Below is a flow diagram of the process used to manufacture nitric acid.

Flow diagram for

nitric acid

This process is called the Ostwald process.

Step 1

A mixture of ammonia and air is led over heated platinum gauze at a temperature of 900 C. This
is one of the highest temperatures for an industrial process.

ammonia + oxygen nitrogen oxide + water

4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O

Step 2

The gases are cooled to about 600 C and nitrogen dioxide is formed in an excess of air.

nitrogen oxide + oxygen nitrogen dioxide

2NO + O2 2NO2

Step 3
Nitrogen dioxide is led through water in the absorption tower.

nitrogen dioxide + water nitrogen oxide + nitric acid

3NO2 + H2O NO + 2HNO3

This yields 55-60 % nitric acid.

Production varies with demand. South Africa produces about 500 000 tons of nitric acid per year.
World production is about 40 million tons per year.

Environmental concerns are:

the acid is extremely corrosive to metals, organic materials and human tissue

emissions of toxic nitrogen oxides contribute to acid rain and must be controlled

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NITRIC ACID Production Process

Properties of NITRIC ACID

1. Appearance Colorless to yellowish liquid

2. Odor Suffocating, acrid
3. Solubility Infinitely soluble
4. Molecular weight 63.013
5. Boiling point 86C
6. Viscosity 1.62cp
7. Density (60% conc.)
0C 1.3931Kg/m3
25C 1.36 Kg/m3
100C 1.2547 Kg/m3
08. Melting point -42C
09. Specific gravity 1.502
10. Critical temperature 520K
11. Critical pressure 68.9 bar
12. Critical volume 145 cm3/mol
13. Diffusivity in the water 2.9*10-5 cm2/s
14. Vapor Density (Air=1) 2-3 Kg/m3
15. Vapor Pressure (mm Hg) 48 @ 20C (68 F)
16. Specific heat (20C) 0.64 cal/g

Classification of Nitric Acid Production Processes:

1. Ammonia oxidation process (Ostwalds process)

2. NaNO3 +H2SO4 process (Chile Salt Peter process)
3. N2 fixation from air (Wisconsin process)
4. Nitrogen fixation by nuclear fission fragments
OSTWALD PROCESS

Reactions involved in the Ostwalds process

Main reactions
1. Oxidation of NH3 to NO
NO+3/4H2O H= -54Kcal
2. Oxidation of NO to NO2
2NO+O2 2 NO2 H= -27.2Kcal
3. Absorption of NO2 in water
2NO2+H2O HNO3 +HNO2
4. Concentration of HNO3
Side reactions
NH3+3/4O2 1/2N2+3/2H2O H =-75.7Kcal
NH3 1/2 N2 +3/2H2

NH3+O2 1/2N2 O+3/2H2O

NH3+3/2NO 5/4N2 +3/2H2O H= -107.9Kcal
 Nitric acid production flow sheet (Ostwalds process)
Process Description:
Raw materials required for manufacture of nitric acid
a. Anhydrous Ammonia
b. Filtered air
c. Platinum Rhodium catalyst
d. Water

Anhydrous Ammonia
In 1909 Fritz Haber established the conditions under which nitrogen, N2 (g), and hydrogen, H2
(g), would combine at the conditions:
Medium temperature (~500 degC)
Very high pressure (~250 atmospheres, ~351kPa)
A catalyst (a porous iron catalyst prepared by reducing magnetite, Fe3O4).
Osmium is a much better catalyst for the reaction but is very expensive. This process produces an
ammonia, NH3 (g), yield of approximately 10-20%. The Haber synthesis was developed into an
industrial process by Carl Bosch. The reaction between nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas to
produce ammonia gas is exothermic, releasing 92.4kJ/mol of energy at 298K (25degC).
Platinum-Rhodium catalyst
Properties of platinum

