Dbms Session 1

MSc.
(IT)
Database Management System
Semester - I
Copyright Amity University

Module 1. Introduction to DBMS
Definition of DBMS
DBMS Architecture
Levels
Data Independence
Database Administrator

Module 1. Introduction to DBMS
File System Vs. DBMS Approach
Advantage of Using DBMS
Data Model
Schema and Instances

Database Management System (DBMS)
Database: Collection of interrelated data.
Management: Managing various operations performed

over the database.
System: Collection of interdependent and inter-related

components to perform some specific operations.
DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise

A software system that allows the users to define the

structure of database , store and maintain the data
into the database and provides controlled access to
the database.
A database management system is a complex piece of

software that usually consists of a number of modules.

The DBMS may be considered as an agent that allows

communication between the various types of users with
the physical database and the operating system without
the users being aware of every detail of how it is done.
DBMS provides an environment that is both convenient

and efficient to use.

To enable the DBMS to fulfill its tasks, the database

management system must maintain information about
the data itself that is stored in the system.
This information would normally include what data is

stored, how it is stored, who has access to what parts of
it and so on.
Commercially available DBMS : Oracle , DB2 ,MS-

ACCESS , Sybase, Foxpro.
Database Applications:

Banking: all transactions

Airlines: reservations, schedules

Universities: registration, grades

Sales: customers, products, purchases

Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply
chain
Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax
deductions
Databases touch all aspects of our lives

Database Administrator (DBA)
A Database administrator (DBA) performs all activities

related to maintaining a successful database
environment.
DBA is said to be the custodian of Database.
DBA is a person or group of persons responsible for

managing the Database.

Responsibility of DBA Includes:
Designing, implementing, and maintaining the database

system.
Establishing policies and procedures pertaining to the
management,
Security, maintenance, and use of the database

management system .
Training employees in database management and use.

Database administrator (DBA)
A DBA is expected to be knowledgeable of emerging

technologies and new design approaches.
DBA has either a degree in Computer Science or some

on-the-job training with a particular database product or
more extensive experience with a range of database
products.
A DBA is usually expected to have experience with one

or more of the major database management products,
such as Structured Query Language, SAP, and Oracle-
based database.
File-Based Approach : Each program defines and manages

its own data.
Drawbacks of using file systems to store data:
Data redundancy and inconsistency

Multiple file formats, duplication of information in
different files.
Difficulty in accessing data

Need to write a new program to carry out each new task
Data isolation multiple files and formats.
Integrity problems:
Integrity constraints (e.g. account balance > 0)

become part of program code.
Hard to add new constraints or change existing

ones.

Drawbacks of using file systems (cont.)
Atomicity of updates:
Failures may leave database in an inconsistent

state with partial updates carried out.
E.g. transfer of funds from one account to another

should either complete or not happen at all

Drawbacks of using file systems (cont.)
Concurrent access by multiple users:
Concurrent accessed needed for performance.
Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to

inconsistencies.
E.g. two people reading a balance and
updating it at the same time.
Security problems.

Database Approach
Database Approach : A shared collection of logically

related data, designed to meet the information needs of
an organization.
Database systems offer solutions to all the above

problems.

Advantages of DBMS
Controlled data redundancy:
Data consistency:
More information from the same amount of data
Sharing of data:

Advantages of DBMS
Increased concurrency.
Improved data integrity:
Improved backup and recovery services

Disadvantages of DBMS
- Complexity & Size,
- Cost of Software & Additional H/W costs
- Cost of conversion, Performance,
- Higher impact of a failure.

Architecture of DBMS
Three-Tier / Three level architecture suggested by
ANSI / SPARC

A commonly used views of data approach

is the three-level architecture suggested
by ANSI/SPARC (American National
Standards Institute/Standards Planning
and Requirements Committee).

ANSI/SPARC produced a final report in 1977. The

reports proposed an architectural framework for
databases. Under this approach, a database is
considered as containing data about an enterprise.
The three levels of the architecture are three different

views of the data.

