ANSI/ASAE EP433 DEC1988 (R2011)

Loads Exerted by Free-Flowing Grain on Bins

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ANSI/ASAE EP433 DEC1988 (R2011)
Approved September 1991; reaffirmed February 2011 as an American National Standard

Loads Exerted by Free-Flowing Grain on Bins

Developed by the ASAE Loads Due to Bulk Grains and Fertilizers

Subcommittee of the Structures Group; approved by the Structures and
Environment Division Standards Committee; adopted by ASAE
December 1988; revised editorially February 1991, June 1991; approved
as an American National Standard September 1991; reaffirmed
December 1993, December 1994, December 1995, December 1996,
December 1997, December 1999; revised editorially March 2000;
reaffirmed by ANSI June 2000; reaffirmed December 2001, February
2006; reaffirmed by ANSI March 2006; reaffirmed by ASABE January
2011; reaffirmed by ANSI February 2011.

Keywords: Bins, Grain, Loads, Pressure

1 Purpose Figure 2 Hopper flow types

1.1 This Engineering Practice, presents methods of estimating the grain
pressures within centrally loaded and unloaded bins used to store free-
flowing, agricultural whole grain.
2 Terminology
2.1 Terms used in this Engineering Practice are defined as follows:
2.1.1 antidynamic tube: A vertical conduit, generally at the center of a
bin, with the bottom of the tube placed directly over an orifice through
which grain can be unloaded from the bin.
2.1.2 bin: A container with a height to diameter (or shortest side) ratio
greater than 0.5.
2.1.3 flume: A vertical tube attached to the wall of a bin through which
grain can flow. Discharge outlets may be placed in the bin wall at any
location along the vertical rise of the conduit.
2.1.4 funnel flow: Flow from a bin in which all grain movement occurs
through a central core with no movement occurring along the bin wall
(see Fig. 1).
2.1.5 funnel flow hopper: A hopper in which a flow channel is formed
within the stagnant grain (see Fig. 2).
2.1.6 hopper: The sloped portion of a bin which is used to aid gravity
discharge through an orifice.
2.1.7 mass flow hopper: A hopper in which all of the grain in the hopper
is in motion whenever any grain is withdrawn through the hopper outlet
(see Fig. 2).
2.1.8 moisture induced or hygroscopic pressures: Pressures
induced by expansion of grain resulting from increases in moisture
content.
2.1.9 plug flow: Flow from a bin in which the grain moves out of the bin
in a manner such that movement occurs along all or part of the bin wall
(see Fig. 1).
2.1.10 thermally induced pressures: Pressures induced in a filled bin
when subjected to a decline in ambient temperature.
2.1.11 vibration induced pressures: Pressures induced by ground or
machinery vibrations.
3 Nomenclature
a length of the short side of a rectangular bin, m (ft)
b length of the long side of a rectangular bin, m (ft)
c equivalent bin wall length, m (ft)
k ratio of lateral to vertical pressure, dimensionless
u integration variable for equivalent material depth, m (ft), see Fig.
3.

