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Faculty of Engineering.
Department of Civil Engineering.
AUM
(Impact of a Jet)
1 | www.aum.edu.jo
American University of Madaba
Faculty of Engineering.
Department of Civil Engineering.
AUM
The objective of this experiment is to compare forces generated by
impact of jet on vanes of various shapes and also to understand how forces
can affect the change of momentum flow in the jet. The impact of jet
experiment helps us to understand how does turbines works under fluid
pressure. The mechanical work produced by using pressure of moving fluid
at a high velocity jet of water from nozzle produces force when it strikes on
the plane of the surface of the plate. The forces exerted on the surface
plane will also depend on the density of fluid at specific temperature. The
force exerted on the impact will generate the momentum change and also
to determine the mass flow rate. This experiment aims at assessing the
different forces exerted by the same water jet on a variety of geometrical
surfaces.
Introduction:
Impact of jets apparatus enables experiments to be carried out on the
reaction force produced on vanes when a jet of water impacts on to the
vane. The study of these reaction forces is an essential step in the subject of
mechanics of fluids which can be applied to hydraulic machinery such as the
Pelton wheel and the impulse turbine.
When a jet of water flowing with a steady velocity strikes a solid
surface the water is deflected to flow along the surface. If friction is
neglected by assuming an inviscid fluid and it is also assumed that there are
no losses due to shocks then the magnitude of the water velocity is
unchanged. The pressure exerted by the water on the solid surface will
everywhere be at right angles to the surface. Consider a jet of water which
impacts on to a target surface causing the direction of the jet to be changed
through an angle . In the absence of friction the magnitude of the velocity
across the surface is equal to the incident velocity Vi. The impulse force
exerted on the target will be equal and opposite to the force which acts on
the water to impart the change in direction.
The momentum equation based on Newton's second law of motion
states that the algebraic sum of external forces applied to control volume of
fluid in any direction equal to the rate of change of the momentum in that
direction.
The external forces include the component of weight of the fluid and
the forces exerted externally upon the boundary surface of the control
volume .
If a vertical water jet moving with a velocity 'V' made to strike a target
(Vane) which is free, to move in vertical direction, force will be exerted on
the target by the impact of the jet.
2 | www.aum.edu.jo
American University of Madaba
Faculty of Engineering.
Department of Civil Engineering.
AUM
Applying the momentum equation in z-direction, force exerted by the
jet on the vane, Fz is given by :
Where:
:density
Q: flow rate
Vz out: velocity after impact
Vz in: velocity before impact
For any plate:
F= Q(V1-V2cos B).................. general case
B: the angle between the initial velocity of the jet V1 and the velocity after
striking the plate V2.
For flat plate (B=90 then cos90=0):
F= QV
For hemispherical plate (B=180 then cos180=-1):
Fz=Q(V1+V2)
V1=Q/A
Where Q=V/t
V22=V12-2gS
3 | www.aum.edu.jo
American University of Madaba
Faculty of Engineering.
Department of Civil Engineering.
AUM
Apparatus:
1. Plexiglas diameter cylindrical tank.
Procedure:
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American University of Madaba
Faculty of Engineering.
Department of Civil Engineering.
AUM
1. Remove the cover from the equipment by unscrewing the fixing
screws.
3. Connect the nozzle with the wished diameter to the bottom pipe.
6. Set the pointer besides the weight stem assembly to the red level.
9. Switch the pump G1 and slowly open the valve V1 until you reach the
wished flow value.
10. Add weights until the plate goes back to the pointer height and
take readings.
11. Take three different readings for the same plate (Flat,
hemispherical or conical), each with different flow rates.
12. Place different diameter nozzle and repeat for each plate.
Hemispherical:
Q(m/s) Mass(K Speed Speed F(Theo) F(exp) Error %
g) V0 V1 (N) (N)
5 | www.aum.edu.jo
American University of Madaba
Faculty of Engineering.
Department of Civil Engineering.
AUM
(m/s) (m/s)
0.00025 600 12.73 12.72 6.36 5.89 7.43
0.00022
2 510 11.31 11.29 5.01 5.00 0.18
0.00013
9 300 7.08 7.05 1.96 2.94 50.13
Conical:
Q(m/s) Mass(K Speed Speed F(Theo) F(exp) Error %
g) V0 V1 (N) (N)
(m/s) (m/s)
0.00025 130 12.73 12.72 0.93 1.28 36.95
0.00022
2 90 11.31 11.29 0.73 0.88 20.28
0.00013
9 40 7.08 7.05 0.29 0.39 36.68
Hemispherical:
Q(m/hr) Mass(K Speed Speed F(Theo) F(exp) Error %
g) V0 V1 (N) (N)
(m/s) (m/s)
0.00025 240 4.97 4.93 2.47 2.35 4.56
0.00022
2 190 4.42 4.37 1.94 1.86 3.98
0.00013
9 70 2.77 2.69 0.75 0.69 8.29
Conical:
Q(m/hr) Mass(K Speed Speed F(Theo) F(exp) Error %
6 | www.aum.edu.jo
American University of Madaba
Faculty of Engineering.
Department of Civil Engineering.
AUM
g) V0 V1 (N) (N)
(m/s) (m/s)
0.00025 20 4.97 4.93 0.36 0.20 45.69
0.00022
2 10 4.42 4.37 0.28 0.10 65.49
0.00013
9 0 2.77 2.69 0.11 0.00 100.00
7 | www.aum.edu.jo