecandisplayoutputtablesofelementforcesonthescreen.
Outputdialogbox.
27.IntheSelectOutputdialogboxclickontheEQXLoadCasetohighlightitandthen
holddownCtrlkeyandclickontheEQYLoadCasetohighlightit.ClicktheOK
buttontoacceptthisselection.
28.Rightclickanyframeorshellelementtogetatableofforcesforthatelement.
Note:Youcanalsorightclickajointtogetatableofjointdisplacements.
Note:Youcanalsoprintframeandshellelementforcesfromthegraphic
interfacewithouthavingtofirstviewtheminatable.Withthismethodyou
cancontroltheelementsforwhichtheoutputisprovided(printed).Despusdela
analysishasbeenrun,selectalloftheframeand/orshellelementsforwhich
youwantforceoutput.(Notethatifyoudon'tselectanyelements,thenthis
featurewillgiveyououtputforallelements.)ThenselectPrintOutput
TablesfromtheFilemenu.FillintheresultingPrintOutputTables
dialogbox,rememberingtoselecttheloadcasesforwhichyouwantoutput,
andclicktheOKbutton.NotethatwiththePrintOutputTablesfeatureyou
havetheoptionofprintingtotheprinterortoafile.Ifyouprinttoafile,an
ASCIIfileiscreatedwhichyoucanreviewinatexteditororwordprocessor.
Thiscompletesthereviewofforcesandstresses.
100 Step19
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Step20:PerformingaSteelDesignStressCheck
Nowwewillperformasteeldesignstresscheck.
1.FromtheOptionsmenu,clickPreferencestodisplaythePreferencesdialogbox.
2.Inthisdialogbox:
SelecttheSteeltab.
ClicktheSteelDesignCodedropdownboxtoreviewtheavailableoptions.
SelecttheAISCASD89option.
ClicktheOKbuttontoclosethePreferencesdialogbox.
3.ClickontheDesignmenu.NotethattheSteelDesignoptiononthemenuischecked
indicatingasteeldesignwillbedone.
Note:EithertheSteelDesignorConcreteDesignoptioncanbecheckedonthe
Designmenu,butnotbothatthesametime.
4.OntheDesignmenuchooseSelectDesignCombos.TheDesignLoad
CombinationsSelectiondialogboxisdisplayed.
Note:SAP2000automaticallycreatesappropriateloadcombinationsforthe
selecteddesigncode.Forthismodel,usingAISCASD89,thesetendefault
loadcombinationswillincludeDL,DL+LL,DL+LL+EQX,DL+LL
EQX,DL+LL+EQY,DL+LLEQY,DL+EQX,DLEQX,DL+EQY
andDLEQY.
5.Inthisdialogbox:
ClickontheDSTL1combinationintheDesignCombosboxtohighlightit.
ClicktheShowbuttontoreviewthecombination.
Note:ClickingtheRemovebuttonwhenaDesignComboishighlightedwill
removethatcombinationfromtheDesignComboboxandputitinthe
ListofCombosbox.OnlythedesigncombinationsintheDesignCombo
boxareinthedesignstresscheck.
Step20 101
Page109
Note:Youcanalsoaddyourowncombinationstothedesigncombinations.
Todefineanewloadcombination,clickLoadCombinationsonthe
Definemenu.Toaddthenewloadcombinationtothedesignlist,
highlightthenewloadcombinationname,thatwillbeintheListof
CombosboxintheDesignLoadCombinationsSelectiondialogbox,and
clicktheAddbutton.
Reviewtheothercombinationsinasimilarmanner.
PresstheOKbuttontwicetoclosealldialogboxes.
6.Clickinthewindowlabeled3DViewtomakesureitisactive.
16/4/2017 SAP2000
8.InthisdialogboxchecktheHideboxintheShellsareaandclicktheOKbutton.
Thiswillturnoffthedisplayofshells.
9.OntheDesignmenuchooseStartDesign/CheckofStructure.Thedesigncheckof
thestructureproceeds.
10.Whenthedesigniscomplete,thememberstressratiosaredisplayedonthestructure
asshowninFigureC19.Notethatmanyofthebeamstressratiosarequitehigh.
ThishasoccurredbecausebydefaultSAP2000assumesthatthebeamsare
unsupportedfortheirfulllength.Forsimplicitywewillassumethattheunsupported
lengthforallbeamsistwofeet,exceptfortheroofbeamatthebracedfrasmewhere
itisonefoot.Thismakesanunbracedlengthratioof0.0833forallbeams.Loharemos
makethischangeandrerunthedesign.
Note:Theassumptionthattheunsupportedlengthforallbeamsis2feetmaynot
berealisticinarealbuilding.
12.ClickonthegroupnameROOFoncetohighlightit,then,holdingdowntheCtrlkey,
clickonthegroupnamed2NDtoaddittotheselection.ClicktheOKbutton.
13.OntheDesignmenuchooseRedefineElementDesignData.TheElement
OverwriteAssignmentsdialogboxisdisplayed.
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FigureC19:InitialMemberStressRatios
14.Inthisdialogbox:
IntheAssignmentOptionsareachecktheboxlabeledUnbracedLengthRatio
(Minor,LTB)andthentype.0833intheUnbracedLengthRatio(Minor,LTB)
editbox.
ClicktheOKbuttontoclosethePreferencesdialogbox.
15.OntheDesignmenuchooseStartDesign/CheckofStructure.Theseconddesign
checkofthestructureproceeds.
16.Whenthedesigniscomplete,thememberstressratiosaredisplayedonthestructure
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asshowninFigureC20.
17.RightclickonanymembertobringuptheSteelStressCheckInformationdialogbox
forthatmember.Thisdialogboxshowsdetailsoftheinteractionratioforeach
designloadcombinationateachdesignstationalongtheelement.
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FigureC20:FinalMemberStressRatios
18Togetadditionaldetailonanyiteminthisdialogbox,highlighttheitemandclick
theDetailsbutton.Adetailedformwithdesigninformation,similartothatshownin
FigureC21willappear.NoteyoucanprintthisformbyclickingtheassociatedFile
menuandselectingPrint.ClicktheXintheupperrighthandcornerofthis
detailedformtocloseit.
Note:Ifthisformistoobigtofullyfitonyourscreen,youmayhavetoincrease
yourscreenresolution.Typically,itshouldfitifyourresolutionis800x600
andyouusesmallfontsor1024x768andyouuselargefonts.
19.ClickingontheRedesignbuttonwilltakeyoutotheElementOverwriteAssignments
dialogboxdiscussedinitem13.
20.ClicktheOKbuttontoclosetheSteelStressCheckInformationdialogbox.
21.Nowwewillconfirmtheunbracedlengthratiosthatwereused.FromtheDesign
menu,selectDisplayDesignInfotodisplaytheDisplayDesignResultsdialog
caja.
22.Inthisdialogbox:
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FigureC21:DetailedSteelStressCheckInformation
SelecttheDesignInputoption.
InthedesigninputdropdownboxselectUnbracedL_ratios.
ClicktheOKbuttontodisplaytheunsupportedlengthratios.Theyaredisplayed
asMajorUnbracedLengthRatio,MinorUnbracedLengthRatio.
23.Ifyouwantedtoprintapictureofthemodelwiththeunbracedlengthratios
displayedyoucoulddosobyselectingPrintGraphicsfromtheFilemenunow.
24.Ifyouwantedtoprintdesigninformationtotheprinter,ortoafile,youcoulddoso
byselectingPrintDesignTablesfromtheFilemenuandcompletingtheresulting
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dialogbox.Notethatifyouselectmemberspriortoenteringthisdialogbox,you
havetheoptionofprintingoutputfortheselectedmembersonly.
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25.ClicktheShowUndeformedShapebuttontoclearthedisplayofunsupported
lengthratios.
27.InthisdialogboxunchecktheHideboxintheShellsareaandclicktheOKbutton.
Thiswillturnthedisplayofshellsbackon.
Thecompletesthereviewofperformingasteeldesignstresscheck.Thisalsocompletes
Part1ofthistutorial.
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PartD.TutorialPart2PushoverAnalysis
D.TutorialPart2PushoverAnalysis
ThisportionofthetutorialexploresthepushoveranalysiscapabilitiesofSAP2000.Es
assumedthatyouhavebasicknowledgeofthepushoverconcept,andthatyouare
familiarwiththeATC40andFEMA273documents.
IfyoudidnotcompletepartCofthetutorial,andthuscreatethebasicmodel,thenyou
shouldopenthefilenamedSapwb01c.sdbthatislocatedintheTutorialdirectoryonthe
SAP2000CD.Notethatinatypicalanalysisyoushouldhave,attheveryleast,runand
reviewedtheresultsofastaticanalysistoverifythebehaviorofyourmodelpriorto
runningapushoveranalysis.