Figure 1 Bin flow patterns Figure 3 Bin dimensions

ASABE STANDARDS 2011 ANSIASAE EP433 DEC1988 R2011 1


Figure 4 Hopper stresses
Dbin diameter, m (ft), see Fig. 3
F overpressure factor, dimensionless
Ggravity constant, 9.8103 kN/kg (1.0 lbf/lb)
H height of material from the lowest point of discharge to 1/3 of
the height of the surcharge, if present, m (ft), see Fig. 3
R hydraulic radius of the bin (cross section area divided by
perimeter), m (ft)
S maximum shear stress between inclined surface and grain,
kPa
(lbf/ft2), see Fig. 4
W bulk density of stored grain, kg/m3 (lb/ft3)
Y equivalent grain depth, m (ft), see Fig. 3
P v vertical wall load per unit length of bin wall, kN/m (lbf/ft)
S v shear stress between vertical wall and grain, kPa (lbf/ft2)
V n normal pressure on a surface inclined at an angle, , to
horizontal, kPa (lbf/ft2), see Fig. 4
L(Y) lateral pressure of grain at depth, Y, kPa (lbf/ft2)
V(Y)vertical pressure of grain at depth, Y, kPa (lbf/ft2)
angle from horizontal to inclined surface, deg, see Fig. 4
coefficient of friction of grain on structural surfaces, dimen-
sionless
4 General design information
4.1 Static pressures and dynamic pressures on bin walls and flat floors.
4.1.1 Static pressures. Estimate static pressures at depth, Y, by
Janssens equation
WRG kY
V Y [1e R ] (1) of the hopper to 1.0 at the point of hopper discharge.
k
L Y kV Y (2) hopper surface (see Fig. 4).
4.1.1.1 Estimate the shear stress between the vertical wall and grain
using equation 3.
S v L Y (3) 4.3.1 Lateral pressures on antidynamic tubes and flumes. Lateral
4.1.1.2 Rectangular bins. To estimate the pressure next to the short
side of rectangular bins, use Ra/4 and for pressures next to the long
side use R c/4
where
2ab
c (4)
ab
4.1.1.3 Conical surcharge. If a conical surcharge of grain is present at
the top of the material mass, increase the grain depth, Y, by 1/3 of the
conical surcharge height.
2 ANSIASAE EP433 DEC1988 R2011
4.1.1.4 Bulk density. A maximum of 834 kg/m3 (52 lb/ft3) is
recommended for the bulk density of any free-flowing grain. For
pressures imposed by a specific commodity other than wheat, use bulk
densities determined by the Winchester Bushel Test (USDA, 1980) or
those listed in ASAE Data D241, Density, Specific Gravity and Weight-
Moisture Relationships of Grain for Storage, increased by a compaction
factor of 1.08. Other material properties are those listed in Table 1.
4.1.2 Dynamic pressures
4.1.2.1 Funnel flow. Funnel flow bins have lateral wall pressures
predictable by equation 2. Funnel flow will normally occur in bins which
have H/D ratios less than 2.0. H is measured from the lowest point of
discharge to the top of the grain surface, or if a surcharge is present, to
1/3 of the surcharge height (see Fig. 3).
4.1.2.2 Plug flow. Dynamic lateral wall pressures during plug flow are
larger than those predicted by equation 2. Bins with an H/D ratio greater
than 2.0 may unload by plug flow. Estimate lateral wall pressure in bins
which unload by plug flow by the static pressure determined using
equation 2 multiplied by an overpressure factor. Values of the
overpressure factor, F, are given in Table 1. For flat bottom plug flow
bins apply this factor from the grain surface to within a distance of D/4
from the bottom.
4.1.2.3 Reductions in overpressure factor in bins which unload by
plug flow. A reduction in the overpressure factor is allowed within a
distance of D/4 from the base of flat bottom bins. Interpolate the
overpressure factor between the value obtained from Table 1 at a height
of D/4 to 1.0 at the bottom of the bin.
4.1.3 Calculation of vertical wall loads. Calculate vertical wall loads at
depth, Y, from the following expression.
P v WGYV Y R (5)
4.1.4 Pressures on floors of flat bottom bins. Estimate vertical floor
pressures on flat bottom bins using equation 1.
4.2 Hopper pressures
4.2.1 Exclusions. This Engineering Practice does not apply to
pressures in mass flow hoppers.
4.2.2 Load estimation techniques
4.2.2.1 Normal pressures. For pressure normal to an inclined hopper
surface (see Fig. 4).
V n V Y cos2 L Y sin2 (6)
To determine V n at a discrete location within a hopper, determine V(Y)
and L(Y) using equations 1 and 2 with equivalent grain depth, Y. Use
the bin geometry at the intersection of the hopper and the bin wall to
