Digital communication

System
Instructor : Dr. Vivek Ashok Bohara
Email : vivek.b@iiitd.ac.in
Office : A306
Telephone : 454
 Brief Biography
Full Name: Dr. Vivek Ashok Bohara
Designation: Assistant Professor (Since July 2013)
PhD (2006:2010):
Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
Post Doctorate (Marie Curie Research Fellow): 2011-2013
ESIEE Paris (University of Paris, East), France
LAB: https://www.iiitd.edu.in/~wirocomm/
www.wirocomm.com
Research Interests: Device to device communication, RF
Energy Harvesting , Cellular and Wi-Fi standards, Digital
Predistortion
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Current and former BTP Students

Ankush Jolly, 2012 batch (Nominated for best BTP

award)
Topic: RF Energy harvesting
Siddhant Verma, 2012 batch (Nominated for best
BTP award
Topic: RF Energy harvesting
Tanay Kabra , 2013 batch
Topic : Analysis Of GFDM and FBMC under High
Power Amplifier
Parth Srivastava, 2013 batch
Topic : Underlay Device to Device Communication in
Cellular Network
 Why you should take this course
Most important fundamental course as most of the advance level
communication/networking courses has pre-requisite of DCS.
It introduces you to basic building blocks of digital
communication. This building blocks are the foundation for more
advance level systems such as 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, IEEE 802.11a, b, g,
n (also known as Wi-Fi), Bluetooth, Digital Audio and Video
Broadcast, Satellite and space communication systems etc.
This course is your first interface to higher level research and
development in Information and communication technology . It
provides you the platform over which (by taking other relevant
courses) you can build your expertise in ICT domain and pursue a
career or higher studies in this domain.
The BTech degree is Electronics and Communication. Each
student getting this degree is expected to have sufficient and
fundamental knowledge in communication domain.
Outline for the course

Background and Preliminaries

Introduction to digital communication system
Classification of Signals and Systems
Probability and Random process

Fundamentals of digital modulation/

Demodulation
PAM, Phase modulation and QAM
Power spectrum of digital modulated signals

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Major topics to be covered (Contd.)
Detection of Signals in AWGN
Maximum likelihood detection
Matched filtering
Impact of phase and timing uncertainties

Error correcting coding

Linear block codes
Cyclic codes
Convolutional codes
Performance Analysis

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Major topics to be covered (Contd.)

Intersymbol Interference
Nyquist criterion
Equalization techniques

Brief Introduction to modulation and coding in

different wireless standards
Cellular standards (2g, 3g, 4g)
IEEE 802.11a, b, g and n ( Wi-Fi)
Other existing standards

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Textbooks
Digital Communication by Bernard Sklar and Pabitra
Kumar Ray
Fundamentals of Communication Systems by John
Proakis and Masoud Salehi (3rd Edition)
Digital Communication by Simon Haykin
Modern digital and analog communication systems
by B.P.Lathi and Zhi. Ding
Principles of communications by R. Ziemer and W.
Tranter
Digital communication by John Berry, Edward Lee
and David Messerschmitt (3rd Edition)

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Prerequisites
Mandatory
Basic Probability
Signals and Systems
Principles of Communication (UG Course)
Desired
Fourier Series and Transform
Linear Algebra
Matlab Coding (Some of the assignments will be based
on Matlab)

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Evaluation and Grading
Component Remarks Grade Percentage

Assignments 2 10

Quizzes Maximum 3 20

Mid-Term Exam 1 20

Final Exam 1 30

Course Project Short Presentation + 20

Report

* Topics will be announced later 10

Consultation Hours

Monday : 10:30am to 11:30am

For longer discussions please drop me a mail
to schedule a different time slot.