SAP2000hasextensiveonlinehelpforthepushoveranalysis.PressF1fromwithina
pushoverrelateddialogboxtogetcontextsensitivehelprelatedtothedialogbox.Paraver
allofthehelpitemsrelatedtopushoveranalysis,selectSearchForHelpOn...fromthe
Helpmenu,selecttheIndexTab,highlightthePushoverindexentryandclickthe
Displaybutton.
Step1:DefiningHingeProperties(Pushover)
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Inthistutorialwewillusethedefaulthingeproperties,soitisnotnecessarytodefineany
newproperties.Inthisstepwewillreviewtheprocessofviewingalreadydefinedhinge
properties,andwilldiscusstheprocessofdefiningnewhingeproperties.Thisstepcan
beskippedifyoudonotwanttoreviewthehingeproperties.
Background:TherearethreetypesofhingepropertiesinSAP2000.Son
defaulthingeproperties,userdefinedhingepropertiesandgeneratedhinge
Propiedades.Onlydefaulthingepropertiesanduserdefinedhingeproperties
canbeassignedtoframeelements.Whenthesehingepropertiesare
assignedtoaframeelement,theprogramautomaticallycreatesadifferent
generatedhingepropertyforeachandeveryhinge.
Defaulthingepropertiescannotbemodified.Theyalsocannotbeviewed
becausethedefaultpropertiesaresectiondependent.Thedefaultproperties
cannotbefullydefinedbytheprogramuntilthesectionthattheyapplytois
identificado.Thustoseetheeffectofthedefaultproperties,thedefault
propertyshouldbeassignedtoaframeelement,andthentheresulting
generatedhingepropertyshouldbeviewed.Thebuiltindefaulthinge
propertiesaretypicallybasedonFEMA273and/orATC40criteria.
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Userdefinedhingepropertiescanbeeitherbebasedondefaultpropertiesor
theycanbefullyuserdefined.Whenuserdefinedpropertiesarebasedon
defaultproperties,thehingepropertiescannotbeviewedbecause,again,
thedefaultpropertiesaresectiondependent.Whenuserdefinedproperties
arenotbasedondefaultproperties,thenthepropertiescanbeviewedand
modificado.
Thegeneratedhingepropertiesareusedintheanalysis.Ellospuedenser
viewed,buttheycannotbemodified.Generatedhingepropertieshavean
automaticnamingconventionofLabelH#,whereLabelistheframeelement
label,Hstandsforhinge,and#representsthehingenumber.Elprograma
startswithhingenumber1andincrementsthehingenumberbyoneforeach
consecutivehingeappliedtotheframeelement.Forexampleifaframe
elementlabelisF23,thegeneratedhingepropertynameforthesecondhinge
appliedtotheframeelementisF23H2.
Themainreasonforthedifferentiationbetweendefinedproperties(inthis
context,definedmeansbothdefaultanduserdefined)andgenerated
propertiesisthattypicallythehingepropertiesaresectiondependent.As
itwouldbenecessarytodefineadifferentsetofhingepropertiesforeach
differentframesectiontypeinthemodel.Thiscouldpotentiallymeanthata
verylargenumberofhingepropertieswouldneedtobedefinedbytheuser.
Tosimplifythisprocess,theconceptofdefaultpropertiesisusedin
SAP2000.Whendefaultpropertiesareused,theprogramcombinesitsbuilt
indefaultcriteriawiththedefinedsectionpropertiesforeachelementto
generatethefinalhingeproperties.Theneteffectofthisisthatyoudo
significantlylessworkdefiningthehingepropertiesbecauseyoudon'thave
todefineeachandeveryhinge.
1.FromtheDefinemenuchooseHingeProperties.ThiswilldisplaytheDefine
FrameHingePropertiesdialogbox.
2.Notetherearefourdefaulthingepropertiesdefined.TheyareDefaultM3,Default
P,DefaultPMM,andDefaultV2.HighlighttheDefaultM3property.Tengaencuentaqueel
Modify/ShowPropertybuttonisinactivebecauseyoucannotviewormodify
defaulthingeproperties.
16/4/2017 SAP2000
3.ChecktheShowGeneratedPropscheckbox.Ifthereweregeneratedhinge
propertiestheywouldnowappearintheDefinedHingepropslistbox.Sinembargo,
sincewehaven'tyetassignedanyhingeproperties,theprogramhasn'tgenerated
any,andthusnoneappearinthelistbox.
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4.HighlighttheDefaultV2hingepropertyandclickontheDefineNewProperty
botn.TheFrameHingePropertyDatadialogboxappears.
Note:WhenyouhighlightapropertyintheDefinedHingePropsareaofthe
DefineFrameHingePropertiesdialogbox,andthenclicktheDefineNew
Propertybutton,thenewpropertywilldefaulttobeingthesameasthe
highlightedproperty.
5.NotethattheHingeTypeisShearV2,andthattheassociatedDefaultcheckboxis
comprobado.
6.TypeUSERinthePropertyNameeditbox.
7.ClickontheDefaultcheckboxtouncheckit,andthenclicktheModify/ShowFor
V2button.ThisdisplaystheFrameHingePropertyDataForUSERdialogbox.
8.Inthisdialogbox:
IntheForceDisplacementspreadsheetanddiagramarea:
Notethatthesymmetriccheckboxischeckedandthatthehingeproperty
forcedisplacementdiagramissymmetric.Inthediagram,theaxesare
showninred.Thehorizontalaxisisdisplacementandtheverticalaxisis
fuerza.
Note:Whenthesymmetriccheckbox
ischecked,theupperportion do
(pointsB,C,DandE)ofthe segundo
Rce
inputspreadsheetforthehinge Para
forcedisplacementpropertiesis re mi
gray.Youcannoteditthese
valuestheyareautomatically
pickedupfromsymmetrywith UN
pointsB,C,DandE. Desplazamiento
ChangetheForce/YieldvalueforpointCfrom1.25to1.5bytyping1.5into
theappropriatespreadsheetcellandthenclickinginanyotherspreadsheet
celda.
Notethechangeinshapeoftheforcedisplacementdiagram.Thediagramis
scaledtofitwithintheplotarea.
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NotethattheForce/YieldvalueforpointChaschangedalsofrom1.25to
1.5.
Uncheckthesymmetriccheckboxbyclickingit.NotethatpointsB
throughEarenolongergray.AlsonotethatintheAcceptanceCriteria
area,theNegativecolumnisnolongergray.
ChangetheForce/YieldvalueforpointCfrom1.5to2andclickin
anotherspreadsheetcell.Againnotethechangeinshapeoftheforce
displacementdiagram.
IntheScalingareanotethattheCalculateYieldForceandCalculateYield
Displacementcheckboxesarecheckedbydefault.Thismeansthattheprogram
willautomaticallycalculatethesevalues.Wecould,forexample,overwritethe
yieldforcebyuncheckingtheCalculateYieldForcecheckboxandtypinginan
appropriatevalueintheYieldMomenteditbox.Forthistutorialwewillaccept
thedefaultandhavetheprogramcalculatetheyieldvalues.
IntheAcceptanceCriteriaareawewillalsoacceptthedefaultvalues.Tengaencuentaque
sincetheSymmetricboxisnotcheckedbothPositiveandNegativevaluesare
entrada.IftheSymmetricboxwaschecked,onlyPositivevalueswouldbeinput
(theNegativecolumnwouldbegrayandinactive).
Note:Theacceptancecriteriaareinputastheratioofdisplacementover
yielddisplacement,similartotheforcedisplacementspreadsheet.
IntheTypeareaselecttheForceDisplacementoption.Thiscontrolswhetherthe
datainthespreadsheetandtheacceptancecriteriaareinterpretedbytheprogram
asforcedisplacementorstressstrain.Thestressstrainoptionisonlyavailable
foraxialandshearhinges(uncoupled).
Note:WhentheTypeoptionissettostressstrain,ahingelengthmustbe
entrada.Thehingelengthcanbeinputasanabsolutelengthorarelative
longitud.Therelativelengthisrelativetotheclearlengthoftheframe
elementbetweenrigidendoffsets.Ifthestressstrainoptionischosen,
theprograminternallytransformsthedataintoaforcedisplacement
formatforanalysis.Theforceiscalculatedasthestresstimestheframe
memberaxialarea(A)foraxialhingesandthestresstimestheframe
membersheararea(AV)forshearhinges.Thedisplacementis
calculatedasthestraintimesthehingelength(L).
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ClicktheOKbuttonthreetimestoaccepttheUSERhingepropertydefinition.