calculate hydraulic radius. Apply overpressure factors at the top of the
hopper. Overpressure factors may be linearly reduced from F at the top
4.2.2.2 Tangential stresses. For frictional stresses tangential to inclined
S V n (7)
4.3 Pressures on antidynamic tubes and flumes
pressures are exerted both internally and externally in a direction normal
to the wall surface on an antidynamic tube or a flume.
4.3.1.1 External lateral pressures. The pressure at any given level on
an antidynamic tube or flume is estimated as equal to the lateral pressure
at the wall at the same level using the techniques described in paragraph
4.1.
4.3.1.2 Internal lateral pressure. The pressures on the wall at any
given level in an antidynamic tube or a flume may be neglected or
estimated using the techniques described in paragraph 4.1 with a bin
diameter equal to the equivalent internal diameter of the antidynamic
tube or the flume.
ASABE STANDARDS 2011
 Table 1 Overpressure factors and material properties
Wall material k F
Steel 0.30 0.5 1.4
Concrete 0.40 0.5 1.4
Corrugated steel 0.37 0.5 1.4
4.3.2 Vertical stresses on antidynamic tubes or flumes. Vertical
stresses act on both internal and external surfaces of antidynamic tubes
and flumes.
4.3.2.1 External vertical stresses. Estimate external stresses by
multiplying the external lateral pressure at a given level on the
antidynamic tubes and flume as estimated by the method described in
paragraph 4.3.1.1 by an appropriate coefficient of friction presented in
Table 1.
4.3.2.2 Internal vertical stresses. Estimate internal stresses by
multiplying the internal lateral pressure by the appropriate coefficient of
friction from Table 1.
4.4 Special load considerations
4.4.1 Thermally induced pressures. Estimate thermal pressures for
circular steel bins as 8% of the static load for temperature declines of
10 C per hour and as 15% of the static load for temperature declines of
20 C per hour.
4.4.2 Moisture induced or hydroscopic pressures
4.4.2.1 Magnitude. Moisture content increases during storage of 4% or
more can cause lateral pressures to increase several times static load
conditions.
4.4.2.2 Precautions. Precautions should be taken in the design, location
and management of bins to prevent the occurrence of grain moisture
content increases.
4.4.3 Vibration induced pressures. There are insufficient data
available to predict the magnitude or significance of vibration induced
pressures.
5 Commentary
5.1 This section includes the basis for the design methods suggested in
Section 1Purpose, Section 2Terminology, Section 3Nomenclature, channel either intersects the bin wall or intersects the top surface of the
and Section 4General Design Information. Further discussion of the
provisions of the Engineering Practice may be found in Bokhoven et al.
(1986), Britton and Moysey (1986), Bucklin et al. (1986), Manbeck et al.
(1986), and Ross et al. (1986). The methods described in this
Engineering Practice apply only to bins which are centrally loaded and
emptied.
5.1.1 Static pressures. An accepted method of predicting static loads
on bin walls and floors is that proposed by Janssen (1895). Janssen
assumed that the bulk density, lateral to vertical pressure ratio, and
coefficient of friction between the grain and bin wall were constants for
any given configuration. Janssens technique assumes that the grain
pressure does not vary across the bin cross section. Values of k and
listed in Table 1 and values of W listed in ASAE Data D241, Density,
Specific Gravity, and Weight-Moisture Relationships of Grain for Storage,
are values that will produce estimates of the upper bound grain
pressures.
5.1.2 Dynamic pressures. Janssens equation was derived for static
conditions. Under dynamic or plug flow conditions, forces are generated
which are larger than those predicted using Janssens technique.
5.1.2.1 Funnel flow. Pressures can be predicted by Janssens equation
in bins which empty by funnel flow. Material movement occurs in a center
core of the mass, and overpressures are not generated. Studies of flow
patterns in bins under 3 m (10 ft) in diameter indicate that the transition
between funnel and plug flow may be at a point as low as H/D equal to
ASABE STANDARDS 2011 ANSIASAE EP433 DEC1988 R2011
1.3 for small bins (Nguyen, 1980). However, field observation of bins over
