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1 (a) catalyst - a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being
changed itself
(b) enzyme a protein that is a biological catalyst
(c) substrate the substance that is acted on by an enzyme
(d) product - the substance that is formed in a reaction catalysed by an enzyme
(e) optimum temperature the temperature at which the rate of an enzyme catalysed
reaction (or other process) is at its maximum
2 (a) enzymes catalyse reactions very quickly so only a small number of enzyme
molecules are required [1]
(c) temperature also influences the rate of reaction; to find the effect of one variable (e.g.
pH) on the rate all the other variables (including temperature) must be kept
constant [2]
3 three from
breakdown of starch (by amylase); protein (by protease); fat (by lipase);
pectin in plant cells walls (by pectinase); cellulose (by cellulase) [3]
4 (a)
6 active site is on the surface of the enzyme molecule; substrate fits inside the active
site; only substrate molecules with a shape that fits into the active site take
part in the reaction; substrate is the key; active site is the key hole; enzyme
is the lock [3]
7 Q.4 when the temperature increases from 5 oC to 35 oC the rate increases; there is
more kinetic energy; molecules (of substrate and enzyme) move faster; substrate
and enzyme molecules collide more often; so relative activity / rate, increases; after
35 oC the rate decreases; bonds holding enzyme in shape break; the shape of the
enzyme changes; active site changes shape; substrate no longer fits; enzyme is
denatured
Q.5 changes in pH cause changes in the shape of enzyme molecules; bonds holding
the enzyme in shape break at extremes of pH; the active site changes shape;
substrate no longer fits; at extreme values of pH enzyme is denatured (at pH3 and
pH11 there is still activity); at optimum pH shape of enzyme has best fit to shape of
substrate
8 (a) enzymes in seeds breakdown starch to maltose; breakdown oils (to fatty acids and
glycerol); starch and oils provide energy for germination; maltose and fatty acids are
respired
(c) pectinase breaks down pectin in plant cell walls releasing more juice from the
crushed apples
9 nutrient medium is placed in a large tank; nutrients are sugars and, ammonium salts /
ammonia; air (providing oxygen) is bubbled through the medium; paddles mix the
fungus with the medium; temperature kept at 24 oC; pH kept at 6.5
1 C
2 C
3 D
4 (a) add iodine solution; blue-black colour is a positive result for starch; [2]
(b) (i) amylase solution and starch solution are both at desired temperature before mixing;
reaction starts at desired temperaure; rather than changing from room temperature;
[2]
(ii) time needed for the reaction to take place; 5 minutes is long enough for all the starch
to be digested in some of the mixtures; [2]
(b) substrate B has right shape to fit into active site; substrate fits active site (A); reaction
occurs; two products (C) are formed; products leave active site; [4]
(c) substrate fitrs into an enzyme like a key fits into the key hole of a lock; the shape of
the substrate must fit into the key hole; enzyme is like a lock, the active site is the key
hole, the substrate is the key; [2]
(d) shape of the enzyme changes; shape of active site changes; so B does not fit into A;
no reaction can occur; [4]
5 marks for each condition; 5 marks for each description of how each condtion is controlled;
5 marks for why these conditions are controlled [15]