Backward & Forward Sequencing the

Prewriting & Drafting Steps

of the Writing Process
Using a Coded Graphic Organizer
Kathy B. Ewoldt, M.Ed.

Introduction AUTHORED MODEL STUDENTS CREATION Findings

8TH & 12TH Grade Writing Proficiency: Knowledge of sentence type scores were not
PREWRITE DRAFT correlated to paragraph writing quality on pre-test
27% All Students IDENTIFY CODED (r = .276, n = 10, p = .44) nor on post-test (r =
5% Students With Disabilities (IES, 2011) LABEL CODED GRAPHIC PARAGRAPH .305, n = 10, p = .392). Friedmans ANOVA non-
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
parametric analysis showed a significant
Writing skills essential to school & ORGANIZER difference between the pre-, mid-, & post-test
beyond (Graham, Gillespie, & McKeown, 2013: Graham & DRAFT PREWRITE mean scores (2 = 6.5, p = .04). Wilcoxson
Hebert, 2010; National Governors Association Center for Best
Practices & Council of Chief State School Officers, 2010; Straub & signed rank post hoc testing revealed no
Alias, 2013) significant differences from pre- to mid-
intervention scores (z = 1.562, p = .118) nor from
Successful writing environments for
Research Questions Methods mid- to post-intervention (z = 1.511, p = .131).
students with Learning Disabilities:
Does knowledge of sentence types Intermediate resource classroom
Direct/explicit skills instruction (Corden, improve expository paragraph
Knowledge of Sentence Types

2007; Hough, Hixson, Decker, & Bradley-Johnson, 2012) Pre assessments

And opportunities for success (Graham & quality?
Harris, 2013) Does reverse instruction using a Knowledge & Skills
systematically-coded model and Intervention
Writing instruction: Teachers feel least graphic organizer improve expository
prepared (Graham, Capizzi, Harris, Hebert, & Morphy, 2014; LEARN 4 SENTENCE TYPES
paragraph quality?
Sundeen, 2014)
LABEL AUTHORED PARAGRAPH Pre-test Mid-test Post-test

CONSTRUCT MODELS GRAPHIC Paragraph writing quality scores were

Purposes ORGANIZER significantly higher after the intervention (n = 10,
Improve expository paragraph writing skills Mdn = 19.6, T = 55, p = .005, r = .89)
Enhance teacher toolbox CREATE GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
WRITE DRAFT Paragraph Writing Quality

Tools Blank G.O. Completed G.O. Post assessments 20.00 19.60

Knowledge & Skills

15.00

10.00
8.00
Code Sentence
Type
TP Topic 5.00
DT Detail
EXP Explanation
CCL Conclusion
0.00
Pre Post