3 m (10 ft) in diameter indicate that the transition point in large bins
occurs at a point near H/D equal to 2.0 (Usry and Thompson, 1986). For
any specific situation when it can be shown or it is suspected that plug
flow will exist in a bin, lateral wall pressures should be estimated by the
method described in paragraph 4.1.2.2.
5.1.2.2 Plug flow. Pressures in plug flow bins are greater than those
predicted by Janssens equation. These pressures can be predicted by
using Janssens equation combined with overpressure factors, F.
Recommended values of F are presented in Table 1 along with
representative values of k and for different wall surfaces. The grain bin
wall coefficient of friction for corrugated bins is the grain-on-grain
coefficient of friction (Moore et al., 1983). Plug flow is defined as flow
from a bin in which all or part of the material moves as a unit, with
material movement along the bin walls. The overpressure factors
presented are based on an analysis of the results reported by Platanov
and Kovtun (1959) on full scale bins filled with wheat. Wheat is
considered to exert the highest pressures on bins. The results of
Platanov and Kovtun (1959) serve as the basis of the Russian (Soviet
Code, 1965), German (DIN, 1964) and American Concrete Institute (ACI,
1983) recommendations for the calculation of loads exerted by granular
materials.
5.1.2.3 Overpressure factor. Overpressure factors can be reduced in
the lower portions of plug flow, flat bottom bins. This reduction is based
on the effect of the stationary grain along the bottom of the bin wall. No
reduction is allowed if material movement is present along the entire bin
wall.
5.1.3 Calculation of wall loads. The vertical wall load per unit of wall
length in a bin at depth, Y, is:
Y
P v L u du
0
Settling of the material may produce smaller forces on the walls and
greater forces on the floor.
5.2 Hopper pressures. Hoppers are commonly classified as funnel flow
or mass flow. For free-flowing agricultural grains, funnel flow hoppers are
the most common. When grain flows from the hopper outlet, an
expanding channel is formed within the stagnant material until the
material. Flow along the hopper walls is nonexistent until a major portion
of the bin has been emptied. A second, less common hopper for free-
flowing agricultural grains is a mass flow hopper. Mass flow hoppers are
sufficiently steep and smooth to cause all of the grain in the bin and
hopper to be in motion whenever any of it is withdrawn through the
hopper outlet. This Engineering Practice only presents methods for
predicting pressures within funnel flow hoppers. For pressure in mass
flow hoppers, see discussions by Jenike (1980), Walker (1966), Walters
(1973), and Wilms (1985).
5.3 Loads on antidynamic tubes and flumes. Antidynamic tubes and
flumes are generally placed in bins containing free-flowing grains to
promote top unloading of the material contained in the bin by funnel flow.
Antidynamic tubes are typically supported and stabilized by their
connection to the bin bottom, while flumes are typically attached to the
wall. Both devices are normally equipped with multiple openings in the
wall of the tube or flume along the vertical axis to allow grain to flow into
an enclosed flow channel formed by the device. The grain will then flow
through this channel to an outlet from the bin. Normally the flow channel
will be filled through the uppermost opening at which the grain is present
with little or no material entering the flow channel at lower levels. Once
the level of the grain falls below the uppermost opening, the grain will
begin to flow through the next lower opening in an antidynamic tube or
flume. If the flow of the grain is restricted at the uppermost opening, flow
into the channel will occur at the next lower opening. If complete
blockage of the flow channel occurs for any reason in an antidynamic
3
tube or flume, inflow to the flow channel will occur at the next opening
below the blockage. Likewise, if the flow channel is partially blocked so
that the flow from the bin is greater than the flow through the partial
blockage, grain will flow into the channel through the next opening below
the partial blockage. These situations can create unloading patterns
which may result in lateral and vertical loads which are normally
associated with plug flow.
