Intermolecular Forces

and
Liquids and Solids
Chapter 11
Based on ppt from Mr.
Rapps AP chemistry
website and modified
for our needs
http://www.chemistrygeek.com/c
hem2.htm
A phase is a
homogeneous part of
the system in contact
with other parts of the
system but separated
from them by a well-
defined boundary.
Resources and Activities
Textbook - chapter 11 & ppt file
Online practice quiz from Pearson
- chapter 11
Lab activities
Molar mass of a volatile liquid
POGIL activities:
Phase changes
Intermolecular Interactions
Vapor Pressure Curves
Comprehensive tutorial and
animations on Intermolecular forces:
http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids
/imf2.html
Intermolecular Forces, Liquids
and Solids
(Chapter 11)
Chemtour videos from W.W.
Norton chapter 10 :
intermolecular forces; phase
diagrams; (capillary action)
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/
chemistry/gilbert2/contents/ch
10/studyplan.asp
Chapter 11 Animations from
glencoe website for Changs
book:
http://glencoe.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/0023654666/student
_view0/chapter11/animations_cent
er.html
 Activities and Problem set for chapter 11
(due date_______)

TextBook ch. 11 - required for regents (in
part), SAT II and AP exams
Lab activities: (determining molar mass
of volatile liquids)
Do chapter 11 GIST (p. 445, 446, 447,
448, 452, 454, 456, 461, 463) and
Visualizing concepts problems 11.1-11.6
(6 total) - write out questions and answers
& show work. (NB Photocopy of

POGILS (3) questions is also acceptable)

Phase changes
Do End of chapter exercises:11.9, .11,
Intermolecular Interactions
Vapor Pressure Curves .13, .15, .17, .19, .21, .23, .25, .27, .29,
.33, .35, .37, .39, .41, .43, .45, .47, .49,
Online practice quiz ch 11 due by_____
.51, .53, .55, .71, .73, .75, .85, .100
Animation on intermolecular forces, liquids, and solids to view in class and at home:
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/chemistry/gilbert2/contents/ch10/studyplan.asp
(Intermolecular forces)

Animations on vapor pressure and unit cells to view in class and at home:

In class preview and then Independent work - students to view animations &
interactive activities (4 in total 1 from Norton and 3 from the Glencoe site for
Changs book) and write summary notes on each. These summaries are to be
included in your portfolio

http://glencoe.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/0023654666/student_view0/chapter11/animations_center.html
 Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular forces are attractive forces between molecules.
Intramolecular forces hold atoms together in a molecule.
Intermolecular vs Intramolecular
41 kJ to vaporize 1 mole of water (inter)
930 kJ to break all O-H bonds in 1 mole of water (intra)

Measure of intermolecular force

Generally,
intermolecular boiling point
forces are much melting point
weaker than DHvap
intramolecular
DHfus
forces.
DHsub 11.2
Molecular Interaction Flowchart
 Types of Intermolecular Forces
1. Hydrogen Bond (strongest)
The hydrogen bond is a special dipole-dipole interaction
between the hydrogen atom in a polar N-H, O-H, or F-H bond
and an electronegative O, N, or F atom. IT IS NOT A BOND.

A HB or A HA

A & B are N, O, or F

11.2
 Water is a Unique Substance

Maximum Density
40C
Density of Water

Ice is less dense than water

11.3
Why is the hydrogen bond considered a
special dipole-dipole interaction?

Decreasing molar mass

Decreasing boiling point

11.2
 Types of Intermolecular Forces

2. Ion-Dipole Forces

Attractive forces between an ion and a polar molecule. The

magnitude of the attraction increases as either the charge of the ion
or the magnitude of the dipole increases.
Ion-Dipole Interaction

11.2
 Types of Intermolecular Forces

3. Dipole-Dipole Forces

Attractive forces between polar molecules

Orientation of Polar Molecules in a Solid

11.2
 Types of Intermolecular Forces
4. Dispersion Forces van der Walls forces/London forces
(weakest)
Attractive forces that arise as a result of temporary
dipoles induced in atoms or molecules

ion-induced dipole interaction

dipole-induced dipole interaction

11.2
 Intermolecular Forces
4. Dispersion Forces Continued (see Animation)

Polarizability is the ease with which the electron distribution

in the atom or molecule can be distorted.

Polarizability increases with:

greater number of electrons
more diffuse electron cloud

Dispersion
forces usually
increase with
molar mass.

11.2
 What type(s) of intermolecular forces exist between
each of the following molecules?

HBr
HBr is a polar molecule: dipole-dipole forces. There are
also dispersion forces between HBr molecules.