Atomic number:- 78

Atomic weight:-195.09g./mol

Density:-21.45gm/cm3

Melting point:-1769C

Boiling point:- 3827C

Thermal conductivity :-73 Watt/meter/c

 Tensile strength:- 14kg/mm2

Isotopes:-6

Electrical resistivity:- 9.85 micro hg.cm atC

Chemical properties
It has the third highest density behind osmium and iridium
Platinum is unaffected by air and water but will dissolve in hot aqua regia, in hot concentrated
phosphoric and Sulphuric acid in the molten alkali
It is as resistant as gold to corrosion and tarnishing. Indeed, platinum will not oxidize in air no
matter how strongly it is heated.

Properties of Rhodium
Rhodium is silver white metal
Melting point:-1966C
Boiling point:-4500C
Density:- 12.41 gm/cm3

Special properties
High electrical and Heat conductivity. That means heat and electricity pass through rhodium
easily
Chemical properties
Is relatively in active metal. It is not attacked by the strong acids. When heated in air, it is
combined slowly with O2.

Main components involved in the process are:

Kobe air compressor

Secondary air compressor 1and 2

Instrument air compressor-A,B

Air drying unit

Air receiver

Silica gel for dry air

Turbine

Catalytic converter
 Air-heater

Oil separator

Ammonia evaporator

Ammonia super heater

Air ammonia mixer

Mixed gas filters -1 and 2

Waste heat boiler (W.H.B)

Deaerator

Tail gas heater -1,2 and 3

Boiler feed water (B.F.W)

Start acid up tank

Absorption tower

Bleaching tower

Product acid cooler

Storage tank

Air Compressor and Turbine:

Air from atmosphere is suck at ambient temperature (room temperature) into the compressor.
The compression is done in three stage driven by electric motor and turbine which is in turn run
by tail gases .The air first passes through 1st stage at room temperature and leaves at temperature
of 130C and pressure of 2.02kg/cm2.This is then cooled in the inter cooler to 55C by using raw
water as cooling medium. Then air enter the second stage where it is compressed to 3.5kg/cm2
and temperature of 118C and after the second stage is cooled to 70C in the inter cooler then it
enters the third stage where it is compressed to 4.5kg/cm2 abs and outlet temperature of 143C.
40% of the energy required for carrying out compression operation is supplied by tail gas
turbine. These tail gases are generally taken from absorption tower which leave at 19C.it is
heated up to 260C by the series of heat exchangers. Major amount of air which is called as a
primary air is sent to Air-heater.

Secondary Air Compressor-1, 2:

The secondary air which is supplied by secondary air compressor-1, 2 used is in the bleaching
tower

Air-Heater:

The air from the compressor enters the air-heater at 143C and there it is further heated to 208C
by using high pressure steam and leaves at 208C.

Ammonia Evaporator:

The liquid ammonia stored in ammonia bullets is sent to the evaporator at 10-12kg/cm2 through
tube side and 21C temperature, where it is vaporized by the chill water coming from the
absorption tower passing through shell side. The ammonia leaves the evaporator at 19C.

Ammonia Super Heater:

The ammonia which enters the super heater is further heated to 80C by using low pressure
steam. Here the shell side flow is ammonia and the tube side flow is low pressure steam.

Ammonia-Air Mixture:

Ammonia enters the mixer at 80C and air at 208C and mixing takes place and heat is
exchanged between them and leaves at 180C. proportion of Ammonia and Air is10-10.7.

Mixed Gas Filter 1, 2:

Mixed gas filters consists of SS candle as filter medium. The air ammonia mixer enters this
filter in order to remove the impurities present in the mixture. Presence of the impurities in the
mixture may corrode the catalyst surface.

