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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT
Industries of the 21st century will become more and more self-controlled and automated
due to the comfort it provides, especially when employed in a private home. An industry
automation system is a means that allow users to control electric appliances of varying kind.
Industrial automation is the use of control systems, such as computers or robots and
information technologies for handling different processes and machineries in an industry to
replace a human being. It is the second step beyond mechanization in the scope of
industrialization.
1.2 MOTIVATION
One such application can be used for control of electrical appliances which results in
effective and efficient use of electrical power reducing the loss. This area has yet to be
explored in major parts of the world. So we would like to take this opportunity to put forward
a cost effective method for the wireless switching of the electrical appliances.
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CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE SURVEY
appliances of varying kind. Many existing, well-established industrial automation systems are
based on wired communication. This does not pose a problem until the system is planned
well in advance and installed during the physical construction of the switching and
controlling. But for already existing switching the implementation cost goes very high and
its not secure for every time. In contrast, Wireless systems can be of great help for
automation systems. With the advancement of wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi, cloud
networks in the recent past, wireless systems are used every day and everywhere.
The main aim of the design provided in this project is to develop a device to have
wireless control of Industrial electrical appliances through Internet. The device can be made
sure to be available at a low cost so that everyone can afford it. This is basically a device built
for home and Industrial appliances control system that can provide remote access to house
hold and industrial electrical appliances at low cost and in efficient way. The electrical
devices connected in the industrial area, home, office or any place, consume electrical power,
and there is an absolute necessity of saving of power as per present day situations. So it is
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necessary to control electrical devices more effectively and efficiently at anytime from
anywhere. So this project is built for the sole purpose of efficient control of electrical
appliances.
This project is basically built on the process of wireless communication through the internet
network. Internet plays a very important role in the present day life of a person. Each and
every person now-a-days has a cell phone with him, and internet makes the people across the
everything in the world is being automated and wireless for the comfort of man. So here we
are building a device called IOT based on the internet network to control the electrical
appliances through a cellular phone. Here we are going to design a IOT based remote control
of electrical appliances. This system is designed for controlling arbitrary devices according to
the necessity. It includes an IOT module which is connected to the designed system. Basically
for the system to work, IOT module is and loads are interconnected with the controller
through the internet we are sending the commands to the IOT module. According to the code
it results in turning ON/OFF of the particular device. The switching of devices is achieved by
traic.
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CHAPTER -3
OPTOCOUPLER
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The loads are operated with the help of traic and optocoupler which are in turn
connected to the LPC2148controller.
Wifi module is connected to the controller with the help of UART pins
Secondly we should enter the user id & password of the wifi module i.e.(IoT &
carving notions)
If get accessed through that wifi module then we can directly control the loads in
industry
To access the loads firstly we should have two main apps in our mobile those are
device control app & things view app
From device control app we can control the loads and through things view app we can
see the status of any particular industry which are access through it
ARM 7
ARM processors are embedded in products ranging from cell/mobile phones to automotive
braking systems. A worldwide community of ARM partners and third-party vendors has
developed among semiconductor and product design companies, including hardware
engineers, system designers, and software developers.
ARM7 is one of the widely used micro-controller family in embedded system application.
This section is humble effort for explaining basic features of ARM-7. ARM is a family of
instruction set architectures for computer processors based on a reduced instruction set
computing (RISC) architecture developed by British company ARM Holdings. A RISC-based
computer design approach means ARM processors require significantly fewer transistors than
typical processors in average computers.
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POWER SUPPLY
The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input i.e.,
230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a rectifier.
The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to get a pure d.c
voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c components
present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a
pure constant dc voltage.
LPC2148 MICROCONTROLLER
WI-FI
Espressif Systems Smart Connectivity Platform (ESCP) is a set of high performance, high
integration wireless SOCs, designed for space and power constrained mobile platform
designers. It provides unsurpassed ability to embed Wifi capabilities within other systems, or
to function as a standalone application, with the lowest cost, and minimal space requirement.
TRIAC
TRIAC, form Triode for Alternating Current, is a generalized trade name for an electronic
component which can conduct current in either direction when it is triggered (turned on),
and is formally called a bidirectional triode thyristor or bilateral triode thyristor
OPTOCOUPLER
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CHAPTER 4
ARM7- LPC2148
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multiplication starts whenever the beginning 04 input goes active. Fin of the output goes high
when finishing.