Three-Level Database Architecture

External Level
The users view of the database.
Conceptual Level
The community view of the database
Internal Level
The physical representation of the database on
the computer.

External level
The external level is the view that the individual user of

the database has.
This view is often a restricted view of the database and
the same database may provide a number of different
views for different classes of users.
In general, the end users and even the applications
programmers are only interested in a subset of the
database.

External Level
For example:
A department head may only be interested in the
departmental finances and student enrolments but not
the library information.
The librarian would not be expected to have any interest in
the information about academic staff.
The payroll office would have no interest in student
enrolments

Conceptual Level
The conceptual view is the overall community view of the

database and it includes all the information that is going
to be represented in the database.
The conceptual view is defined by the conceptual

schema which includes definitions of each of the various
types of data.

Conceptual Level
The conceptual view is the information model

of the enterprise and contains the view of the
whole enterprise without any concern for the
physical implementation.
This view is normally more stable than the
other two views.

Internal Level
The internal view is the view about the actual physical
storage of data.
It tells us what data is stored in the database and how.
At least the following aspects are considered at this

level:

Internal Level
Storage allocation.
Access paths e.g. specification of primary and secondary

keys, indexes and pointers and sequencing.
Miscellaneous e.g. data compression and encryption

techniques, optimization of the internal structures.


Physical level describes how a record (e.g., customer) is
stored.
Logical level: describes data stored in database, and the
relationships among the data.
type customer = record
name : string;
street : string;
city : integer;
end;
View level: application programs hide details of data types.
Views can also hide information (e.g., salary) for security
purposes.

Level for a database system

Data Model
Information systems and computer sciences use data

modeling to manage and organize large quantities of
structured and unstructured data.
A data model describes the information to be stored in vast

database management systems like relational databases.
Data models do not include unstructured data such as

email messages, word processing documents.

Data Model
Data modeling establishes implicit and explicit constrains
and limitations of the structured data.
Data Modeling Analysts use data modeling functions to

supply an accurate representation of the enterprise.
Data modeling is used to accurately reflect the data of

the organization. Based on this information, a database
is created.

Data Model (Definition)
A generalized, user-defined view of data representing the
real world.
A description of the structure of data elements.
Collection of concepts allowing for the representation of an

environment according to arbitrary requirements.
A diagram that shows the various subjects about which

information is stored, and illustrates the relationships
between those subjects

Data Model (Definition)
A logical map that represents the inherent properties of the
data independent of software, hardware or machine
performance considerations.
The model shows data elements grouped into records, as

well as the association around those records.
A data model is a collection of descriptions of data

structures and their contained fields, together with the
operations or functions that manipulate them.

Types of Data Model
There are a number of data models that are used to describe how
a database is structures and used, these are:
Hierarchical Model.
Network Model.
Relational Model.
Object Relational Model.
Entity-Relationship Model

Hierarchical Model.
The hierarchical data model organizes data in a tree

structure.
There is a hierarchy of parent and child data segments.
This structure implies that a record can have repeating
information, generally in the child data segments.
Data in a series of records, which have a set of field
values attached to it.
It collects all the instances of a specific record together
as a record type.

Hierarchical Model.
These record types are the equivalent of tables in the
relational model, and with the individual records being
the equivalent of rows.
Today, the hierarchical model is rarely in modern

databases.
It is, however primarily used storing information, ranging
from geographic, file systems to the Windows registry to
XML documents.
IBM's Information Management System (IMS) DBMS,
were popular Hierarchical DBMSs .

Network Model
The popularity of the network data model coincided with

the popularity of the hierarchical data model.
Some data were more naturally modeled with more than

one parent per child. So, the network model permitted
the modeling of many-to-many relationships in data.
In 1971, the Conference on Data Systems Languages

(CODASYL) formally defined the network model.

Network Model
The basic data modeling construct in the

network model is the set construct. A set
consists of an owner record type, a set name,
and a member record type.
The data model is a simple network, and link

and intersection record types.