Waste Heat Boiler:

At the entrance of the waste heat boiler the mixture may be around 180C. Here the hydrogen
flame is used to raise the temperature. This waste heat boiler consists of platinum-rhodium
catalyst for the reaction to start. First it consists of supporting bars on which the nichrome mesh
is placed, above which the palladium catchment gauge is placed and finally the platinum (95%)-
rhodium (5%) catalyst is placed. The reaction is carried at 850C. At the bottom part of the waste
heat boiler which is in the form of cylinder, consists of tubes in which the NOX gases flow and
on shell side boiler feed water is supplied for cooling the NOX gases. The heat that which is
produced by the NOX gases is gained by the boiler feed water and high pressure steam is
generated. This high pressure steam is sent to steam generation station where it is split into low
pressure, medium pressure and high pressure steam. They are utilized in some parts of the plant.
Here the rich gases is sent into the tail gas heat exchanger III and the lean gases is sent into tail
gas heat exchanger-II

Tail Gas Heat Exchanger-II:

Tail gas heater II is a shell and tube heat-exchanger in which the nitrous gas is passed through
shell side which enters at 320C and leaves at 280C and tail gas (coming from T.G.H-I) is
passed through tube side which enters at 160C and leaves at 250C. The tail gases are sent to
catalytic converter and the nitrous gases are sent to boiler feed water.

Boiler Feed Water:

Here de-mineralized water which is de-aerated by steam and sent through tube side is used for
cooling the nitrous gas passing through shell side. The inlet temperature of the nitrous gas is
280C and outlet 180C. The outlet steam is sent into waste heat boiler. The nitrous gas is further
sent to T.G.H-I.

Tail Gas Heater-I:

Tail gas heater I is a shell and tube heat-exchanger in which the nitrous gas is passed through
shell side which enters at 180C and leaves at 155C and tail gas (coming from Tail gas pre-
heater) is passed through tube side which enters at 45C and leaves at 160C. The tail gases are
sent to catalytic converter through T.G.H-II and the nitrous gases are sent to condenser.

Cooler Condenser:

The nitrous gas from T.G.H-I is sent to the shell side of the cooler condenser and the cold water
from the VAM unit is circulated on the tube side. The nitrous gas enters the cooler condenser at
155C and leaves at 56C.The cooled water is recycled and the nitrous gas is sent the adsorption
tower.

Absorption Tower:

This tower consists of 69 trays in which 64 trays are absorption trays and the 5 trays are
oxidation trays. The nitrous gas are first sent to oxidation trays there nitrous gas converted into
NO2 and then it is sent into the absorption trays in which the De-mineralized is sprayed from top
and the NO2 gets converted into HNO3 (nitric acid). Then it is finally sent to bleaching tower.
The tail gases are sent to tail gas pre-heater

Tail Gas Pre-Heater:

The tail gas from the absorption tower is sent to the tail gas pre-heater in which the tail gases are
heated by using low pressure steam. The tail gas enters the tail gas pre-heater at 19C and leaves
at 45C. The outlet tail gas is sent to new tail gas heater-III and also to T.G.H-I.

New Tail Gas Heater-III:

The rich gases from the waste heat boiler are circulated on shell side of the new tail gas heater-
III. This enters at 320C and leaves at 160C. The tail gas from the tail gas pre-heater is
circulated on tube side. This enters at 45C and leaves at 285C. Finally the tail gas from the tail
gas per-heater-III is used to run the turbine.

Bleaching Tower:

The secondary air from the secondary air compressor is supplied to the bleaching tower to
remove the color of the nitric acid.

Product Acid Cooler:

The nitric acid thus obtained is cooled by using the cooling water in the product acid cooler.
Then it is finally sent to the storage tank-A, B

Catalytic Convertor:

Tail gases from the T.G.H-II are sent to catalytic converter and the vapor ammonia is also fed
from NH3 super heater.
NO + NO2 +2NH3 2N2 + 3H2O
Here tail gases and ammonia reacts with each other and forms nitrogen and water vapour. This
can then be safely disposed to atmosphere

NITRIC ACID PRODUCTION FROM CHILE SALT PETER PROCESS:

NaNO3 + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HNO3