Booth Algorithm
Booth algorithm is a noteworthy multiplication algorithmic rule for 2s complement numbers.
This treats positive and negative numbers uniformly. Moreover, the runs of 0s or 1s within
the multiplier factor are skipped over without any addition or subtraction being performed,
thereby creating possible quicker multiplication. The figure shows the simulation results
for the multiplier test bench. Its clear that the multiplication finishes only in16 clock cycle.
Barrel Shifter
The barrel shifter features a 32-bit input to be shifted. This input is coming back from the
register file or it might be immediate data. The shifter has different control inputs coming
back from the instruction register. The Shift field within the instruction controls the operation
of the barrel shifter. This field indicates the kind of shift to be performed (logical left
or right, arithmetic right or rotate right). The quantity by which the register ought to be
shifted is contained in an immediate field within the instruction or it might be the lower 6 bits
of a register within the register file.
The shift Val input bus is 6-bits, permitting up to 32 bit shift. The shift type indicates the
needed shift sort of 00, 01, 10, 11 are corresponding to shift left, shift right, an arithmetic
shift right and rotate right, respectively. The barrel shifter is especially created with
multiplexers.
Control Unit
For any microprocessor, control unit is the heart of the whole process and it is responsible for
the system operation, so the control unit design is the most important part within the whole
design. The control unit is sometimes a pure combinational circuit design. Here, the control
unit is implemented by easy state machine. The processor timing is additionally included
within the control unit. Signals from the control unit are connected to each component within
the processor to supervise its operation.
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PARAMETER
RISC CISC
It is a complex complier
Design It is an easy complier design.
design.
The calculations are faster and The calculations are slow and
Calculations
precise. precise.
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problem. problem.
The above figure illustrates the pipeline using a simple example. It shows a sequence of three
instructions being fetched, decoded, and executed by the processor. Each instruction takes a
single cycle to complete after the pipeline is filled. The three instructions are placed into the
pipeline sequentially. Consider the three instructions as ADD, SUB, and CMp. In the first
cycle the core fetches and ADD instruction from memory. In the second cycle the core
fetches SUB and ADD instruction is decoded. In the third cycle both SUB and ADD are
moved along the pipeline. The ADD is executed, the SUB is decoded, ad the CMP instruction
is fetched. This procedure is called FILLING THE PIPELINE. This technique allows the core
to execute at every cycle. As the pipeline length increases, the amount of work done at each
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stage is reduced, which allows the processor to attain a higher operating frequency. This in
turn increases the Performance.
4.2.1 INTRODUCTION:
The LPC2148 microcontrollers are based on a 16-bit/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S CPU with real-
time emulation and embedded trace support, that combine microcontroller with embedded
high speed flash memory ranging from 32kB to 512kB. A 128-bit wide memory interface and
a unique accelerator architecture enable 32-bit code execution at the maximum clock rate. For
critical code size applications, the alternative 16-bit Thumb mode reduces code by more than
30 % with minimal performance penalty.
Due to their tiny size and low power consumption, LPC2148 are ideal for applications where
miniaturization is a key requirement, such as access control and point-of-sale. Serial
communications interfaces ranging from a USB 2.0 Full-speed device, multiple UARTs, SPI,
SSP to I2C-bus and on-chip SRAM of 8kB up to 40kB, make these devices very well suited
for communication gateways and protocol converters, soft modems, voice recognition and
low end imaging, providing both large buffer size and high processing power. Various 32-bit
timers, single or dual 10-bit. ADC(s), 10-bit DAC, PWM channels and 45 fast GPIO lines
with up to nine edge or level sensitive external interrupt pins make these microcontrollers
suitable for industrial control and medical systems.
4.2.2 Features:
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The LPC2141/2/4/6/8 consists of an ARM7TDMI-S CPU with emulation support, the ARM7
Local Bus for interface to on-chip memory controllers, the AMBA Advanced High-
performance Bus (AHB) for interface to the interrupt controller, and the VLSI Peripheral Bus
(VPB, a compatible superset of ARMs AMBA Advanced Peripheral Bus) for connection to
on-chip peripheral functions. The LPC2141/24/6/8 configures the ARM7TDMI-S processor
in little-endian byte order. AHB peripherals are allocated a 2 megabyte range of addresses at
the very top of the 4 gigabyte ARM memory space. Each AHB peripheral is allocated a 16 kB
address space within the AHB address space. LPC2141/2/4/6/8 peripheral functions (other
than the interrupt controller) are connected to the VPB bus. The AHB to VPB bridge
interfaces the VPB bus to the AHB bus. VPB peripherals are also allocated a 2 megabyte
range of addresses, beginning at the 3.5 gigabyte address point. Each VPB peripheral is
allocated a 16 kB address space within the VPB address space. The connection of on-chip
peripherals to device pins is controlled by a Pin Connect Block. This must be configured by
software to fit specific application requirements for the use of peripheral functions and pins.