5.3.1 Antidynamic tubes. Antidynamic tubes have been shown to be
effective devices for reducing pressures in bins which have height to
diameter ratios or hopper configurations which cause plug flow from the
bin. Antidynamic tubes facilitate and encourage funnel flow throughout
the entire height of a bin. Antidynamic tubes are normally installed in the
center of bins over an outlet orifice. Off-center loading or unloading of a
bin in which a center located antidynamic tube is installed may create
lateral forces or overturning moments on the antidynamic tube which are
greater than those expected with center loading and unloading. Center
unloading through an antidynamic tube should result in symmetric
loading of the bin walls and the antidynamic tube. Blockage of the upper
inlets or the lower part of the central channel of an antidynamic tube
could result in a bin unloading by plug flow.
5.3.2 Flumes. Center loading and unloading of bins is desirable
because it normally maintains symmetrical loading of the bin walls and
bottom. Off-center loading and unloading of bins will cause nonsymmetric
loading of bin walls, flat floors, and hopper bottoms. Flumes are used to
encourage funnel flow of material into the uppermost opening in the
flume at which the grain is present. Side unloading of bins through a
flume will create an uneven top surface of the granular mass. The top
most surface assumes the shape of a conic section with the apex at the
flume inlet and the surface radiating from the apex at the angle-of-repose
of the grain. Blockage of the upper inlets or the lower central channel of
a flume could result in side unloading at a location near the bottom of the
flume. This type of unloading will cause unsymmetrical loading patterns.
5.4 Special load-considerations. Special load considerations are
effects which are imposed on bin walls by events that are not related to
proper bin operation under normal environmental conditions. They can
be accounted for by selection of the appropriate factor of safety.
5.4.1 Thermally induced pressures. Rapid decreases in ambient
temperature can increase wall stresses because the bin wall does not
undergo free contraction. Laboratory studies with steel model circular
bins indicate that design lateral pressures may vary with static pressure
levels and rates of air temperature decline (Manbeck and Muzzelo, 1985;
Britton, 1973; Zhang et al., 1987). The recommendations given in this
Engineering Practice are based on these laboratory studies. Qualitative
results collected from full size bins (Blight, 1985) indicate that this effect
occurs, but quantitative results needed for design purposes are not
available from large bins.
5.4.2 Moisture induced or hygroscopic loads. Stored grains are
hygroscopic; that is, they absorb moisture from liquid sources and from
the atmosphere. When grains absorb moisture, they expand. When
grains are confined within a structure, the expansion is restrained. The
consequence is an increase in bin wall pressure, herein defined as the
moisture induced or hygroscopic load. Data relating to increases in bin
loads caused by increases in grain moisture content are limited in both
number and in scope. Research reports which deal with the subject are
Dale and Robinson (1954), Risch and Herum (1982), and Blight (1986).
Dale and Robinson (1954) reported that lateral pressure increased six
times as grain moisture content increased 4%, and increased by a factor
of 10 for a 10% increase in grain moisture content. Because of the
potential for high loads, it is recommended that grain bins be designed,
located and managed to prevent grain moisture contents from increasing
more than one or two percent during storage.
5.4.3 Vibration induced pressures. Vibration can lead to increased
bulk density that causes increases in grain pressures. Sources of
vibration include earthquakes, moving equipment and vehicles traveling
on nearby roads or railroads. The effects of vibration are not well
understood.
5.5 Grain properties. The grain properties recommended in paragraph
4 ANSIASAE EP433 DEC1988 R2011
4.1 are based on values suitable for design of bins used for storage of
wheat. The grain-bin wall coefficient of friction varies with the bin wall
material. The value for corrugated bins is for grain-on-grain. If a bin is to