Relational Model.
RDBMS (relational database management system)

A database based on the relational model developed
by E.F. Codd.
A relational database allows the definition of data
structures, storage and retrieval operations and
integrity constraints.
In such a database the data and relations between
them are organized in tables.
A table is a collection of records and each record in a
table contains the same fields.

A Sample Relational Database

A Sample Relational Database

Object Relational Model
Object Relational Database Management Systems

(ORDBMS) add new object storage capabilities to the
relational systems at the core of modern information
systems.
These new facilities integrate management of traditional
fielded data, complex objects such as time-series and
geospatial data and diverse binary media such as audio,
video, images, and applets.
By encapsulating methods with data structures, an
ORDBMS server can execute complex analytical and
data manipulation operations to search and transform
multimedia and other complex objects.

E-R model of real world

Entities : Real world objects (Includes both
living or Non-living)
E.g. customers, accounts, branch.
Entities are of two types: Strong Entity and
Week Entity

Relationships: Association between instances of

entities
E.g. Account A-101 is held by customer Johnson
Relationship are of Three Types:
One-to-One (1:1)
One-to-Many (1:M)
Many-to-Many (M:N)

Most Widely used for database design
Database design in E-R model usually converted to

design in the relational model which is used for
s t o r a g e a n d p r o c e s s i n g


Instances and Schemas
Schema the logical structure of the database

e.g., the database consists of information about a
set of customers and accounts and the
relationship between them.
Physical schema: database design at the
physical level.
Logical schema: database design at the logical
level

Instances and Schemas
Instance the actual content of the database at a

particular point in time.
Analogous to the value of a variable

Occurrences of an Entity.
For Example: Name : John , City : Delhi and Age: 23

Physical Data Independence
the ability to modify the physical schema without

changing the logical schema
Applications depend on the logical schema
In general, the interfaces between the various levels
and components should be well defined so that
changes in some parts do not seriously influence
others.

Physical Data Independence
Alteration in the internal schema might

include.
* Using new storage device.
* Switching from one access method to
another.
Using different file organizations or storage
structures.
* Modifying indexes.

Logical Data Independence:
Logical data independence is the ability to modify the

conceptual schema without having alteration in external
schemas or program.
Alterations in the conceptual schema may include:

Addition or deletion of fresh entities, Attributes or
relationships and should be possible without having
alteration to existing external schemas or having to
rewrite application programs.

Functions of a DBMS
1.Data storage, retrieval, and update:
Support of Query Language
2. A user-accessible catalog:
Data Dictionary
3. Transaction support:
Transaction Manager
4. Concurrency control services:
Lock Manager
5. Recovery services.

Functions of a DBMS
6. Authorization services
7. Support for data communication
8. Integrity services
9. Services to promote data independence

Components of the DBMS Environment
Hardware
Software
Data -
Procedures
People

Components of a DBMS
Programmers Users DBA
Application Database
Queries
Programs Schema
Query DDL DBMS

processor compiler
preprocessor
Program Database Dictionary

object code manager manager
Access File
methods manager
System Database and

buffers system catalog

Category of Database User :
Database Designer or Administrator.
Application Programmer.
End User.

Database Language
DDL: Data Definition Language.

DML: Data Manipulation Language.
DQL: Data Query Language.
DCL: Data Control Language

DDL: Data Definition Language.
Example:
CREATE Statement.
ALTER ADD Statement.
ALTER DROP Statement.
ALTER MODIFY Statement

DML: Data Manipulation Language.
Example:
Insert Statement.
Update Statement.
Delete Statement.

DQL: Data Query Language
Example:
Select Statement.
With Where Clause.
With Order By Clause.
With group By Clause

DCL: Data Control Language
Example:
Grant Statement.
Revoke Statement.