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Digital Communication System

Lecture: 1
Date: 02-08-2016
Instructor: Dr. Vivek Ashok Bohara
Topics: Introduction to Digital
Communication, Signal and System Basics

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Why Digital?
More immune to channel noise and distortion
Flexible hardware implementation by using
microprocessors and large scale integrated circuits
Channel coding can be used to eliminate or reduce
errors induced by channel
Easier to multiplex several digital signal in time (Ex
GSM)

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 Block diagram of a digital
communication system

Sampler
Source Channel Digital
(A/D
Encoder encoder Modulator
converter)
Information
source
Which block is missing??? Channel

D/A Converter
Source Channel Digital
(Reconstructi
on filter) decoder decoder Demodulator

Output Signal

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Blocks of digital communication system
(DCS)
Information Source: Generates messages that
needs to be transmitted to the receiver. Messages
can be analog or digital.
Sampler / Analog to digital Converter: Converts the
analog signal into a digital data.
Source Encoder: Encodes the digital data with little
or no redundancy to generate digital symbols.
Channel Encoder: Adds redundancy to the digital
symbols to overcome the effects of distortion
(noise and interference) induced by the channel
on the transmitted signal.

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Blocks of digital communication system
(DCS)
Digital Modulator: It converts the digital symbols
obtained from the channel encoder into signal
waveform that are compatible with the
transmission channel.
Digital Demodulator: It converts the received
signal waveform back to the digital symbol.
Channel Decoder: From the knowledge of the code
used by the channel coder and the redundancy of
the received symbols it tries to reconstruct the
original digital symbols.

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Blocks of digital communication system
(DCS)
Source Decoder: Decodes the digital symbols
obtained from the channel decoder to generate
the approximation of the transmitted digital data.
Reconstruction Filter/ Digital to Analog Converter:
Converts the digital data back to the analog signal.

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 Signal and system basics
Time Shifting

x(t) x(t-t0)

t t0 t
Time Reversal
x(-t)

18
t
Signal and system basics (Contd..)
Time Scaling

x(at) x(at)
a>1 a<1

t t

a> 1: Shrinking the time axis

a< 1: Expanding the time axis

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Signal and system basics (Contd..)
Time Scaling
For the given function x(t), x(at) is the time scaled version of
x(t)
For a 1,period of function x(t) reduces and function speeds
up. Graph of the function shrinks.
For a 1, the period of the x(t) increases and the function
slows down. Graph of the function expands.
Signal and system basics (Contd..)
Precedence rule for signal operations:
Method I (Parenthesis method):
Express x(at+b) in the form x(a(t+b/a)) - (note that the
coefficient of t within the parenthesis becomes +1)
Apply Scaling (and Reflection, if a negative) by the factor a
Apply the Time-Shift by the factor b/a

Method II (Direct method):

Start with x(at+b) (note: remove any inner parenthesis)
Apply the Time-Shift by the factor b
Apply Scaling (and Reflection, if a negative) by the factor a
Signal and system basics (Contd..)
Precedence rule for signal operations:
Eg: find y(t)=x(2t+3)

Soln: Using Method II: shift then scale

Signal and system basics
Deterministic and random signals
Deterministic signals are signals which do not have
any uncertainty associated with it and which can
be explicitly modeled by a mathematical
expression.
Random signals are usually defined by probability
and statistical averages (Ex. Gaussian noise)

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Signal and system basics
Periodic and Non periodic signals
A signal x(t) is periodic if it repeats in time. This basic time
interval after which the signal repeats itself is known as
period. A periodic signal x(t) satisfies the property
x(t+T0)= x(t) t T0 = Period of the signal
The signal that does not satisfy the above condition is
called non-periodic or aperiodic signals.

x(t)
T0

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t
Signal and System basics
Causal and Non-causal signals
A signal x(t) is causal if
x(t)=0 t < 0

x(t)
x(t)

t
t

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Signal and System basics
Even and odd signals
A signal x(t) is even if and only if the following holds true
for all t
x(-t)= x(t) t
and odd if the following holds true x(t)
x(-t)= -x(t) t

x(t)

t 26
Even Signal Odd Signal
Signal and System basics
Continuous time and discrete time signals

0.5 0.5

Amplitude
Amplitude

0 0

-0.5 -0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time Time

What is the frequency of the above signal ???

