Professional Documents
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Payback Periods
Payback Periods
Payback Periods
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Primary Resistance
Primary Resistance
Primary Resistance
Primary Reactance
Primary Reactance
Primary Reactance
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Auto Transformer
Auto Transformer
Auto Transformer
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High Inertia Loads
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Power Factor
Power Factor
Power Factor
Correction
Correction
Correction
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Bulk Correction
Bulk Correction
Bulk Correction
Inverters
Inverters
Inverters
6/30
Soft Starters
Soft Starters
Soft Starters
Capacitor Selection
Capacitor Selection
Capacitor Selection
7/30
Supply Resonance
Supply Resonance
Supply Resonance
Harmonic
Harmonic
Harmonic
8/30
Calculations
Calculations
Calculations
Soft Starters
Soft Starters
Soft Starters
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Voltage Control
Voltage Control
Voltage Control
10/30
Switching Elements
Switching Elements
Switching Elements
11/30
Start Voltage Profile
12/30
Start Torque
Start Torque
Start Torque
13/30
Methods of speed control
Mechanical
Mechanical
Mechanical
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Magnetic
Magnetic
Magnetic
Hydraulic
Hydraulic
Hydraulic
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Electrical
Electrical
Electrical
D.C.Motor
D.C.Motor
D.C.Motor
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Universal Motor
Universal Motor
Universal Motor
Schrage Motor
Schrage Motor
Schrage Motor
17/30
High Slip Motor
18/30
Variable Frequency Drives
Home
Home
Home
19/30
Automation
Automation
Automation
Energy Savers
Energy Savers
Energy Savers
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FAQ
FAQ
FAQ
Genset
Genset
Genset
Linux
Linux
Linux
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Motor Control
Motor Control
Motor Control
Motor Starters
Motor Starters
Motor Starters
Power Factor
Power Factor
Power Factor
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Single Phase Motors
Soft Starters
Soft Starters
Soft Starters
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Variable Speed
Variable Speed
Variable Speed
AC Drives
AC Drives
AC Drives
DC Drives
DC Drives
DC Drives
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Ventilation
Ventilation
Ventilation
Forum (Q&A)
Forum (Q&A)
Forum (Q&A)
Contact Us
Contact Us
Contact Us
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Star / Delta Starters
Star/Delta starters are probably the most common reduced voltage starters in the 50Hz world. (Known as
Wye/Delta starters in the 60Hz world). They are used in an attempt to reduce the start current applied to the
motor during start as a means of reducing the disturbances and interference on the electrical supply.
In many, if not most, cases the star/delta starter does little to reduce problems, infact it commonly exacerbates
them.
Tradditionally in many supply regions, there has been a requirement to fit a reduced voltage starter on all
motors greater than 5HP (4KW). This regulation was introduced in order to reduce the start current, but
unfortunately, a solution was specified rather than a result.
The Star/Delta (or Wye/Delta) starter is one of the lowest cost electromechanical reduced voltage starters that
can be applied and this is why it has been so popular. The Star/Delta starter complied with the regulations, but
did not achieve the desired results.
The Star/Delta starter is manufactured from three contactors, a timer and a thermal overload. The contactors are
smaller than the single contactor used in a Direct On Line starter as they are controlling winding currents only. The
currents through the winding are 1/root 3 (58%) of the current in the line.
There are two contactors that are close during run, often referred to as the main contactor and the delta contactor.
These are AC3 rated at 58% of the current rating of the motor. The third contactor is the star contactor and that only
carries star current while the motor is connected in star. The current in star is one third of the current in delta, so this
contactor can be AC3 rated at one third of the motor rating.
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Operation
In operation, the Main Contactor (KM3) and the Star Contactor (KM1) are closed initially, and then after a period of
time, the star contactor is opened, and then the delta contactor (KM2) is closed. The control of the contactors is by
the timer (K1T) built into the starter. The Star and Delta are electrically interlocked and preferably mechanically
interlocked as well.
In effect, there are four states:
This type of operation is called open transition switching because there is an open state between the star state and
the delta state.
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Open Transition Starters.
When a motor is driven by the supply, either at full speed or at part speed, there is a rotating magnetic field in the
stator. This field is rotating at line frequency. The flux from the stator field induces a curent in the rotor and this in
turn results in a rotor magnetic field.
When the motor is disconnected from the supply (open transition) there is a spinning rotor within the stator and the
rotor has a magnetic field. Due to the low impedance of the rotor circuit, the time constant is quite long and the
action of the spinning rotor field within the stator is that of a generator which generates voltage at a frequency
determined by the speed of the rotor. When the motor is reconnected to the supply, it is reclosing onto an
unsynchronised generator and this results in a very high current and torque transient. The magnitude of the transient
is dependent on the phase relationship between the generated voltage and the line voltage at the point of closure,
but typically can be much higher then DOL current and torque and can result in electrical and mechanical damage.
There is a technique to reduce the magnitude of the switching transients. This requires the use of a fourth contactor
and a set of three resistors. The resistors must be sized such that considerable current is able to flow in the motor
windings while they are in circuit.
The auxiliary contactor and resistors are connected across the delta contactor. In operation, just before the star
contactor opens, the auxiliary contactor closes resulting in current flow via the resistors into the star connection.
Once the star contactor opens, current is able to flow round through the motor windings to the supply via the
resistors. These resistors are then shorted by the delta contactor. If the resistance of the resistors is too high, they
will not swamp the voltage generated by the motor and will serve no purpose.
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In effect, there are five states:
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L M Photonics Ltd | P.O. Box 13 076, Christchurch, New Zealand | phone : (NZ) +64 274 363 067
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