WewillnowdeletetheUSERhingepropertysincewearenotgoingtouseit.
FromtheDefinemenuchooseHingeProperties.ThiswilldisplaytheDefine
HighlighttheUSERhingepropertyandclickontheDeletePropertybutton.
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ClicktheYesbuttonwhentheprogramasksifitisOKtodeleteFrameHinge
USERfromlist.
ClicktheOKbuttontoacceptthechangeinhingepropertiesandexittheDefine
Note:IfyouclicktheCancelbuttonthepropertywillnotbedeleted.
Thiscompletesthereviewofdefininghingeproperties.
Paso1 111
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Page120
Step2:AssigningHingeProperties(Pushover)
WewillassignDefaultPMMhingestoeachendofthemomentframecolumnsandthe
bracedframecolumns.WewillassignDefaultM3hingestoeachendofthemoment
framebeams.WewillassignDefaultPtothecenterofeachbrace.
2.FromtheSelectmenuchooseSelect,andthenGroupsfromthesubmenu.Esta
3.HighlightthegroupnamedFRCOLSbyclickingonit.
4.HolddowntheCTRLkeyandhighlightthegroupnamedBRCOLSbyclickingonit
toaddittotheselection.
5.ClicktheOKbuttontoselectalloftheelementsintheFRCOLSandBRCOLS
Grupos.
6.FromtheAssignmenuchooseFrame,andthenHinges(Pushover)fromthe
submenu.ThiswilldisplaytheFrameHinges(Pushover)dialogbox.
7.Inthisdialogbox:
SelectDefaultPMMin
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theHingeProperty
dropdownbox.
Type0intheRelative
Distanceeditbox.
Nota: Relativo
distancia es
measuredfromthe
Iendofthebeam,
andisbasedonthe
claro longitud
betweenrigidend
Paso2 113
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offsets.A0relativedistanceindicatesthehingeisattheIendofthe
haz.A1relativedistanceindicatesthehingeisatthejendofthe
haz.Hingesmaybelocatedanywherealongthelengthofthebeam.
ClicktheAddbuttontoaddaPMMhingeattheIend(relativedistanceequals
0)endofthebeam.
Type1intheRelativeDistanceeditbox.
ClicktheAddbuttontoaddaPMMhingeattheJend(relativedistanceequals
1)endofthebeam.
ClicktheOKbuttontoassignthehingeproperties.Themodelnowappearsas
showninFigureD1.
FigureD1:ModelAfterAssigningDefaultPMMHingesToColumns
Note:Generatedhingepropertieshaveanautomaticnamingconventionof
LabelH#,whereLabelistheframeelementlabel,Hstandsforhinge,and#
representsthehingenumber.Theprogramstartswithhingenumber1and
incrementsthehingenumberbyoneforeachconsecutivehingeappliedto
theframeelement.ForexampleifaframeelementlabelisF23,the
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114 Paso2
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generatedhingepropertynameforthesecondhingeappliedtotheframe
elementisF23H2.Thesearethenumbersshownonthescreen.Theitemin
parenthesisnexttothehingenumberisthedefinedhingethatthegenerated
propertiesarebasedon.OnthescreentheDefaultP,DefaultV2,Default
V3,andDefaultPMMareshortenedtoP,V2,V3andPMM.
9.HighlightthegroupnamedFRMGIRDbyclickingonitandclicktheOKbutton.
11.Inthisdialogbox:
SelectDefaultM3intheHingePropertydropdownbox.
ClicktheAddbutton.
ClicktheAddbutton.
ClicktheOKbuttontoassignthehingeproperties.
13.HighlightthegroupnamedBRACE1byclickingonit.
14.HolddowntheCTRLkeyandhighlightthegroupnamedBRACE2byclickingonit
toaddittotheselection.
15.ClicktheOKbuttontoselectalloftheelementsintheBRACE1andBRACE2
Grupos.
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17.Inthisdialogbox:
SelectDefaultPintheHingePropertydropdownbox.
Type.5intheRelativeDistanceeditbox.
ClicktheAddbuttontoaddaPhingeatthecenter(relativedistanceequals0.5)
ofthebeam.
ClicktheOKbuttontoassignthehingeproperties.
18.FromtheAssignmenuselectClearDisplayofAssignstoclearthedisplayofhinge
Asignaciones
menutosavethefile.
Thiscompletestheassigningofpushoverhingeproperties.
116 Paso2
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Step3:ViewingGeneratedHingeProperties(Pushover)
Thissectionwilldemonstratetheprocesstoviewgeneratedhingeproperties.Thisstep
canbeskippedifyoudonotwanttoviewgeneratedhingeproperties.
3.InthisdialogboxchecktheRel/HingeboxintheFramesareaandclicktheOK
botn.Thiswillturnthedisplayofhingeson.
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4.Notethatthehingeatthetopofcolumnelement1islabeled1H2.(Columnelement
1isalowerlevelcolumnlocatedatX=24ft,Y=24ft.)Wewillviewtheproperties
forthisPMMhinge.
Note:Inthehingelabel1H2,the1indicatesthehingeisappliedtoframe
element1,theHindicatesitisapushoverhinge,andthe2indicatesitisthe
secondhingeappliedtothatframeelement.Thisisanautomaticnaming
conventionusedbytheprogramforgeneratedhinges.
5.FromtheDefinemenuchooseHingeProperties.ThiswilldisplaytheDefine
6.ChecktheShowGeneratedPropscheckbox.Thegeneratedhingepropertiesnow
appearintheDefinedHingepropslistbox.
7.IntheAllHingePropsarea,clickonthehingelabeled1H2tohighlightitandthen
clicktheModify/ShowPropertybutton.ThiswilldisplaytheFrameHinge
PropertyDatadialogbox.
8.NotethatsincethisisadefaultPMMhinge,thePM2M3boxischecked,butitis
grayandinactive.TheprogramalsoautomaticallycheckstheAxialP,MomentM2
andMomentM3boxes.Alloftheseboxesaregrayandinactivesincetheusercan
onlyviewgeneratedhingepropertiesnotchangethem.
9.ClicktheModify/ShowForPMMbuttontodisplaytheFrameHingePropertyData
For1H2dialogbox(seeFigureD2).
Paso3 117
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FigureD2:FrameHingePropertyDataForGeneratedPushoverHinge1H2
10.Inthisdialogbox:
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Youcannoteditanyofthevaluesbecausethisisageneratedhinge.
ThespreadsheetisfilledwithM/MYand/Yvalues.
Thedefaulthingepropertiesaresymmetric.
InthescalingareatheYieldRotationisfilledinandtheYieldMomentisgray
andinactive.TheYieldRotationwascalculatedbytheprogrambasedonthe
associatedframesectionproperty.TheYieldMomentisinactivebecausethisis
aPMMhingeandthereisnosingleyieldmoment,thereisayield(interaction)
118 Paso3
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surfaceinstead.Ifthiswerejustamomenthingethentherewouldbeavaluein
theYieldMomentbox.
Theacceptancecriteriaare/Yvalues.
ClicktheDefine/ShowInteractionbuttontodisplaytheFrameHinge
InteractionSurfacedialogbox.Inthisdialogboxwhichismostlyinactive
becauseyouareviewingageneratedhingeproperty,note:
TheUserDefinitionoptionisused.
TheDoublySymmetricAboutM2andM3checkboxischecked.
Fivecurvesareusedtodefinetheinteractionsurface.
Note:TheNumberofCurveseditboxindicatesthenumberofequally
spacedPMcurvesthatwillbeusedtodefinetheinteractionsurface.Si
theDoublySymmetricAboutM2andM3boxischecked,thenthecurves
areequallyspacedbetween0and90degrees.IftheDoublySymmetric
AboutM2andM3boxisnotchecked,thenthecurvesareequallyspaced
between0and360degrees.
ClicktheDefine/ShowSurfacebuttontodisplaytheInteractionSurface
Definitiondialogbox.
Inthisdialogbox:
Thespreadsheetshowsnormalizedvaluesofaxialload,P,andmoment,
M.ThereisonePcolumnandfiveMcolumnscorrespondingtothe
numberenteredintheNumberofCurveseditboxinthepreviousdialog
caja.UsethescrollbarstoseetheotherMcolumns.
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Note:Theaxialloadisnormalizedbythemaximumaxialloadvalue.
Themomentsarenormalizedbythemaximummomentvalueforall
ofthemomentcurves.Thusthemaximumvalueinthespreadsheet
forbothaxialloadandmomentis1.
ThediagramshowsthePversusMcurves.ClickinanMcolumninthe
spreadsheettoseethatparticularPversusMcurve.TheMcurveat
Angle0correspondsto+M2bending.TheMcurveatAngle90
correspondsto+M3bending.