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The THUMB sets 16-bit instruction length allows it to approach twice the density of
standard ARM code while retaining most of the ARMs performance advantage over a
traditional 16-bit processor using 16-bit registers. This is possible because THUMB code
operates on the same 32-bit register set as ARM code. THUMB code is able to provide up to
65% of the code size of ARM, and 160% of the performance of an equivalent ARM processor
connected to a 16-bit memory system.
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The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 incorporate a 32 kB, 64 kB, 128 kB, 256 kB and 512 kB flash
memory system respectively. This memory may be used for both code and data storage.
Programming of the flash memory may be accomplished in several ways. It may be
programmed In System via the serial port. The application program may also erase and/or
program the flash while the application is running, allowing a great degree of flexibility for
data storage field firmware upgrades, etc. Due to the architectural solution chosen for an on-
chip boot loader, flash memory available for users code on LPC2141/42/44/46/48 is 32 kB,
64 kB, 128 kB, 256 kB and 500 kB respectively. The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 flash memory
provides a minimum of 100,000 erase/write cycles and 20 years of data-retention.
On-chip static RAM may be used for code and/or data storage. The SRAM may be accessed
as 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit. The LPC2141, LPC2142/44 and LPC2146/48 provide 8 kB, 16
kB and 32 kB of static RAM respectively. In case of LPC2146/48 only, an 8 kB SRAM block
intended to be utilized mainly by the USB can also be used as a general purpose RAM for
data storage and code storage and execution.
Memory map:
In addition, the CPU interrupt vectors may be remapped to allow them to reside in either
flash memory (the default) or on-chip static RAM.
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Device pins that are not connected to a specific peripheral function are controlled by the
GPIO registers. Pins may be dynamically configured as inputs or outputs. Separate registers
allow setting or clearing any number of outputs simultaneously. The value of the output
register may be read back, as well as the current state of the port pins. LPC2141/42/44/46/48
introduces accelerated GPIO functions over prior LPC2000 devices:
GPIO registers are relocated to the ARM local bus for the fastest possible I/O timing.
Mask registers allow treating sets of port bits as a group, leaving other bits unchanged.
Features:
Bit-level set and clear registers allow a single instruction set or clear of any number of
The LPC2141/42 contain one and the LPC2148 contain two analog to digital converters.
These converters are single 10-bit successive approximation analog to digital converters.
While ADC0 has six channels, ADC1 has eight channels. Therefore, total number of available
ADC inputs for LPC2148 is 14.
Features:
Each converter capable of performing more than 400,000 10-bit samples per second.
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Every analog input has a dedicated result register to reduce interrupt overhead.
The DAC enables the LPC2148 to generate a variable analog output. The maximum DAC
output voltage is the VREF voltage.
Features:
10-bit DAC.
Buffered output.
4.87UARTs:
The LPC2148 each contain two UARTs. In addition to standard transmit and receive data
lines, the LPC2148 UART1 also provide a full modem control handshake interface.
Compared to previous LPC2000 microcontrollers, UARTs in LPC2148 introduce a fractional
baud rate generator for both UARTs, enabling these microcontrollers to achieve standard
baud rates such as 115200 with any crystal frequency above 2 MHz In addition, auto-
CTS/RTS flow-control functions are fully implemented in hardware (UART1 in LPC2148
only).
Features:
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Built-in fractional baud rate generator covering wide range of baud rates without a
module also provides full support for hardware flow control (auto-CTS/RTS)
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UART 1
FEATURES
Standard modem interface signals included with flow control (auto-CTS/RTS) fully
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PIN DESCRIPTION
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CHAPTER -5
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TECHNOLOGIES
5.1 INTRODUCTION OF IOT
WIFI MODULE
ESP8266EX
Espressif Systems Smart Connectivity Platform (ESCP) is a set of high performance, high
integration wireless SOCs, designed for space and power constrained mobile platform
designers. It provides unsurpassed ability to embed Wifi capabilities within other systems,
or to function as a standalone application, with the lowest cost, and minimal space
requirement.
