You are on page 1of 4

Answers to Biology for IGCSE Chapter 8

Chapter 8 Summary Questions page 98.


(Suggested marks are given in square brackets)

1 (a) transpiration - evaporation of water at the surfaces of the mesophyll cells followed by
loss of water vapour from plant leaves, through the stomata [1]

(b) translocation - movement of sucrose and amino acids in phloem from regions of
production to regions of, storage / use in respiration or growth [1]

2 (soil) root hair; cortex (of root); xylem in root; (xylem in) stem; (xylem in) leaf;
mesophyll; air space; stoma (atmosphere) [5]

3 water evaporates; from cell wall of mesophyll cells; air inside leaf is saturated; water
vapour diffuses down concentration gradient; through stoma (into atmosphere) [4]

4 (a) increase (stomata, open / open wider) [1]

(b) increase (increase in rate of, evaporation / diffusion of water vapour) [1]

(c) decrease (decrease in concentration gradient for water vapour as air outside leaf is
more saturated when the humidity increases) [1]

5 stomata are, open during the day / closed at night; stomata are open to allow carbon
dioxide to diffuse in; closed at night to reduce water loss; NOT prevent
carbon dioxide is the raw material for photosynthesis; photosynthesis only occurs
during the day when there is light [4]

6 water loss in transpiration is greater than water gain from the soil; cells lose water;
become less turgid; cells do not give support; leaves droop; stem may not be upright
[3]

7 (leaf) in phloem; stem; to, root / flower / seed / fruit [3]

8 (a) air movement; temperature; light intensity / day and night [3]

(b) 100 mm in 2 minutes = 50 mm per minute [1]

(c) still; more humid [2]

9 long and thin; large surface area; cell membranes with carrier proteins; for ion uptake
by active transport; partially permeable membrane; for absorption of water by
osmosis; thin cell wall; short diffusion distance; cell sap with a high concentration of
solutes; creates low water potential (for absorption of water by osmosis) [4]

10 atmosphere has low water potential; there is a water potential gradient from xylem in
root to the atmosphere; evaporation of water from mesophyll; causes water
molecules to be pulled up the xylem / transpiration pull; cohesion between water
molecules; adhesion between water molecules and wall of xylem vessel [4]

11 source place where a substance starts its journey in plant transport tissue;
sink place where a substance ends its journey in plant transport tissue [2]
further information

some plant tissues can be a sink and a source at different stages in the growth of a plant

substance stage of growth source sink


transported
water all stages / all the root leaf / stem / flower /
time seed / fruit
sucrose start of growth root or other storage growing points / new
organ (e.g. tuber of a leaves
potato)
sucrose middle of growing leaf growing points /
season roots / stem / flower /
seed / fruit

12 farmers spray systemic pesticide; this is absorbed by leaves; transported in phloem;


throughout the plant; eaten by pests [3]

Chapter 8 Exam-Style Questions page 98-99.

Multiple Choice Questions (1 mark each)

1 C
2 B
3 B
4 C

Short Answer Questions

5 (a) xylem and phloem shaded differently. 1 mark for shading the two tissues correctly in
each transverse section, A, B and C [3]
(b)

feature phloem xylem


composition of the sap two of: water, ions;
sucrose, ions, amino
acids, water;
direction of flow in the up and down; up only;
stem
destinations two of: two of:
flowers, seeds, leaves, stem,
fruits, roots, stem, flowers, seeds,
new leaves, growing fruits;
points;

[6]

(c) cut the stem; put stem into beaker containing water with a dye (e.g. food colouring);
leave for long enough for coloured dye to reach all the leaves; cut sections through
the stem and a leaf; compare with sections of another stem and another leaf stained
to show the xylem / prepared microscope slides of a stem and leaf [3]

6 (a) A (vacuole of) palisade mesophyll cell;


B (vacuole of) spongy mesophyll cell;
C air space;
D guard cell;
E stoma;
F xylem (vessel); [6]

(b) water from xylem; moves into mesophyll cell; enters cell wall; evaporates; to form
water vapour; diffuses through stoma; [5]

(c) light intensity changes; stomata open wider during the day; carbon dioxide diffuses in
(for photosynthesis); stomata close at night; to reduce water loss; NOT prevent water
loss [3]
7 (a)

at least half the graph paper used;


axes correctly orientated with time on the x-axis;
x-axis labelled with unit;
y-axis labelled with unit;
points plotted accurately (allow +/- a small square);
joined by straight lines between points;
lines identified by labels or a key; [6]

(b) 24 12 = 12 grams per hour;


12/12 x 100 = 100% change; (the rate doubles) [2]

(c) water loss


increases to mid day (1200 hours) / peaks at mid day;
decreases to midnight (2400 hours on graph);
water absorption
increases to 1800 hours / peaks at 1800 hours;
higher at end of the day (2400 hours) than at the end of the previous day (0000
hours);

use of figures for water absorption and/or water loss to support description;
each figure must include time and rate with units [4]

(d) water evaporates from mesophyll cells; cell walls (of mesophyll cells); water vapour
diffuses (out of the leaf) through the stomata; loss of water drags more water through
the leaf; cohesion between water molecules; chain of water molecules drawn up from
cut end of stem; transpiration pull; [4]

You might also like