Inthescalingarea,thescalefactorsforbothaxialload,P,andmoment,
M,areshown.NotethattheMscalefactorappliestoalloftheM
curvas.
Note:SincebothPandMarenormalizedto1,thePandMscalefactorsarethe
maximumvaluesofPandM,respectively.
11.ClicktheCancelbuttonfive(5)timestoexitalloftheHingePropertydialogboxes.
fromtheViewmenu)todisplaytheSetElementsDialogbox.Inthisdialogbox
unchecktheRel/HingeboxintheFramesareaandclicktheOKbuttontoturnoff
thedisplayofhinges.
Thiscompletestheviewingofgeneratedhingeproperties.
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Step4:DefiningStaticPushoverCases
Forthistutorialexamplewewilldefinesixstaticpushovercases.Thefirstwillapplythe
gravityloadtothestructure,andtheotherfivewillapplydifferentdistributionsoflateral
loadtothestructure.
1.FromtheDefinemenuchooseStaticPushoverCases.Thiswilldisplaythe
DefineStaticPushoverCasesdialogbox.
2.ClicktheAddNewPushoverbuttontodisplaytheStaticPushoverCaseDatadialog
caja.
3.Inthisdialogbox:
TypeGRAVinthePushoverCaseNameeditbox.
IntheOptionsAreaselectthePushToLoadLevelDefinedByPatternoption
botn.
Note:TypicallythePushToLoadLevelDefinedByPatternoptionisusedto
applygravityload,andthePushToDisplacementOfoptionisusedto
applylateralpushes.
IntheLoadPatterndothefollowing:
SelectDLfromtheLoaddropdownbox.
Type1intheScaleFactoreditbox.
ClicktheAddbutton.
SelectLLfromtheLoaddropdownbox.
Type0.25intheScaleFactoreditbox.
ClicktheAddbutton.
Acceptalloftheotherdefaultvalues.NotethatthedefaultControlJoint,joint
19,occursattheroof.ThedialogboxappearsasshowninFigureD3.
ClicktheOKbuttontocompletethispushovercasedefinition.
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FigureD3:StaticPushoverCaseDataDialogBox
Note:TherearefivecontrolparametersintherighthandsideoftheOptions
zona.Theseparametersareusedtocontrolthepushoveranalysis.Formost
analysesthedefaultvaluesaresufficient.
TheMinimumSavedStepsandMaximumSavedStepsprovidecontrolover
thenumberofpointsactuallysavedinthepushoveranalysis.Elvalorpordefecto
valuesareadequateinmostcases.Iftheminimumnumberofstepssavedis
toosmall,youmaynothaveenoughpointstoadequatelyrepresentthe
pushovercurve.Iftheminimumandmaximumnumberofsavedstepsistoo
large,thentheanalysismayconsumeaconsiderableamountofdiskspace,
anditmaytakeanexcessiveamountoftimetodisplayresults.
122 Etapa4
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Theprogramautomaticallydeterminesthespacingofpushoverstepstobe
savedasfollows.Themaximumsteplengthisequaltototalforcegoalor
totaldisplacementgoaldividedbythespecifiedMinimumSavedSteps.los
programstartsbysavingstepsatthisincrement.Ifasignificantevent
occursatasteplengthlessthanthisincrement,thentheprogramwillsave
thesteptooandpickupwiththemaximumincrementfromthere.por
example,supposetheMinimumSavedStepsandMaximumSavedStepsare
setat20and30respectively,andthepushoveristobetoadisplacementof
10inches.Themaximumincrementofsavedstepswillbe10/20=0.5
pulgadas.Thus,dataissavedat0.5,1,1.5,2,2.5inches.Supposethata
significanteventoccursat2.7inches.Thendataisalsosavedat2.7inches,
andcontinuesonfromtherebeingsavedat3.2,3.7,4.2,4.7,5.2,5.7,6.2,
6.7,7.2,7.7,8.2,8.7,9.2,9.7and10.0inches.
TheMaximumSavedStepscontrolsthenumberofsignificanteventsfor
whichdatawillbesaved.Theprogramwillalwaysreachtheforceor
displacementgoalwithinthespecifiednumberofmaximumsavedsteps,
however,indoingsoitcouldhavetoskipsavingstepsatlaterevents.por
example,supposetheMinimumSavedStepsissetto20,theMaximumSaved
Stepsissetto21,andthepushoveristobetoadisplacementof10inches.
Themaximumincrementofsavedstepswillbe10/20=0.5inches.As,
dataissavedat0.5,1,1.5,2,2.5inches.Supposethatasignificantevent
occursat2.7inches.Thendataisalsosavedat2.7inches,andcontinueson
fromtherebeingsavedat3.2and3.7inches.Supposeanothersignificant
eventoccursat3.9inches.Theprogramwillnotsavethedataat3.9inches
becauseifitdiditwouldnotbeabletolimitthemaximumincrementto0.5
inchesandstillgetthroughthefullpushoverinnomorethan21steps.Nota
thatifasecondsignificanteventoccurredat4.1inchesratherthan3.9
inches,thentheprogramwouldbeabletosavethestepandstillmeetthe
specifiedcriteriaformaximumincrementandmaximumnumberofsteps.
TheMaximumFailedStepsisused,ifnecessary,todeclarefailure(ie,non
convergence)inarunbeforeitreachesthespecifiedforceordisplacement
Gol.Theprogrammaybeunabletoconvergeonastepwhencatastrophic
failureoccursinthestructure.Theremayalsobeinstanceswhereitis
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unabletoconvergeonastepduetonumericalsensitivityinthesolution.los
MaximumFailedStepsisacumulativecounterthroughtheentireanalysis.
IftheMaximumFailedStepsisreached,theanalysisstops.
TheEventForceToleranceandtheEventDeformationToleranceareratios
thatareusedtodeterminewhenaneventactuallyoccursforahinge.
Etapa4 123
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Assumehinge2isatthispoint
onitsforcedisplacementcurve
Assumehinge1isatthispoint
onitsforcedisplacementcurve
segundo do
Forcetolerance
Displacementtolerance
Force re mi
Yieldforce
UN
Desplazamiento
Considerthefigurethatshowsthelocationoftwohingesontheirforce
displacementplots.Hinge1hasreachedaneventlocation.Forhinge2,if
boththeEventForceToleranceandtheEventDisplacementToleranceare
met,thenthehingeiswithineventtoleranceandittoowillbetreatedaspart
oftheevent.Inthefigure,iftheForceTolerancedividedbytheYieldForce
islessthantheEventForceTolerancespecifiedintheStaticPushoverCase
Data,andtheDisplacementTolerancedividedbythehorizontaldistance
fromBtoCislessthantheDisplacementEventTolerancespecifiedinthe
StaticPushoverCaseData,thenhinge2willbetreatedaspartoftheevent.
WhendeterminingtheForceToleranceRatio,thedenominatorisalwaysthe
yieldforce.WhendeterminingtheDisplacementToleranceRatio,the
denominatoristhehorizontallengthoftheportionoftheforcedisplacement
curvethatthehingeiscurrentlyon.Inthefigure,hinge2isontheBC
portionofthecurve,thusweusedtheBChorizontallengthinthe
denominatoroftheDisplacementToleranceRatio.
caja.
5.Inthisdialogbox:
AcceptthedefaultPushoverCaseName,PUSH2.
IntheOptionsarea,selectGRAVfromtheStartFromPreviousPushoverdrop
downbox.
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IntheOptionsarea,checktheIncludePDeltaboxifitisnotalreadychecked.
IntheOptionsarea,acceptthePushtoDisplacementOfvalueof0.96feet.
Note:ThePushToDisplacementOfvaluedefaultsto0.04timestheZ
coordinateofthehighestjointinthemodel.Notethatthismayleadto
verylargedisplacementsifthebaseofthemodelisnotatZ=0.Ustedpuede
changethisvalue,ifnecessary,bytypinganewvalueintheeditbox.
AcceptalloftheotherdefaultvaluesintheOptionsArea.
SelectPUSHPATfromtheLoaddropdownbox.
ClicktheAddbutton.
caja.
7.Inthisdialogbox:
downbox.
IntheOptionsarea,checktheIncludePDeltaboxifitisnotalreadychecked.
SelectaccdirXfromtheLoaddropdownbox.
ClicktheAddbutton.
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caja.
9.Inthisdialogbox:
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IntheOptionsAreadothefollowing:
Type.5inthePushToDisplacementOfeditbox.
SelectU2fromtheControlDirectiondropdownbox.
SelectGRAVfromtheStartFromPreviousPushoverdropdownbox.
