Experiment No: 04

Convergence , Voltage Profile And Line Power Flow

Analysis On IEEE 39 Bus System Using Different
Power Flow Techniques

Date of Assignment: 27/04/2017 Date of Submission: 06 /03/2017

Submitted by
B.Thangabalan
T16EE011
M.Tech PES

Evaluated by Marks Obtained

Faculty-In charge Out of [ 20 ]

 Computer Aided Power System Analysis Laboratory [Spring 2017]

Experiment No: 4
Convergence , Voltage Profile And Line Power Flow Analysis On IEEE 39
Bus System Using Different Power Flow Techniques

Objective:

To compare the convergence characteristics, voltage profile and line power of New
England 39 bus power system using guass-seidel, Newton Raphson and decoupled load flow
techniques.

Software: PSS@E and Microsoft Excel

Theory:
The state of a power system and the methods of calculating this state are very
important in evaluating the operation and control of the power system and the determination
of future expansion for this system.
The state of any power system can be determined using load flow analysis that
calculates the power flowing through the lines of the system. There are different methods to
determine the load flow for a particular system such as: Gauss-Seidel, Newton Raphson
Load, and the Fast-Decoupled method.
Gauss-Seidel method:
In this method, first an initial estimate of bus voltages is assumed. By substituting this
estimate in the given set of equations, a second estimate, better than the first one, is
obtained.
This process is repeated and better and better estimates of the solution are obtained until
the difference between two successive estimates becomes lesser than a prescribed
tolerance.
Newton-Raphson method:
The Newton-Raphson approach is the most preferred load flow method because of its various
advantages. It has powerful convergence characteristics and considerably low computing times
are achieved when the sparse network equations are solved by the technique.
The NR approach is particularly useful for large networks as computer storage requirements are
moderate and increase with problem size almost linearly.

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 Computer Aided Power System Analysis Laboratory [Spring 2017]

The method is very sensitive to a good starting condition. The use of a suitable starting condition
reduces the computation time remarkably, as well as ensures the convergence. No acceleration
factors have to be determined, and network modifications require quite less computing effort.
To choosing initial conditions first guass seidel method is carried out for one iteration the result
of that iteration is chosen as initial values.
Fast decoupled N-R method:

An important and useful property of power system is that the change in real power is primarily
governed by the charges in the voltage angles, but not in voltage magnitudes. On the other hand,
the charges in the reactive power are primarily influenced by the charges in voltage magnitudes,
but not in the voltage angles which is taken care by this method.
It is a variation on Newton-Raphson that exploits the approximate decoupling of active and
reactive flows in well-behaved power networks, and additionally fixes the value of
the Jacobin during the iteration in order to avoid costly matrix decompositions.
Fast decoupled load flow can return the answer within seconds whereas the Newton Raphson
method takes much longer. This is useful for real-time management of power grids.

Procedure:
The network data of IEEE 39 power system was entered on a new network case and
saved in .sav file.
The codes for different buses were coded as:
PQ bus: 1, PV bus: 2 and Swing bus: 3
For "flat start" in which all voltage angles for all the buses are set to zero and all
voltage magnitudes for PQ bus are set to 1.0 p.u, and Reactive power generated for
all machines set to zero.
First load flow solution was carried out using Gauss-Seidel method method and
corresponding new voltages & angles of every bus, observations in the output bar
including mismatch are imported to an excel file.
Line power between every bus is obtained by using option bus based reports, and each
line is numbered for identification purpose.
the above process is repeated for Newton-Raphson and Fast decoupled N-R power
flow techniques.
The graphs of convergence characteristics, voltage versus bus number, Angle versus
bus number and Real power flow versus line number were plotted for all load flow
techniques using Microsoft Excel.

Tabulations:
GUASS SEIDAL NR DC
Bus cod Voltage Angle Voltage (pu) Angle Voltage (pu) Angle

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 Computer Aided Power System Analysis Laboratory [Spring 2017]

Number e (pu) (deg) (deg) (deg)