be used to store a variety of grains over its lifetime, it is recommended
that it be designed for the storage of wheat. Values of bulk density for
other grains are given in ASAE Data D241, Density, Specific Gravity, and
Weight-Moisture Relationships of Grains for Storage. These values are
based on standard tests and should be multiplied by a factor of 1.08 to
account for the effects of compaction in an actual bin. The use of values
of bulk density determined by the Winchester Bushel Test (USDA, 1980)
in lieu of the values listed in ASAE Data D241 is acceptable.
Cited Standard:
ASAE D241, Density, Specific Gravity, and Weight-Moisture Relation-
ships of Grain for Storage
References
1. ACI. 1983. Recommended practice for design and construction of concrete
bins, silos, and bunkers for storage of granular materials. Revised 1983, and
Commentary. ACI 313R-77. American Concrete Institute, Detroit, MI.
2. Blight, G. E. 1985. Temperature changes affect pressures in steel bins. Inter-
national Journal of Bulk Solids Storage in Silos 1(3):17.
3. Blight, G. E. 1986. Swelling, pressures of wetted grain. Bulk Solids Handling
6(6):11351140.
4. Bokhoven, W. H., I. J. Ross, and P. C. Hammar. 1986. Flow considerations
and loads on hoppers. ASAE Paper No. 86-4505. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI
49085.
5. Britton, M. G. 1973. Strain in deep bin walls due to ambient temperature
decrease. Ph.D. Thesis. Texas A&M University.
6. Britton, M. G. and E. B. Moysey. 1986. Grain properties in the proposed new
engineering practice on bin loads. ASAE Paper No. 86-4502. ASAE, St.
Joseph, MI 49085.
7. Bucklin, R. A., S. A. Thompson, and C. D. Fankhauser. 1986. Methods of
predicting static and dynamic loads in bins. ASAE Paper No. 86-4503. ASAE,
St. Joseph, MI 49085.
8. Dale, A. C. and R. N. Robinson. 1954. Pressures in deep storage structures.
Agricultural Engineering 35(8):570573.
9. DIN. 1964. Design loads for buildingsloads in silos. DIN 1055, Blatt 6,
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39:10451049.
11. Jenike, A. W. 1980. Effect of solids flow properties and hopper configuration
on silo loads. Unit and Bulk Materials Handling. F. J. Loeffle and C. R. Procter
(ed) pp. 97106. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY.
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model grain bin. Transactions of the ASAE 28(4):12531258.
13. Manbeck, H. B., V. M. Puri, and D. L. Wambeke. 1986. Special load consid-
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wheat on smooth and corrugated metal surfaces. ASAE Paper No. 83-2111.
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15. Nguyen, T. V., C. E. Brennen, and R. H. Sabersky. 1980. Funnel flow in
hoppers. Transactions of the ASME Series E, 102:729735.
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elevatorov (The pressure of grain on silo walls). Mukomolno Elevatornaia
Promyshlennost 25(12):2224.
17. Risch, E. and F. L. Herum. 1982. Bin wall stresses due to aeration of stored
shelled corn. ASAE Paper No. 82-4072. ASAE St. Joseph, MI 49085.
18. Ross, I. J., W. H. Bokhoven, and P. C. Hammar. 1986. Loads on antidynamic
tubes and flumes. ASAE Paper No. 86-4506. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI 49085.
19. Soviet Code. 1965. Ukanzia po proectirovaniu silosov dlia siputshich mate-
rialov. (Instructions for design of silos for granular materials). Soviet Code
CH-302-65 Gosstroy, Moscow, USSR.
20. Usry, J. L. and S. A. Thompson. 1986. Loads on vertical stiffners on corru-
gated grain bins. Transactions of the ASAE 29(5):13551363.
21. USDA. 1980. Grain Inspection Handbook. U.S. Federal Grain Inspection
Service, Washington, DC.
22. Walker, D. M. 1966. An approximate theory for pressures and arching in
hoppers. Chemical Engineering Science 21(11):975997.
ASABE STANDARDS 2011
23. Walters, J. K. 1973. A theoretical analysis of stresses in axially-symmetric 25. Zhang, Q., V. M. Puri, H. B. Manbeck, and M. C. Wang. 1987. Finite element
hoppers and bunkers. Chemical Engineering Science 28:779789. model for predicting static and thermally induced bin wall pressures. Trans-
24. Wilms, H. 1985. Calculation of stresses in silos by the method of character- actions of the ASAE 30(6):17971806.
istics. Bulk Solids Handling 5(2):425429.

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