Example: Creating Table:
CREATE TABLE STATION

(ID number(6) PRIMARY KEY,
CITY CHAR(20),
STATE CHAR(10),
zip_code number (6));

Example: Inserting Data into Table:
INSERT INTO STATION

VALUES (13, 'Phoenix', 'AZ', 33112);
INSERT INTO STATION

VALUES (44, 'Denver', 'CO', 40105);

Example: Retrieving Data from Table:
SELECT * FROM STATION;
SELECT ID, CITY FROM STATION;
SELECT STATE , CITY FROM STATION;
SELECT STATE , CITY FROM STATION

WHERE CITY = MUMBAI;

DELETING Data from Table:
DELETE FROM STATION;
DELETE FROM STATION

WHERE PIN = 53461;

ALTERING STRUCTURE OF TABLE
ALTER TABLE STATION

ADD EMAIL VARCHAR2(12)
ALTER TABLE STATION
MODIFY CITY VARCHAR2(20)

Question & Answer
1. By data security in DBMS we mean
preventing access to data
allowing access to data only to authorized users
preventing changing data
introducing integrity constraints
2. Data independence allows:
sharing the same database by several applications
extensive modification of applications
no data sharing between applications
elimination of several application programs

Question & Answer
3. Many to Many Relationship is represented by:

a) 1:1
b) M:M
c) N:N
d) M: N
4. Entities are defined as :
a) Real world object
b) Association among the instances
c) Property of attributes
d) Property of DBMS

Question & Answer
5. By data redundancy in a file based system we mean that
(a) Unnecessary data is stored
(b) Same data is duplicated in many files
(c) Data is unavailable
(d) Files have redundant data
6. Overall logical structure of a database can be expressed

graphically by
(A). ER diagram
(B). Records
(C). Relations
(D). Hierarchy

Question & Answer
7. . A table can have how many unique key

A). 1
B). any number
C). 255
D). None of the above.
8. Entity is represented by the symbol.
A) Double Circle
B) Ellipse
C) Rectangle
D) Square

Question & Answer
9. Attributes are
i) Properties of relationship
ii) Degree to entities
iii) Properties of members of an entity set
(a ) i (b) i and ii (c) i and iii (d) iii
10 A relationship is
a) an item in an application
b) a meaningful dependency between entities
c) a collection of related entities
d) related data

Thank You

Dbms Session 1

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MSc.

Database Management System

Copyright Amity University

Copyright Amity University

File System Vs. DBMS Approach

Advantage of Using DBMS

Schema and Instances

Copyright Amity University

Database: Collection of interrelated data.

Management: Managing various operations performed

System: Collection of interdependent and inter-related

DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise

Copyright Amity University

A software system that allows the users to define the

A database management system is a complex piece of

Copyright Amity University

The DBMS may be considered as an agent that allows

DBMS provides an environment that is both convenient

Copyright Amity University

To enable the DBMS to fulfill its tasks, the database

This information would normally include what data is

Commercially available DBMS : Oracle , DB2 ,MS-

Copyright Amity University

A Database administrator (DBA) performs all activities

DBA is said to be the custodian of Database.

DBA is a person or group of persons responsible for

Copyright Amity University

Designing, implementing, and maintaining the database

Security, maintenance, and use of the database

Training employees in database management and use.

Copyright Amity University

A DBA is expected to be knowledgeable of emerging

DBA has either a degree in Computer Science or some

A DBA is usually expected to have experience with one

File-Based Approach : Each program defines and manages

Drawbacks of using file systems to store data:

Data redundancy and inconsistency

Difficulty in accessing data

Integrity constraints (e.g. account balance > 0)

Hard to add new constraints or change existing

Copyright Amity University

Failures may leave database in an inconsistent

E.g. transfer of funds from one account to another

Copyright Amity University

Concurrent access by multiple users:

Concurrent accessed needed for performance.

Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to

Copyright Amity University

Database Approach : A shared collection of logically

Database systems offer solutions to all the above

Copyright Amity University

Controlled data redundancy:

More information from the same amount of data

Copyright Amity University

Improved data integrity:

Improved backup and recovery services

Copyright Amity University

- Complexity & Size,

- Cost of Software & Additional H/W costs

- Cost of conversion, Performance,

- Higher impact of a failure.

Copyright Amity University

Three-Tier / Three level architecture suggested by

Copyright Amity University