ESP8266EX offers a complete and self-contained Wifi networking solution; it can be used to
host the application or to offload Wifi networking functions from another application
processor.
When ESP8266EX hosts the application, it boots up directly from an external flash. In has
integrated cache to improve the performance of the system in such applications. Alternately,
serving as a Wifi adapter, wireless internet access can be added to any micro controller-
based design with simple connectivity (SPI/SDIO or I2C/UART interface). ESP8266EX is
among the most integrated Wifi chip in the industry; it integrates the antenna switches, RF
balun, power amplifier, low noise receive amplifier, filters, power management modules, it
requires minimal external circuitry, and the entire solution, including front-end module, is
designed to occupy minimal PCB area. ESP8266EX also integrates an enhanced version of
Tensilicas L106 Diamond series 32-bit processor, with on-chip SRAM, besides the Wifi
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functionalities. ESP8266EX is often integrated with external sensors and other application
specific devices through its GPIOs; sample codes for such applications are provided in the
software development kit (SDK).
5.2 ARCHITECTURE
FEATURES
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802.11 b/g/n
Integrated low power 32-bit MCU
Integrated 10-bit ADC
Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack
Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network
Integrated PLL, regulators, and power management units
Supports antenna diversity
Wifi 2.4 GHz, support WPA/WPA2
Support STA/AP/STA+AP operation modes
Support Smart Link Function for both Android and iOS devices
SDIO 2.0, (H) SPI, UART, I2C, I2S, IR Remote Control, PWM, GPIO
STBC, 1x1 MIMO, 2x1 MIMO
A-MPDU & A-MSDU aggregation & 0.4s guard interval
Deep sleep power <10uA, Power down leakage current < 5uA
Wake up and transmit packets in < 2ms
Standby power consumption of < 1.0mW (DTIM3)
+20 dBm output power in 802.11b mode
Operating temperature range -40C ~ 125C
FCC, CE, TELEC, Wifi Alliance, and SRRC certified
PARAMETERS
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ESP8266EX has been designed for mobile, wearable electronics and Internet of Things
applications with the aim of achieving the lowest power consumption with a combination of
several proprietary techniques. The power saving architecture operates mainly in 3 modes:
active mode, sleep mode and deep sleep mode.
By using advance power management techniques and logic to power-down functions not
required and to control switching between sleep and active modes, ESP8266EX consumes
about than 60uA in deep sleep mode (with RTC clock still running) and less than 1.0mA
(DTIM=3) or less than 0.5mA (DTIM=10) to stay connected to the access point.
When in sleep mode, only the calibrated real-time clock and watchdog remains active. The
real time clock can be programmed to wake up the ESP8266EX at any required interval.
The ESP8266EX can be programmed to wake up when a specified condition is detected.
This minimal wake-up time feature of the ESP8266EX can be utilized by mobile device
SOCs, allowing them to remain in the low-power standby mode until WiFi is needed. In
order to satisfy the power demand of mobile and wearable electronics, ESP8266EX can be
programmed to reduce the output power of the PA to fit various application profiles, by
trading off range for power consumption.
Major Applications:
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CHAPTER -6
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6.1 OPTOCOUPLER
There are many situations where signals and data need to be transferred from one
subsystem to another within a piece of electronics equipment, or from one piece of equipment
to another, without making a direct ohmic electrical connection. Often this is because the
source and destination are (or may be at times) at very different voltage levels, like a
microprocessor which is operating from 5V DC but being used to control a triac which is
switching 240V AC. In such situations the link between the two must be an isolated one, to
protect the microprocessor from overvoltage damage.
Relays can of course provide this kind of isolation, but even small relays tend to be fairly
bulky compared with ICs and many of todays other miniature circuit components. Because
they are electro-mechanical, relays are also not as reliable and only capable of relatively low
speed operation. Where small size, higher speed and greater reliability are important, a much
better alternative is to use an optocoupler.
Optocoupler use a beam of light to transmit the signals or data across an electrical barrier, and
achieve excellent isolation.
Optocoupler typically come in a small 6-pin or 8-pin IC package, but are essentially a
combination of two distinct devices: an optical transmitter, typically a gallium arsenide LED
(light-emitting diode) and an optical receiver such as a phototransistor or light-triggered diac.
The two are separated by a transparent barrier which blocks any electrical current flow
between the two, but does allow the passage of light.