SelectaccdirYfromtheLoaddropdownbox.
ClicktheAddbutton.
caja.
11.Inthisdialogbox:
downbox.
IntheOptionsarea,checktheIncludePDeltabox.
126 Etapa4
Pgina134
SelectMODEfromtheLoaddropdownbox.
ClicktheAddbutton.TheSelectModeNumberdialogboxappears.
Typein1forthemodenumber(correspondingtothefirstmodeintheX
direction),andclicktheOKbutton.
caja.
13.Inthisdialogbox:
downbox.
IntheOptionsarea,checktheIncludePDeltabox.
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SelectaccdirXfromtheLoaddropdownbox.
ClicktheAddbutton.
SelectaccdirYfromtheLoaddropdownbox.
ClicktheAddbutton.
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14.ClicktheOKbuttontoexittheDefineStaticpushoverCasesdialogbox.
15.ClicktheSaveModelbuttononthemaintoolbar.
Thiscompletesthedefinitionofstaticpushovercases.
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Step5:RunningthePushoverAnalysis
1.OntheAnalyzemenuselectRunStaticPushover.
Note:Torunapushoveranalysis,youmustfirsthavepushoverhingesand
pushoverloadcasesdefined,atleastastaticanalysisrun,and,ifsteel
memberswithAutosections,orconcretememberswhosereinforcingistobe
designedbytheprogramareincluded,youmusthaverunthedesignportion
oftheprogram.
2.Awindowisopenedinwhichvariousphasesofanalysisareprogressivelyreported.
WhentheanalysisiscompletethescreenwilldisplayasshowninFigureD4.
Note:Mostoftheinformationinthescrollinganalysiswindowisappendedto
the*.logfilethatwascreatedwhentheoriginalanalysiswasrun.
FigureD3:ScreenMessageWhenPushoverAnalysisIsComplete
3.Usethescrollbartoreviewtheanalysismessagesandcheckforanyerrororwarning
messages(thereshouldbenone).
Note:OneoftheitemsyouwillseeinthescrollingwindowislabeledAnalysis
Completar.Aseachpushoverloadcaseisrunningyouwillseethevalue
continuallychanging.Itisameasureofwhatpercentofyourforceor
displacementgoalyouhavereached.WhentheAnalysisCompletereaches
1,youhavereachedyourgoal.Notethattheanalysismaynottoreachits
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goal(ie,anAnalysiscompleteof1)becausethestructurecatastropically
failsearlierorbecauseofnumericalsensitivities.
4.ClicktheOKbuttonintheAnalysiswindowtocloseit.
Thiscompletesrunningthepushoveranalysis.
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Step6:DisplayingthePushoverDeformedShapeandtheSequenceof
PushoverHingeFormation
1.FromtheOptionsmenuselectWindowsandtheselectOnefromthesubmenu.los
displaychangestoonewindow.
Note:Withthisoptionyoucanselecttohavefromonetofourwindowsonthe
screenatthesametime.Eachofthewindowscanbeshowingacompletely
differentview.
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2.Clickthe3DViewbuttononthemaintoolbartoshowthedefault3Dview.
fromtheViewmenu).ThisdisplaystheSetElementsDialogbox.Inthisdialogbox
checktheHideboxintheShellsareaandclicktheOKbutton.Thiswillturnoffthe
displayofshellelements.
4.ClicktheDisplayStaticDeformedShapebutton,orfromtheDisplaymenu
selectShowDeformedShape...todisplaytheDeformedShapedialogbox.
5.Inthisdialogbox:
SelectPush2StaticPushfromtheLoaddropdownbox.
SelectAutointheScalingarea.
CheckboththeWireShadowandtheCubicCurveoptionsintheOptionsarea.
ClicktheOKbutton.
6.Thedeformedshapewillappear.Notethatthetitleofthewindowincludesthe
informationDeformedShape(PUSH2Step0).Thuswearecurrentlyviewing
thedeformedshapeatthestartofthepushover.SincethePUSH2pushoverwas
startedfromtheGRAVpushover,wearealsoviewingthedeformedshapeattheend
oftheGRAVpushover.
Note:RecallthatthePUSH2pushoverloadcaseisthePUSHPATstaticload
patrn.
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7.Rightclickonanysecondlevelorroofleveljointtoseethedisplacementforthat
articulacin.Thedisplacementswillbeverysmall,asisexpectedwhenonlythegravity
loadisapplied.
8.ClicktheRightArrowbutton ontherighthandsideofthestatusbaratthe
bottomofthescreentoviewthedeformedshapeofthenextpushoverstep(Step1).
Note:Whenviewingthepushoverdeformedshapeandsequenceofhinge
formation,therightandleftarrowbuttons,locatedinthestatusbaratthe
bottomofthescreen,provideaneasywaytoviewthedeformedshapeforthe
next(rightarrow),orprevious(leftarrow)pushoverstep.
9.NotethatthetitleofthewindowincludestheinformationDeformedShape(PUSH2
Step1),andthebuildingmovesslightlyintheXdirection.Youcanagainright
clickonanyjointtoseeitsdisplacement.YoucanclicktheLeftArrowbutton
toreturntoStep0ofthepushover.
10.ContinueclickingtheRightArrowbutton
untilthefirstcoloredhingesappear.los do
firstcoloredhingesshouldappearinStep4,as segundo
illustratedinFigureD5.Thecolorofthehinges IO LS CP
indicatesthestateofthehinge,ie,whereitis orce re mi
F
alongitsforcedisplacementcurve.Thelegend
forthehingecolorsisincludedatthebottomof
lapantalla.ThepointsB,IO,LS,CP,C,Dand UN
Eareillustratedinthefigure.Whenhingesfirst Desplazamiento
appear,theyareatpointBontheforcedisplacementcurve.
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11.ContinueclickingtheRightArrowbuttontostepthroughthesequenceofhinge
formationinthepushovertothelaststep.Notehowthecolorsofthehingeschange
asthepushoverproceeds.
Note:Tochangethecolorcodingforthehinges,Fromthe PointColorBox
Optionsmenu,selectColors,andthenselecttheOutputtab. segundo
Box2
Thecolorcodingforthepushoverhingestateiscontrolledby IO Box3
thecolorsinthearealabeledContours.Therearetencontour LS Box4
colorsthesecontourcolorsalsoareusedindisplayingstress CP Box5
do Box6
contoursforshellelements.Assumethecolorinthetopbox, re Box7
nexttothelabelMin,isdesignatedBox1,andthecolor mi Box8
inthebottombox,nexttothelabelMax,isdesignatedBox
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10.Thenthecolorcodingforpushoverhingestatesisasdefinedinthe
mesa.
FigureD5:FirstPushoverHingeYielding
12.Atthelastpushoversteprightclickoneoftheroofleveljointstoseeits
desplazamiento.Itwillbeabout0.96feetwhichisconsistentwiththedisplacement
goalforthePUSH2pushoverloadcase.
bottomoftheSAP2000window,toanimatethedeformedshapeatthelaststep.
Whendoneviewingtheanimation,clicktheStopAnimationbutton.
Note:Inthisinstance,theanimationisonlyfortheparticularloadstep,notfor
theentirepushover.Thepurposeoftheanimationistomakethebehaviorat
thatparticularloadstepmoreapparent.Youcancreateavideooftheentire
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pushoverusingtheCreateVideo...optionontheFilemenu,however,this
optionwillnotbeavailableintheSAP20006.20Betaversion.
14.ClicktheDisplayStaticDeformedShapebutton,orfromtheDisplaymenu
selectShowDeformedShape...todisplaytheDeformedShapedialogbox.
15.Inthisdialogbox:
SelectPush4StaticPushfromtheLoaddropdownbox.Recallthisisthe
uniformaccelerationintheYdirection.
ClicktheOKbutton.
16.ClicktheRightArrowbutton tostepthroughtheentiresequenceofhinge
formationinthepushover.Youwillnotethatthroughthesequenceofstepsthe
deformationreversesdirectionsseveraltimes.Thereasonforthisisdicussedinthe
notebelow.
Note:WhenahingereachespointConits
forcedisplacementcurve(seefigure do
below),thathingemustbegintodrop segundo
carga.Withintheprogram,thewayload LS CP
IO
isdroppedfromahingethathas orce re mi
F
reachedpointCisthatthepushover
force(baseshear)isreduceduntilthe
forceinthathingeisconsistentwiththe
forceatpointD.Astheforceis UN
Desplazamiento
dropped,allelementsunload,andthe
displacementisreduced.OncetheyieldedhingereachesthePointDforce
level,thepushoverforce(baseshear)isagainincreasedandthe
displacementbeginstoincreaseagain.Thisbehaviorisapparentwhen
displayingthedeformedshapesandforcediagrams(moment,shear,etc.)for
eachstepofthepushover,whenviewingavideocreatedforthepushover,
andwhendisplayingtheforcedisplacementplotofthepushover.