1 1 1.0518 -6.86 1.0518 -6.99 1.0518 -6.99
2 1 1.0598 -4.41 1.0599 -4.54 1.0599 -4.54
3 1 1.0565 -7.23 1.0565 -7.36 1.0565 -7.36
4 1 1.0592 -8.08 1.0592 -8.19 1.0592 -8.19
5 1 1.0736 -7.09 1.0736 -7.18 1.0736 -7.18
6 1 1.0743 -6.47 1.0743 -6.56 1.0743 -6.56
7 1 1.0612 -8.4 1.0612 -8.49 1.0612 -8.49
8 1 1.0586 -8.84 1.0586 -8.93 1.0586 -8.93
9 1 1.054 -8.58 1.054 -8.69 1.054 -8.69
10 1 1.0611 -4.18 1.0611 -4.28 1.0611 -4.28
11 1 1.0643 -4.97 1.0643 -5.07 1.0643 -5.07
12 1 1.0494 -4.95 1.0493 -5.05 1.0493 -5.05
13 1 1.0587 -4.83 1.0587 -4.93 1.0587 -4.93
14 1 1.0561 -6.33 1.0561 -6.45 1.0561 -6.45
15 1 1.0409 -6.59 1.0409 -6.72 1.0409 -6.72
16 1 1.0485 -5.18 1.0485 -5.32 1.0485 -5.32
17 1 1.0517 -6.14 1.0517 -6.28 1.0517 -6.28
18 1 1.0523 -6.97 1.0523 -7.11 1.0523 -7.11
19 1 1.056 -0.6 1.056 -0.75 1.056 -0.75
20 1 0.9942 -1.99 0.9942 -2.14 0.9942 -2.14 Co
21 1 1.0435 -2.81 1.0436 -2.96 1.0436 -2.96 m
22 1 1.0561 1.58 1.0561 1.43 1.0561 1.43 pu
23 1 1.0513 1.38 1.0513 1.23 1.0513 1.23 ter
24 1 1.0526 -5.06 1.0526 -5.2 1.0526 -5.2 Ai
25 1 1.0658 -2.97 1.0658 -3.11 1.0658 -3.11 de
26 1 1.0623 -4.24 1.0623 -4.39 1.0623 -4.39 d
27 1 1.0517 -6.25 1.0517 -6.38 1.0517 -6.38 Po
28 1 1.0554 -0.76 1.0554 -0.9 1.0554 -0.9 we
29 1 1.0536 1.98 1.0536 1.84 1.0536 1.84 r
30 2 1.0475 -2.01 1.0475 -2.15 1.0475 -2.15
Sy
32 2 0.9831 3.48 0.9831 3.38 0.9831 3.38
ste
33 2 0.9972 4.6 0.9972 4.46 0.9972 4.46
34 2 1.0123 3.19 1.0123 3.05 1.0123 3.05
m
35 2 1.0493 6.51 1.0493 6.36 1.0493 6.36
An
36 2 1.0635 9.19 1.0635 9.04 1.0635 9.04 aly
37 2 1.0278 3.77 1.0278 3.64 1.0278 3.64 sis
38 2 1.0265 9.03 1.0265 8.89 1.0265 8.89 La
39 2 1.03 -8.36 1.03 -8.48 1.03 -8.48 bo
31 3 0.982 0 0.982 0 0.982 0 rat
or
y
FAST
GUASS NEWTON- [S
LINE PARAMETERS DECOUPL
SEIDEL RAPHSON
ED pri
Line From To Line R Line X Charging B M MV MV MV ng
MW MW
number bus bus (pu) (pu) (pu) W Ar Ar Ar 20
1 1 2 0.0035 0.0411 0.6987 - - - -47 - -47
17
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 Computer Aided Power System Analysis Laboratory [Spring 2017]

116. 116. 116.