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Usually the electrical connections to the LED section are brought out to the pins on one side
of the package and those for the phototransistor or traic to the other side, to physically
separate them as much as possible. This usually allows optocoupler to withstand voltages of
anywhere between 500V and 7500V between input and output. Optocoupler are essentially
digital or switching devices, so they are best for transferring either on-off control signals or
digital data. Analog signals can be transferred by means of frequency or pulse-width
modulation.
Key Parameters:
The most important parameter for most optocoupler is their transfer efficiency, usually
measured in terms of their current transfer ratio or CTR. This is simply the ratio between a
current change in the output transistor and the current change in the input LED which
produced it. Typical values for CTR range from 10% to 50% for devices with an output
phototransistor and up to 2000% or so for those with a Darlington transistor pair in the
output.
Basically the simplest way to visualize an optocoupler is in terms of its two main
components: the input LED and the output transistor or traic. As the two are electrically
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isolated, this gives a fair amount of flexibility when it comes to connecting them into circuit.
All we really have to do is work out a convenient way of turning the input LED on and off,
and using the resulting switching of the phototransistor/traic to generate an output waveform
or logic signal that is compatible with our output circuitry.
The optocoupler used in this project is MOC3021 and four such optocoupler are used here.
The features, description and applications of this IC are discussed in the next topics.
Description:
The MOC3021 series of optically coupled isolators consist of infrared light emitting diode
and NPN silicon photo transistor in a standard 6 pin dual in line plastic package.
Features:
Options :-
10mm lead spread - add G after part no.
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Input diode
Forward Current 60mA
Reverse Voltage 6V
Power Dissipation 105mW
Output transistor
Collector-emitter Voltage BVCEO 30V
Collector-base Voltage BVCBO 70V
Emitter-collector Voltage BVECO 6V
Power Dissipation 160mW
Power dissipation
Total Power Dissipation 200mW
(linearly 2.67mW/C above 25C)
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Note 1 Measured with input leads shorted together and output leads shorted together.
Note 2 Special Selections are available on request. Please consult the factory.
APPLICATIONS
DC motor controllers
Industrial systems controllers
Measuring instruments
Signal transmission between systems of different potentials and impedances
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6.2 TRAIC:
TRIAC, from Triode for Alternating Current, is a generalized trade name for
an electronic component which can conduct current in either direction when it is
triggered (turned on), and is formally called a bidirectional triode thyristor or bilateral
triode thyristor.
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Low power TRIACs are used in many applications such as light dimmers, speed
controls for electric fans and other electric motors, and in the modern computerized control
circuits of many household small and major appliances. However, when used
with inductive loads such as electric fans, care must be taken to assure that the TRIAC will
turn off correctly at the end of each half-cycle of the AC power. A snubber circuit (usually of
the RC type) is often used between A1 and A2 to assist this turn-off. Snubber circuits are also
used to prevent premature triggering, caused for example by voltage spikes in the mains
supply. Also, a gate resistor or capacitor (or both in parallel) may be connected between gate
and A1 to further prevent false triggering. That, however, increases the required trigger
current and / or adds latency (capacitor charging).
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The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input i.e.,
230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a rectifier.
The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to get a pure d.c
voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c components
present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a
pure constant dc voltage.
230V AC D.C
Output
50Hz
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Transformer:
Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and these
voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be obtained directly. Thus the a.c input
available at the mains supply i.e., 230V is to be brought down to the required voltage level.
This is done by a transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is employed to decrease the
voltage to a required level.
Rectifier:
The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating
D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier
is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.
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The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both half
cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. The circuit
has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally
opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected between the other two ends of
the bridge.
For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas diodes
D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load
resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL.
For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct whereas, D1
and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with the load
resistance RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous
half cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.
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Filter:
Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of
rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains
voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage
received at this point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.
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Voltage regulator:
As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an
electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this
project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage levels,
7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used. The first number 78 represents positive
supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent the required output voltage levels. The L78xx series
of three-terminal positive regulators is available in TO-220, TO-220FP, TO-3, D2PAK and
DPAK packages and several fixed output voltages, making it useful in a wide range of
applications. These regulators can provide local on-card regulation, eliminating the
distribution problems associated with single point regulation. Each type employs internal
current limiting, thermal shut-down and safe area protection, making it essentially
indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1 A output current.
Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with
external components to obtain adjustable voltage and currents.
ECET 50