17.ClicktheShowUndeformedShapebutton toclearthedisplayofdeformed
shapeforthepushover.
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19.Inthisdialogbox:
UnchecktheShrinkElementsboxintheoptionsarea(ifitischecked).
ClicktheOKbutton.
Thiscompletesthereviewofthepushoverdeformedshapeandthesequenceofpushover
hingeformation.Youmaywanttostepthroughthedeformedshapesfortheother
pushoverloadcasesbeforeproceedingontothenextstep.
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Page144
Step7:DisplayingFrameElementForcesatEachStepofthePushover
1.ClicktheMemberForceDiagramforFramesbutton,orfromtheDisplay
menuselectShowElementForces/Stresses,andthenFrames...todisplaythe
MemberForceDiagramforFramesdialogbox.
2.Inthisdialogbox:
SelectPush2StaticPushfromtheLoaddropdownbox.Recallthisisthe
PUSHPATstaticloadpattern.
IntheComponentareaselecttheMoment33option.
IntheScalingareaselecttheAutooption.
ChecktheFillDiagrambox.NoteiftheShowValuesonDiagramboxis
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checked,youwillhavetouncheckitbeforeyoucanchecktheFillDiagrambox.
Note:Theframeelementforcesforeachstepofthepushovercanbe
displayedeitherwiththefilleddiagramorwiththevaluesshownonthe
diagrama.
ClicktheOKbutton.ThedisplayappearsasshowninFigureD6.
3.NotethatthetitleofthewindowincludestheinformationMoment33Diagram
(PUSH2Step0).ThuswearecurrentlyviewingtheM33momentsatthestartof
thepushover.SincethePUSH2pushoverwasstartedfromtheGRAVpushover,we
arealsoviewingtheM33momentsattheendoftheGRAVpushover.
4.Noteyoucanrightclickonanyframeelementforadetaileddiagram.Whendone
viewingadetaileddiagram,rightclickonanotherelementtoviewitsdetailed
diagram,orleftclickanywheretofinishviewingdetaileddiagrams.
5.ClicktheRightArrowbuttonlocatedontherighthandsideofthestatusbarat
thebottomofthescreentoviewtheM33diagramatthenextstep(Step1)ofthe
pushover.
Note:Whenviewingthepushoverforces,therightandleftarrowbuttons,
locatedinthestatusbaratthebottomofthescreen,provideaneasywayto
viewtheforcesforthenext(rightarrow),orprevious(leftarrow)pushover
paso.
Paso7 137
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FigureD6:PushoverForces(M33)atStep0
6.ContinueclickingtheRightArrowbuttontostepthroughthemomentdiagrams
foreachstepofthepushover.Youcanrightclickanelementatanystepfora
detaileddiagram.
7.ClicktheShowUndeformedShapebutton toclearthedisplayofelement
forcesforthepushover.
Thiscompletesthereviewoftheframeelementforcesateachstepofthepushover.T
maywanttostepthroughtheelementforcesforotherforcecomponentsandforother
pushoverloadcasesbeforeproceedingontothenextstep.
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Step8:DisplayingPushoverandCapacitySpectrumCurves
1.FromtheDisplaymenuselectShowStaticPushoverCurve...todisplaythe
PushoverCurvedialogbox.
Note:Ifthisdialogboxdoesnotfullyfitonyourscreenthenyoumaywantto
increasetheresolutionofyourscreen.Thedialogboxshouldfullyfitonthe
screenifyourresolutionis800x600withsmallfonts,or1024x768with
largefonts.
2.Ifnoplotisvisibleintheplotarea,thenclicktheDisplaybuttonatthebottomofthe
formar.
Note:IfatanytimetheplotareadisplayisnotvisibleinthePushovercurve
dialogbox,clicktheDisplaybutton.
3.Forpractice,presstheF1keyonthekeyboardtoseecontextsensitiveonlinehelp
pertainingtothisdialogbox.
4.WhenfinishedwiththeonlinehelpclicktheXintheupperrighthandcornerof
theHelpwindowtocloseit,orchooseExitfromtheFilemenuontheHelpwindow.
5.NoticethatinthePlotTypearea,theBaseShearvsControlDisplacementoptionis
seleccionado.
Note:ThebaseshearthatisplottedintheBaseShearvsControlDisplacement
plotistheresultantbaseshear.Thedisplacementplottedisthedisplacement
inthecontroldirection(notresultant)atthecontroljoint.
6.ThedialogboxcurrentlyappearsasshowninFigureD7.Notethefollowing:
TheDemandSpectrumareaandtheDampingParametersareaaregrayand
inactivo.TheseareaswillbecomeactivewhentheCapacitySpectrumoptionis
choseninthePlotTypearea.
Therearefourboxesjustbelowtheplotarea.TheseboxesaretheCursor
Location,thePerformancePoint(V,D),thePerformancePoint(Sa,Sd),the
PerformancePoint(Teff,eff).WhentheBaseShearvsControlDisplacement
optionischoseninthePlotTypearea,onlytheCursorLocationboxisactive.
Placethecursor(mousepointer)anywhereovertheplotandthecoordinatesof
thepointerwillappearintheCursorLocationbox.ThePerformancePointboxes
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areonlyfilledinwhentheCapacitySpectrumoptionischoseninthePlotType
zona.
Ifwewantedtoincludesomenoteswithanyprintedgraphicoutput,wecould
typethosenotesintheAdditionalNotesForprintedOutputeditbox.
FigureD7:PushoverCurveForPushoverLoadCasePUSH2
7.Supposewewanttochangethecolorofthebaseshearversusdisplacementcurve
fromthedefaultgreencolortoblue.Todothisclickonthegreencolorboxinthe
PlotTypeareatoopentheColordialogbox.
8.Inthisdialogbox:
Clickononeofthebluecoloredboxes.
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ClicktheOKbuttontochangethecolor.
Ifnecessary,clicktheDisplaybuttontoredisplaytheplot.
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9.Tochangethecurvecolorbacktothedefaultgreen,clicktheResetDefaultColors
botn.
10.Nowwewilloverridetheaxislabelsandrange.Theaxislabelsandrangewill
appearonthescreenandonanygraphicoutput.ClicktheOverrideAxis
Labels/Rangebutton.TheOverrideAxisLabelsandRangedialogboxappears.
11.Inthisdialogbox:
IntheHorizontalRangeareatype2intheMaxeditbox.
IntheAxisLabelsareatypeControlJointDisplacementintheHorizontaledit
caja.
IntheAxisLabelsareatypeResultantBaseShearintheVerticaleditbox.
ClicktheOKbuttontochangetheaxislabelsandrange.
12.Nowwewillresetthedefaultaxislabelsandrange.ClicktheOverrideAxis
Labels/Rangebutton.TheOverrideAxisLabelsandRangedialogboxappears.
13.Inthisdialogbox:
ClicktheResetDefaultsbutton.
ClicktheOKbutton.
14.SelectPUSH3fromtheStaticPushoverCasedropdownbox.Theplotchangesto
thatforPUSH3.RecallthatPUSH3istheuniformaccelerationintheXdirection.
Note:Ifatanytimeyouwanttocheckandseethedefinitionofapushoverload
caseclicktheDonebuttontoclosethePushoverCurvedialogbox.Entonces,
fromtheDefinemenuselectStaticPushoverCases...,andwhentheDefine
StaticPushoverCasesdialogboxappears,selectthepushovercaseyouare
interestedin,andclicktheModify/ShowPushoverbutton.
15.Reviewthebaseshearversuscontroldisplacementcurvesfortheotherpushoverload
casos.
Paso8 141
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16SelectPUSH2fromtheStaticPushoverCasedropdownbox.
17.SelecttheCapacitySpectrumoptioninthePlotTypearea.AsshowninFigureD8,
theplotchangesandtheDemandSpectrumareaandtheDampingParametersarea
arenowactive.
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FigureD8:CapacityspectrumForPushoverLoadCasePUSH2
Note:Whenthecapacityspectrumoptionischosen,thepushovercurveis
displayedinADRS(AccelerationDisplacementResponseSpectrum)format.
RefertoATC40foradiscussionofthisformatwhichisessentiallyaplotof
spectralaccelerationversusspectraldisplacement.InSAP2000,theforce
displacementpushovercurveisconvertedtotheADRSformatbyconverting
theresultantbasesheartoaspectralacceleration,Sa,andthecontrol
displacementinthecontroldirectiontoaspectraldisplacement,Sd,
generallybasedonequations81thru84inATC40.