7 46.9
8 3 3
117. 116. 116.
2 1 39 0.001 0.025 0.75 46.9 47 47
2 3 3
365. - 364. 364. -
3 2 3 0.0013 0.0151 0.2572 -13.5
4 13.6 7 7 13.5
- - -
111.
4 2 25 0.007 0.0086 0.146 231. 111 231. 111.1 231.
1
8 5 5
-
- -
5 2 30 0.0013 0.0213 0.2214 249. -250 -71.8 -250
71.9 71.8
8
- -
6 3 4 0.0011 0.0133 0.2138 76.9 75.2 -29.5 75.2
29.7 29.5
- -
7 3 18 0.0008 0.0128 0.1342 24.5 -34.1 24.5 24.5
34.7 34.1
- - - - - -
8 4 5 0.0008 0.0129 0.1382 160. 115. 163. 115. 163. 115.
9 5 5 2 5 2
- - -
9 4 14 0.0002 0.0026 0.0434 261. 37.5 261. 37.5 261. 37.5
7 3 3
- - -
10 5 6 0.0008 0.0112 0.1476 478. 8.6 482. 8.9 482. 8.9
6 8 8
319. 117. 117. 117.
11 5 8 0.0006 0.0092 0.113 319 319
1 3 3 3
425. 426. 426.
12 6 7 0.0007 0.0082 0.1389 126 126 126
9 8 8
- - -
157. 157. 157.
13 6 11 0.0004 0.0046 0.078 350. 347. 347.
7 3 3
3 9 9
- - - - - -
14 6 31 0.0023 0.0363 0.3804 554. 275. 562. 274. 562. 274.
6 3 1 6 1 6
191. 191. 191.
15 7 8 0.001 0.025 1.2 39 38.9 38.9
7 9 9
- -
16 8 9 0.0004 0.0043 0.0729 -7.1 -12.1 -7.2 -7.2
12.8 12.1
- -
17 9 39 0.0004 0.0043 0.0729 35.2 -12.1 35.1 35.1
12.6 12.1
- - -
353. 350. 350.
18 10 11 0.0009 0.0101 0.1723 114. 113. 113.
3 3 3
2 9 9
298. 299. 299.
19 10 13 0.0018 0.0217 0.366 28.1 28 28
8 7 7
-
20 10 32 0.0009 0.0094 0.171 649. 85.9 -650 85.9 -650 85.9
9
21 11 12 0.0007 0.0089 0.1342 0.8 51.8 1 51.8 1 51.8
- -
22 12 13 0.0016 0.0195 0.304 -6.7 -6.5 -37.2 -6.5
37.2 37.2
291. 292. 292.
23 13 14 0.0008 0.0135 0.2548 -4.9 -5.1 -5.1
6 9 9
24 14 15 0.0003 0.0059 0.068 28.5 51.6 30.4 51.3 30.4 51.3
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- - -
- -
6 25 15 16 0.0007 0.0082 0.1319 291. 289. -62.6 289.
62.4 62.6
1 7 7
204. - 204. 204. -
26 16 17 0.0013 0.0173 0.3216 -59.6
9 59.6 1 1 59.6
- - -
27 16 19 0.0008 0.014 0.2565 451. -1.7 451. -1.7 451. -1.7
7 5 5
- - -
28 16 21 0.0006 0.0096 0.1846 330. 51.1 329. 51.1 329. 51.1 Co
1 7 7 m
- - - -
29 16 24 0.0022 0.035 0.361 -42.7 -73.6 pu
42.2 73.6 42.7 73.6
193. - 192. 192. - ter
30 17 18 0.0032 0.0323 0.513 -29.8
6 29.9 3 3 29.8 Ai
31 17 27 0.0014 0.0147 0.2396 11.6
-
11.5 -18.6 11.5
- de
18.6 18.6
174. 174. 174.
d
32 19 20 0.0043 0.0474 0.7802
8
7.7
7
7.7
7
7.7 Po
- - - we
33 19 33 0.0057 0.0625 1.029 628. -12 629. -11.9 629. -11.9 r
9 2 2
- - -
Sy
- - ste
34 20 34 0.0014 0.0151 0.249 505. 505. -99.6 505.
99.6 99.6
4 5 5 m
- - - An
-
35 21 22 0 0.0181 0 604. -50 604. -49.9 604.
8 6 6
49.9 aly
36 22 23 0 0.025 0 43.1 39.7 42.7 39.7 42.7 39.7 sis
- - - - La
37 22 35 0 0.02 0 649. 108. -650 108. -650 108. bo
7 7 5 5
353. 353. -
rat
38 23 24 0.0016 0.0435 0 354 -26
8
-26.1
8 26.1 or
- - - y
39 23 36 0.0016 0.0435 0 558. 1.3 558. 1.3 558. 1.3 [S
5 6 6
- -
pri
40 25 26 0.0007 0.0138 0 78.3
24.4
78.6 -24.4 78.6
24.4 ng
- - - 20
41 25 37 0.0007 0.0142 0 538. 99.6 538. 99.7 538. 99.7 17
2 3 3
270. 270. 270.
]
42 26 27 0.0009 0.018 0 41.7 41.7 41.7
8 4 4
- - -
-
43 26 28 0 0.0143 0 140. 140. -11.5 140. -11.5
11.4
8 7 7
- - -
- -
44 26 29 0.0005 0.0272 0 190. 190. -15.3 190.
15.3 15.3
3 3 3
- - -
45 28 29 0.0006 0.0232 0 347. 39.6 347. 39.7 347. 39.7
3 5 5
46 29 38 0.0008 0.0156 0 - 102. - 102. - 102.
824. 4 824. 5 824. 5
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6 8 8

Graphical Report
IEEE 39 Bus Test System:

2500 0.12

0.1
2000

0.08
1500

Voltage Magnitude |V|p.u 0.06

GUASS SEIDEL 1000 NEWTON-RAPHSON FAST DECOUPLED
0.04

500
0.02

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
No of Iterations

Fig 1: Convergence Characteristics for IEEE 39 Bus system

12

10

Voltage Magnitude|V|p.u 6
GAUSS SEIDAL NEWTON RAPHSON DECOUPLED
4

0
-6 -1 4 9 14 19 24 29 34 39
Bus number

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 Computer Aided Power System Analysis Laboratory [Spring 2017]

Fig 2: Voltage at different buses for different loading for IEEE 39 Bus system

12

10

Line real power (MW) 6

GUASS SEIDEL FAST DECOUPLED NEWTON-RAPHSON
4

0
0 5 10 15
Line number

Fig 3:Real power in different lines for IEEE 39 Bus system

Observations:
For guass seidel method number of iteration is more compared to other methods as
shown in table 3.
Number of iterations for Newton raphson method is very less and accuracy also high
among all load flow techniques.
For all load flow techniques voltage and angle profile for all the buses are remain
same.
Transmission line power flow is almost same in all the method among that newton
raphson method has zero mismatch.
Fast decoupled N-R method has less number of iteration and less mistach compared to
guass seidel method.

Total mismatch
Type of method Iteration Largest mismatch
(MVA)
GUASS SEIDEL 79 2.24 18.52
NEWTON-RAPHSON 4 0 0
FAST DECOUPLED 9 -0.06 0.12
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 Computer Aided Power System Analysis Laboratory [Spring 2017]

Table 3: No of iterations for different bus system

RESULT:
The convergence characteristics, voltage profile characteristics and line power flow
of IEEE39 Bus were investigated by using Gauss-Seidal, Newton-Raphson and Decoupled N-
R methods during load flow techniques.