What is the sampling rate used for the discrete signal ???
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Signal and System basics
Analog and Digital
Analog Digital

Signal amplitude can take on Signal amplitude can take on

an infinite number of values only a finite number of values
Signal and System basics
Energy-Type and Power-Type Signal
The instantaneous normalized power is given as
(assuming voltage across 1 resistor)
2
P (t ) x (t ) (1.1)
Hence the energy dissipated during interval (-T/2,T/2)
T /2 2

ET T /2
x (t ) d t (1.2)

and the corresponding average power would be

2
1 T /2
PT
T
T /2
x (t ) d t

(1.3)

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Signal and System basics
The energy content of any signal x(t)
2 T /2 2

EX
x ( t ) d t lim
T
T /2
x (t ) d t (1.4)

and the power content will be

2
1 T /2
PX lim
T T
T /2
x (t ) d t (1.5)

A signal x(t) is energy-type signal if and only if Ex is finite i.e.

Ex <, similarly x(t) is power-type signal if and only if
0< Px <.
For an energy type signal average power is 0, i.e. PX=0
whereas
for a power-type signal energy is infinite, i.e. EX =.
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Signal and System basics
System Classifications
Discrete time and continuous time systems
For discrete time systems input as well as output are
discrete time signals whereas for continuous time
systems both input and output are continuous time
signals.
Linear and Nonlinear systems
Linear systems are systems which satisfy the
superposition property.

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Signal and System basics

A system is linear if it follows the principle of superposition

and homogeneity.
Specifically, a linear system must satisfy the two properties:
1 Additive: the response to x1(t)+x2(t) is y1(t) + y2(t)
2 Scaling: the response to ax1(t) is ay1(t) where aC
Combined: ax1(t)+bx2(t) ay1(t) + by2(t)

If a system is linear, an all zero input sequence will produce

an all zero output sequence
y (t ) 3 x (t )
Signal and System basics
Linear systems

x(t) y(t) x(t) y(t)

x1(t) y1(t)

x1(t)+x2(t) y1(t)+y2(t)

x2(t) y2(t)

The system that does not satisfy the above property is known as
nonlinear system 33
Signal and System basics
Linear systems
y(t) = 3x(t)
Non-linear y(t) = 3*x(t)+2, y(t) = 3*x2(t) why?
1. y[n] = x2[n]
2. y(t) = 3*x2(t)
 Signal and Systems basics
Time-Invariant systems
3
5
2.5
4
2
Amplitude

3 1.5

2
y(t)=sqrt(x(t)) 1

1 0.5

0
0 0 1 2 3 4 5
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time
y(t)
x(t)
2
3

2.5 1.5

2
1
1.5
y(t-2)=sqrt(x(t-2))
1 0.5
0.5
0
0 0 1 2 3 4 5
0 1 2 3 4 5
y(t-2)
x(t-2)
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 Signal and Systems basics
Time-Varying System
6
5

4 4
Amplitude

2
y(t)=x(t)+cos(t) 2

1 0

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 -2
Time 0 2 4 6
y(t)
x(t)
4

3
3
2.5
2
2
1
1.5
y(t-2) x(t-2)+cos(t)
1 0
0.5
-1
0 2 4 6
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
x(t-2)+cos(t)
x(t-2)
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Signal and Systems basics
Linear Time-Invariant System (Linear+ Time-
Invariant)
Very important class of systems. Most of the
communication blocks (and propagation channels
as well) can be modeled by using the above class
of systems.
For ex. Amplifiers, filters, equalizers.

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Signal and Systems basics
A system S is causal if the output at time t does not depend on the
values of the input at any time t > t
Examples:
y(t) = x(t + 1) noncausal since the output at time t depends on
the input at future time t + 1
y(t) = x(t 1) causal since the output at time t depends only on
the input at past time t 1
 Signal and Systems basics
Determine if the following systems are time-
invariant, linear, causal, and/or memoryless.

y[n ]+2y[n-1]=x[n+1]
Signal and Systems basics
Solution:
Time Invariant
Linear
Non-Causal
Memory
Homework
Determine if the following systems are time-
invariant, linear, causal, and/or memoryless
y[n + 1] + 4y[n] = 3x[n + 1] - x[n]