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18.IntheDemandSpectrumareanotethefollowing:
TheSeismicCoefficientCaandtheSeismicCoefficientCvbothdefaultto0.4.
Eachofthesevaluescanbechangedbytypinganewvaluetheappropriateedit
caja.Thesevaluescontroltheshapeofthe5%dampedspectrum.RefertoATC
40,Chapter4,foradiscussionof,andappropriatevaluesfor,CaandCv.
TheShowFamilyofDemandSpectracheckboxischeckedindicatingthatthe
familyofdemandspectra,withuptofourdifferentdampingratios,isshownon
theplot.ThecolorboxadjacenttotheShowFamilyofDemandSpectracheck
boxisred(bydefault)indicatingthatthefamilyofdemandspectraisshownin
red.Youcanchangethecolorbyclickingonthecolorbox.
TherearefoureditboxeslabeledDampingRatios.Thenumbersenteredinthese
boxesare0.05,0.1,0.15and0.2.Thesearethedefaultdampingratiosforthe
familyofdemandspectra.Youcanchangeanyofthesevaluesbytypinganew
valueintheappropriateeditbox.Thedampingvaluesdonothavetobeinputin
orden.IfyouleaveaDampingRatioboxblank,orenterazero(0),thenthat
curvewillnotbeplotted.
Note:Thedampingratiosmustbebetween0and1.Avalueof5%ofcritical
dampingshouldbeenteredas0.05,not5.
TheShowSingleDemandSpectrum(VariableDamping)checkboxischecked
indicatingthatthesingledemandspectrumisshownontheplot.Thecolorbox
adjacenttotheShowFamilyofDemandSpectracheckboxisyellow(bydefault)
indicatingthatthesingledemandspectrumisshowninyellow.Tupuedescambiar
thecolorbyclickingonthecolorbox.
Note:Thesingledemandspectrum(variabledamping)curveisconstructed
bydoingthefollowingforeachpointontheADRSpushovercurve:
1.DrawaradiallinethroughthepointontheADRSpushovercurve.Esta
isalineofconstantperiod.
2.Calculatethedampingassociatedwiththepointonthecurvebasedon
theareaunderthecurveuptothatpoint.
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3.Constructthedemandspectrum,plottingitforthesamedampinglevelas
associatedwiththepointonthepushovercurve.
Paso8 143
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Radiallinehasconstantperiod
Pointonsingledemandspectrum
(variabledamping)associatedwith
arbitrarypointonpushovercurve
Pushovercurve
Sa Demandspectrumplottedatsame
dampinglevelasassociatedwith
arbitrarypointonpushovercurve
Arbitrarypointonpushovercurve
DakotadelSur
Dampingbasedonareaunderpushover
curveuptoarbitrarypoint
4.Theintersectionpointoftheradiallineandtheassociateddemand
spectrumrepresentsapointontheSingleDemandSpectrum(Variable
Damping)curve.
ThismethodissimilartothemethodcalledProcedureBinChapter8of
ATC40exceptitdoesnotmakethesimplifyingassumptionthatthepost
yieldstiffnessremainsconstant.Itisessentiallythemethodreferredto
asexactinthediscussionofthemethodcalledProcedureCin
Chapter8ofATC40.
TheShowConstantperiodLinesAtcheckboxischeckedindicatingthatupto
fourdifferentconstantperiodlinesareshownontheplot.Thecolorboxadjacent
totheShowConstantperiodLinesAtcheckboxisgray(bydefault)indicating
thattheconstantperiodlinesareshowningray.Youcanchangethecolorby
clickingonthecolorbox.
Note:IntheADRSformat,linesofconstantperiodshowupasstraightlines
radiatingfromtheorigin.
TherearefoureditboxesassociatedwiththeShowConstantperiodLinesAt
Casilladeverificacin.Thenumbersenteredintheseboxesare0.5,1,1.5and2.Theseare
thedefaultperiodsforthelinesofconstantperiod.Youcanchangeanyofthese
valuesbytypinganewvalueintheappropriateeditbox.Theperiodsdonot
havetobeinputinorder.IfyouleaveaPeriodboxblank,orenterazero(0),
thenthatlinewillnotbeplotted.
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19.IntheDampingParametersareanotethefollowing:
TheInherent+AdditionalDampingboxdefaultsto0.05.Thisvaluecanbe
changedbytypinganewvalueintheeditbox.
Note:TohelpyouunderstandwhatvaluetoinputintheInherent+
AdditionalDampingbox,refertoATC40equation88.The0termin
thisequationisautomaticallyincludedbytheSAP2000analysismethod.
The5%inherentviscousdampingtermcanbespecifiedinthe
Inherent/AdditionalDampingeditboxas0.05.Ifthereisadditional
viscousdampingprovidedinthestructure,perhapsbyviscousdampers
thatarenotspecificallyincludedinthemodel,thenthisdampingshould
alsobeincludedintheInherent/AdditionalDampingeditbox.Thusif
thedampinginherentinthestructureisassumedtobe5%ofcritical
damping,anddamperswhichprovideanadditional7%ofcritical
dampingareassumedtobeaddedtothestructure(althoughtheyarenot
actuallyinthemodel),thenthevalueinputintheInherent/Additional
Dampingeditboxshouldbe0.12,since0.05+0.07=0.12.
IfdampersmodeledwithNLLinkelementsareincludedinthemodel,
thenforthepushoveranalysis,theprogramtreatsthemaslinear
elementos.Theirstiffnessisbasedonthelineareffectivestiffness(KE)
andthedampingisbasedonthelineareffectivedampingcoefficient
(CE).Theprogramusesthelineareffectivedampingcoefficientforthe
damper,togetherwiththeeffectiveperiodtocalculatedampingwhichis
internallyaddedtothespecifiedInherent/AdditionalDampingterm.
TherearefourStructuralBehaviorTypeoptions:A,B,CandUser.Estructural
BehaviortypeB,whichshouldbecurrentlyselected,isthedefault.Estructural
BehaviorTypesA,BandC,whichdefineakappa()factorthatreducesthe
assumeddamping,aretakendirectlyfromATC40.TheUseroptionallows
inputofothervaluesofkappa().
Note:RefertoATC40Section8.2.2.1.1foradiscussionofstructural
behaviortypes.Thestructuralbehaviortypeisusedtospecifyakappa
()factor(seeFigure815inATC40)thatmodifies(reduces)the
calculatedareaofthehysteresisloopstoaccountforassumedpinching
oftheloops.
20.TheperformancepointinSa,SdcoordinatesisshowninthePerformancePoint(Sa,
Sd)boxbelowtheplot.TheunitsforSaarealwaysgthecurrentunitsforSdare
Paso8 145
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Pies.Noteyoucouldalsoestimatethevalueoftheperformancepointbyholdingthe
mousepointerovertheperformancepoint(intersectionoftheADRSpushovercurve
andthesingledemandspectrum(variabledamping))andreadingthevalueinthe
CursorLocationbox.
Note:ThelocationofthemousepointerisspecifiedintheCursorLocationbox
as(Horizontalaxislocation,VerticalAxislocation).Thuswhenlookingat
thePerformancePointusingthemousepointer,youwillread(Sd,Sa),which
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isswitchedfromhowitisspecifiedinthePerformancePoint(Sa,Sd)box.
21.IntheDemandSpectrumarea,type.6intotheSeismicCoefficientCveditbox.
ClickthemousesomewhereonthepushovercurvedialogboxoutsideoftheSeismic
CoefficientCveditboxtoenterthechange.Notehowboththeplotandthe
PerformancePointinformationbelowtheplotchange.Notethattheperformance
pointinSa,Sdcoordinateschanges.
22.Type.4intotheSeismicCoefficientCveditbox.Clickthemouseontheplotto
enterthechange.
23.UnchecktheShowFamilyofDemandSpectrabox.Thefamilyofdemandspectra
areremovedfromtheplot.
24.ChecktheShowFamilyofDemandSpectraboxtoshowthefamilyofdemand
spectraagain.
25.IntheDampingRatioseditboxes,type.3inthelastbox.Clickthemouseontheplot
toenterthechange.Notethatthelowestdemandspectragotevenlowerwhenwe
increasedthedampingratiofrom0.2to0.3.
26.Type.2inthelastDampingRatioseditboxandclickthemouseontheplottoreturn
theformtoitsoriginalstate.
27.IntheDampingRatioseditboxes,deletethevalueinthesecondeditboxandclick
themouseontheplottoenterthechange.Notethatonlythreedemandspectranow
appearontheplot,onewith5%damping,onewith15%dampingandonewith20%
damping.
