Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Risk Factor
70
50
5 7
0 0
Japan Japanese U.S. Japan Japanese U.S.
families families
in U.S. in U.S.
This suggests that the risk of developing the two kinds of cancer is not determined
primarily by heredity. The change in risk for cancer for Japanese families could
involve cultural, behavioral, or environmental factors predominant in one location and
not in the other.
What Causes Cancer?
Heredity
Diet
Hormones
CANCER RISK FACTORS
TOBACCO USE
UNHEALTHY DIET
INFECTIOUS AGENTS
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
PHYSICAL INACTIVITY
TOBACCO USE
Tobacco use is the main cause of cancers of the lung,
larynx, oral cavity, and esophagus, and a major cause of
bladder and pancreas cancers.
UNHEALTHY DIET
Up to 30% of cancers in developed countries may be
related to poor nutrition. Diets high in saturated fats and
low in fruits and vegetables increase the risk of cancers
of the breast, colon, prostate and esophagus
Tobacco
3000 chemicals are present in tobacco smoke, 60 of which
recognize as carcinogen : nitrosamines and polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons either in initiation or promotion
4000
150
Lung
Cigarettes 3000 cancer
Smoked (men) Lung Cancer
100 Deaths (per
per Person
per Year 2000 100,000 people)
50
1000
10x
Lung
Cancer
Risk
5x
0 15 30
Non-smoker
Cigarettes Smoked per Day
Limit Alcohol and Tobacco
Combination of Alcohol and Cigarettes
Increases Risk for Cancer of the Esophagus
40x
30x
Risk
Increase
20x
10x
Alcoholic Drinks
Consumed per Day
AND
Packs of Cigarettes
Consumed per Day
CANCER AND TOBACCO
CANCER AND TOBACCO
Diet: Consume Fruits and Vegetables
Dicrease Cancer Risk
Diet: Limit Fats and Calories
Correlation Between Meat Consumption and Colon
Cancer Rates in Different Countries
40
30
Number of Cases
(per 100,000
people)
20
10
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
Sunlight is the major source of UV radiation, which causes
several types of skin cancers, the most common malignancy
in humans
PHYSICAL INACTIVITY
A sedentary lifestyle increases the risk of colon cancers,
and may increase the risk for other types of cancer. Its
effects are closely related to an individuals nutrition
Viruses
Virus inserts
and changes
genes for
cell growth
Cancer-linked virus
Examples of Human Cancer Viruses
Some Viruses Associated with Human Cancers
AIDS and Kaposis Sarcoma
Without
disease
HIV infection
Depressed
immune
system
KSHV infection
Kaposis
sarcoma
Avoid Cancer Viruses
Cervical
Cancer
Risk
Low
Noninfected Women
women infected
with HPV
Bacteria and Stomach Cancer
Patients H. pylori
tissue sample
INFECTION AS A CAUSE OF CANCER
WORLD CANCER BURDEN CAUSED BY INFECTION
WORLD CANCER BURDEN CAUSED BY INFECTION
ULTRA VIOLET RADIATION
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
Protect Yourself From Excessive Sunlight
Physical Inactivity
STRENGTH OF EVIDENCE ON PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
AND DIETARY FACTORS
PROPORTION OF CANCERS
CAUSED BY MAJOR RISK FACTORS
OTHER MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS
ALCOHOL USE
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
OBESITY
FOOD CONTAMINANTS
IONIZING RADIATION
ALCOHOL USE
Heavy alcohol use causes cancers of the oral cavity,
esophagus, liver and upper respiratory tract. The cancer risk is
greatly increased by concurrent smoking. Alcohol use also
increases the risk of breast cancer.
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES
Certain substances encountered of work are carcinogens,
including asbestos, arsenic, benzene, silica and second-hand
tobacco smoke. Lung cancer is the most common occupational
cancer.
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
Some cancers occur more often in people with a higher socio-
economic status ( SES ); others are more common in lower-SES
populations. SES is most likely a marker for lifestyle and other
risk factors described in this section.
Alcohol
Alcohols Link to Cancer
OBESITY
Obesity is an important risk factor for endometrial, kidney,
gallbladder and breast cancers.
FOOD CONTAMINANTS
Certain food contaminants are carcinogenic, including those
that occur naturally ( eg aflatoxins ) and those that are
manufactured ( eg pesticides )
IONIZING RADIATION
For most, the greatest exposure to ionizing radiation comes
from medical X rays. But we are all exposed to small
amounts of naturally occurring radiation.
Industrial Pollution
Incidence of
Most Cancers
benzopyrine
Corn
Peanuts
Cottonseed
IONIZING
RADIATION
cancer
NON MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS
AGEING
ETHNICITY OR RACE
HEREDITY
SEX
AGEING
The risk of most types of cancer increases with age. The
highest cancer rates occur among the elderly.
ETHNICITY OR RACE
The risk of many types of cancer varies between racial
and ethnic populations. Some of these differences are
attributable to genetic differences, but most are due to
differences in lifestyle and exposures to cancer causing
agents.
HEREDITY
Inherited cancer genes may cause 4% of all cancers.
Other genes affect our susceptibility to cancer risk factors.
SEX
Certain cancers occur in only one sex due to different
anatomy, eg prostate, uterus. Others occur in both sexes,
but at markedly different rates, eg bladder, breast.
Cancer Risk and Aging
3000
Breast
Number of
Cancer Cases 2000
(per 100,000
people))
1000
0 20 40 60 80
Age of Person (in years)
Ethnicity
Heredity and Cancer
All Breast Cancer Patients
Inherited factor(s)
Other 5-10% Breast ca are familial cancer
factor(s)
Heredity Can Affect Many Types of Cancer
Inherited Conditions That Increase Risk for Cancer
REPRODUCTIVE FACTORS
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
MEDICINAL DRUGS
REPRODUCTIVE FACTORS
Female hormones, menstrual history, and childbearing
affect the risks of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancers.
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
Certain viruses that suppress the immune system increase
the risk of lymphoma and kaposi sarcoma.
MEDICINAL DRUGS
Some hormonal drugs can cause cancers, while others
reduce the risk. Rarely, anti cancer drugs have caused
another cancer years later.
Reproductive system
REPRODUCTIVE AND HORMONAL FACTORS
Immunosuppresion
AIDS and Kaposis Sarcoma
IMMUNOSUPRESSION
Without
disease
HIV infection
Depressed
immune
system
KSHV infection
Kaposis
sarcoma
??? Medicinal drugs
Risk Factors of Cancer
Risk Factor/ Cancer Type
Microorganism Cancer
Human papilloma virus Cervical cancer
Helicobacter pylori Stomach cancer
Hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses Liver cancer
Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma Lymphoma and leukemia
virus
Human immunodeficiency virus Lymphoma and a rare cancer called
Kaposi's sarcoma
Epstein-Barr virus Lymphoma
Human herpes virus 8 Kaposi's sarcoma
Risk Factors for Breast Cancer
Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer
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