CH4
CH4 is nonpolar: dispersion forces.
S
SO2
SO2 is a polar molecule: dipole-dipole forces. There are
also dispersion forces between SO2 molecules.
11.2
 Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular forces are attractive forces between molecules.
Intramolecular forces hold atoms together in a molecule.
Intermolecular vs Intramolecular
41 kJ to vaporize 1 mole of water (inter)
930 kJ to break all O-H bonds in 1 mole of water (intra)

Measure of intermolecular force

Generally,
intermolecular boiling point
forces are much melting point
weaker than DHvap
intramolecular
DHfus
forces.
DHsub 11.2
 Properties of Liquids

Cohesion is the intermolecular attraction between like molecules

Adhesion is an attraction between unlike molecules

Adhesion

attracted to glass

Cohesion

attracted to each other

11.3
 Properties of Liquids

Strong
Surface tension is the amount
of energy required to stretch or intermolecular
increase the surface of a liquid forces
by a unit area. It results from
the net inward force
experienced by the molecules High
on the surface of a liquid. surface
tension
Vapor pressure of water
Atmospheric pressure at
versus temperature
various altitudes
11.8
 H2O (s) H2O (g)

Sublimation

Deposition
Molar heat of sublimation
(DHsub) is the energy required
to sublime 1 mole of a solid.

DHsub = DHfus + DHvap

( Hesss Law)

11.8
Molar heat of fusion (DHfus) is the energy required to melt
1 mole of a solid substance.

11.8
The boiling point is the temperature at which the
(equilibrium) vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the
external pressure.

The normal boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid

boils when the external pressure is 1 atm.

11.8
The equilibrium vapor pressure is the vapor pressure
measured when a dynamic equilibrium exists between
condensation and evaporation

H2O (l) H2O (g)

Dynamic Equilibrium
Rate of Rate of
condensation
= evaporation

Go To:
http://glencoe.com/sites/co
mmon_assets/advanced_pl
acement/chemistry_chang
10e/animations/vapor_pres
sure.swf
11.8
Molar heat of vaporization (DHvap) is the energy required to
vaporize 1 mole of a liquid.
Clausius-Clapeyron Equation C = constant (depends on P & T)

DHvap P = (equilibrium) vapor pressure

ln P = - +C
RT T = temperature (K)
Is this equation on your AP R = gas constant (8.314 J/Kmol)
reference tables?

11.8
 Can you find
Wheres Waldo? The Triple Point?
Critical pressure?
Critical
temperature?
Where fusion
occurs?
Where vaporization
occurs?
Melting point
(at 1 atm)?
Boiling point
(at 6 atm)?
Carbon Dioxide
An amorphous solid does not possess a well-defined
arrangement and long-range molecular order.

A glass is an optically transparent fusion product of inorganic

materials that has cooled to a rigid state without crystallizing

Crystalline Non-crystalline
quartz (SiO2) quartz glass 11.7
A crystalline solid possesses rigid and long-range order. In a
crystalline solid, atoms, molecules or ions occupy specific
(predictable) positions.
An amorphous solid does not possess a well-defined
arrangement and long-range molecular order.

A unit cell is the basic repeating structural unit of a crystalline

solid.

lattice At lattice points:

point Atoms
Molecules
Ions

Unit Cell Unit cells in 3 dimensions 11.4

Go to Glencoe animations chapter 11
part I and II packing spheres (units cells)

http://glencoe.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/0023654666/student_view0/chapter11/
animations_center.html
11.4
 Types of Crystals
Ionic Crystals Ion-Ion interactions are the strongest
(including the intermolecular forces (H bonding, etc.)
Lattice points occupied by cations and anions
Held together by electrostatic attraction
Hard, brittle, high melting point
Poor conductor of heat and electricity

CsCl ZnS CaF2

11.6
 Types of Crystals
Molecular Crystals
Lattice points occupied by molecules
Held together by intermolecular forces
Soft, low melting point
Poor conductor of heat and electricity

11.6
 Types of Crystals
Covalent Crystals Stronger than IM forces but generally
weaker than ion-ion
Lattice points occupied by atoms
Held together by covalent bonds
Hard, high melting point
Poor conductor of heat and electricity
carbon
atoms

diamond graphite 11.6

 Types of Crystals
Metallic Crystals Typically weaker than covalent, but can be
in the low end of covalent
Lattice points occupied by metal atoms
Held together by metallic bonds
Soft to hard, low to high melting point
Good conductors of heat and electricity
Cross Section of a Metallic Crystal
nucleus &
inner shell e-

mobile sea
of e-

11.6