28.Type.1inthesecondDampingRatioseditboxandclickthemouseontheplotto
returntheformtoitsoriginalstate.
29.UnchecktheShowSingleDemandSpectrum(VariableDamping)box.Thesingle
demandspectrumisremovedfromtheplot.
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30.ChecktheShowSingleDemandSpectrum(VariableDamping)boxtoshowthe
singledemandspectrumagain.
31.UnchecktheShowConstantPeriodLinesAtbox.Theconstantperiodlinesare
removedfromtheplot.
32.ChecktheShowConstantPeriodLinesAtboxtoshowtheperiodlinesagain.
33.Inthefourth(andlast)editboxbelowtheShowConstantPeriodLinesAtcheckbox,
type3.Clickthemouseontheplottoenterthechange.Notethatthelastperiodline
becameflatter.
34.Type2inthefourtheditboxbelowtheShowConstantPeriodLinesAtcheckbox
andclickthemouseontheplottoreturntheformtoitsoriginalstate.
35.IntheDampingParametersarea,type.2intheInherent+AdditionalDampingedit
caja.Clickthemouseontheplottoenterthechange.Therelativelocationofthe
singledemandspectrum(variabledamping)curvechangesandtheperformancepoint
locationchanges.
36.Type0.05intheInherent+AdditionalDampingeditboxandclickthemouseonthe
plottoreturntheformtoitsoriginalstate.
37.IntheDampingParametersarea,clicktheStructuralBehaviorTypeAoptionand
observethechangeintherelativelocationofthesingledemandspectrum(variable
damping)curveandtheperformancepoint.
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38.ClicktheStructuralBehaviorTypeCoptionagainobservingthechangeinthe
relativelocationofthesingledemandspectrum(variabledamping)curveandthe
performancepoint.
39.ClicktheStructuralBehaviorTypeUser
option,andnotethattheadjacent RefertoATC40
Modify/Showbuttonbecomesavailable. Section8.2.2.1.1
andFigure815
ClicktheModify/Showbuttontodisplay K Firstsegment
Secondsegment
theOverrideStructuralBehaviorType colina,
do Point1 Thirdsegment
dialogbox. un
aF
pag
pag
un Point2
40.Inthisdialogbox: K
InthePoint1areatype20intheBeta
SubZeroeditboxandtype.6inthe BetaSubZero, 0
Paso8 147
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KappaFactoreditbox.
InthePoint2areatype45intheBetaSubZeroeditboxandtype.6intheKappa
Factoreditbox.
ClicktheOKbuttonandobservethechangeintherelativelocationofthesingle
demandspectrum(variabledamping)curveandtheperformancepoint.
41.ClicktheStructuralBehaviorTypeBoptiontoreturntheformtoitsoriginalstate.
42.FromtheFilemenuatthetopofthePushoverCurvedialogboxselectDisplay
Tables.AtablesimilartothatshowninFigureD9appears.
FigureD9:TableForCapacitySpectrum
43.Inthistablenotethefollowing:
Stepidentifiesthestepnumberinthepushovercurve.
Teffistheeffectiveperiodattheassociatedstep.
effistheeffectivedampingattheassociatedstep.
Sd(C)andSa(C)defineapointontheADRScapacitycurvefortheassociated
paso.
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Sd(D)andSa(D)defineapointonthesingledemandspectrum(variable
damping)curvefortheassociatedstep.
Alphaisthefactorusedinconvertingthebasesheartospectralaccelerationat
theassociatedstep.
PF*isthefactorusedinconvertingthedisplacementtospectraldisplacementat
theassociatedstep.
Toprintthistable,clickontheFilemenuatthetopofthetableandselecteither
PrintTables,toprinttoaprinter,orPrintTablesToFile...,toprintthetableto
afile.
44.ClicktheXintheupperrighthandcornerofthetabletocloseit.
45.SelecttheBaseShearvsControlDisplacementoptioninthePlotTypearea.
46.FromtheFilemenuatthetopofthePushoverCurvedialogboxselectDisplay
Tables.AtablesimilartothatshowninFigureD10appears.
FigureD10:TableForPushoverCurve
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47.Inthistablenotethefollowing:
Stepidentifiesthestepnumberinthe do
segundo
pushovercurve. CP
IO LS
DisplacementandBaseSheardefinea orce re mi
F
pointonthepushovercurveforthe
associatedstep.
AB,BIO,IOLS,LSCP,CPC,CD, UN
Desplazamiento
DE,>Eallidentifythetotalnumberof
hingeswithineachoftheserangesontheirassociatedforcedisplacementcurves.
TOTAListhetotalnumberofpushoverhingesinthestructure.
Toprintthistable,clickontheFilemenuatthetopofthetableandselecteither
PrintTables,toprinttoaprinter,orPrintTablesToFile...,toprintthetableto
afile.
48.Youcanalsoprintgraphicplotsofthepushovercurveand/orcapacityspectrum
curveasfollows:
Setuptheplotonthescreen(eitherinBaseShearvsControlDisplacement,orin
CapacitySpectrumformat)asyouwanttoprintit.
Ifyouwanttochangetheaxislabelsortheaxisrange,clicktheOverrideAxis
Labels/Rangebuttonandmakethedesiredchanges.
Ifyouwanttohaveadditionalnotesprintedonthegraphicsplot,typethosenotes
intheAdditionalNotesForPrintedOutputeditbox.
Toprintthegraphics,selectPrintGraphicsfromtheFilemenuatthetopofthe
PushoverCurvedialogbox.
Note:Anothertechniquethatcanbeusedistocreateascreenplotofthe
entiredialogboxwhichyoucanthenprintfromanotherprogramsuch
asPaint,MicrosoftWordforWindows,oranyotherprogramthat
supportsgraphics.
Tocreatethescreenplot,presstheAltandPrintScreenkeysonyour
keyboard.Thiswillsendacopyoftheactivewindowtotheclipboard.
150 Paso8
Pgina158
(NotethatifyoujustpressthePrintScreenkey,withouttheAltkey,you
willsendapictureoftheentirescreentotheclipboard.)Openyour
otherprogramthatsupportsgraphicsandpastethepictureintothat
programa.UsuallythecommandtopastethepictureiscalledPaste,and
itcanbefoundonamenucalledEdit.Onceyouhavepastedthepicture
intoafilecreatedinyourprogramthatsupportsgraphics,youcanprint
fromthere.
49.ClicktheXintheupperrighthandcornerofthetabletocloseit.
50.ClicktheDonebuttontoclosethePushoverCurvedialogbox.
Thiscompletesthereviewofdisplayingthepushoverandcapacityspectrumcurves.
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PartE.FinalComments
E.FinalComments
Thistutorial,togetherwiththeSAP2000onlinehelpprovidesextensivedocumentationof
allofthepushoveranalysisfeaturesavailableinSAP2000.Itisintendedthatyoucan
usethistutorialasacontinuingreferenceforSAP2000pushoveranalyses.
Aspreviouslynoted,youcanobtaincontextsensitiveonlinehelpfromwithinany
pushoverdialogboxbypressingtheF1keywhilethatdialogboxisopen.Thenamesof
eachofthebasicpushoveranalysistopicscoveredintheonlinehelparelistedbelow.
NonlinearStaticPushoverAnalysis
DefineFrameHingeProperties
FrameHingePropertyData
FrameHingePropertyDataForXXX
FrameHingeInteractionSurface
InteractionSurfaceDefinition
DefineStaticPushoverCases
StaticPushoverCaseData
AssignFrameHinges(Pushover)
PushoverCurve
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OverrideAxisLabelsAndRange
OverrideStructuralBehaviorType
TheNonlinearStaticPushoverAnalysistopicgivesanoverviewoftheSAP2000
pushoveranalysiscapabilities.Theothertopicsprovidecontextsensitivehelpfordialog
boxesofthesamename.
Finally,itisemphasizedthattheSAP2000documentationforthepushoverisnot
intendedto,anddoesnot,documentthepushoveranalysismethod,butratherisintended
todocumentthepushoveranalysiscapabilitiesofSAP2000.Forinformationregarding
153
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thepushoveranalysismethodyoushouldrefertotheATC40andFEMA273documents
whicharereferencedbelow.
Referencias
ATC,1996
SeismicEvaluationandRetrofitofConcreteBuildings,Volume1,ATC40Report,
AppliedTechnologyCouncil,RedwoodCity,California.
FEMA,1997
NEHRPGuidelinesfortheSeismicRehabilitationofBuildings,Developedbythe
BuildingSeismicSafetyCouncilfortheFederalEmergencyManagementAgency
(ReportNo.FEMA273),Washington,DC
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