2.1.

Perceived control
.1.1 Definition
Perceived control is the perception that one has the ability, resources, or
opportunities to get positive outcomes or avoid negative effects through
onesown actions. The concept of control has been one of the most pervasive
and enduring ideas in psychological research and theory. Numerous theories
posit a important role in human behavior for control constructs such as self-
efficacy (Bandura, 1977),personal causation (deCharms, 1968),effectance
motivation (White, 1959),perceived control (Thompson, 1981),and
helplessness (Seligman, 1975).
2.1.2 Factors affecting Entrepreneur Intention
Perceived control, the perception that one can take action to get desired
outcomes, consists of two parts: locus of control and self-efficacy. Locus of
control refers to beliefs about the locus of reinforcements: whether or not
people in general can get good outcomes and avoid bad through their own
actions (internal locus of control) or whether external factors control these
outcomes (external locus of control). Self-efficacy refers to the perception
that the self has the skills/abilities to enact these effective responses. People
have a sense of perceived control when they believe that, in general,
personal action controls outcomes (internal locus of control) and they
personally have the skills to enact those actions (self-efficacy). Thus
perceived control can be decomposed into two elements ("there are effective
responses for people in general" and "I can enact them") or measured as
composite belief ("I can take action to get what I want").
2.1.3 Construct Measurement
Construct Construct Measurement
How likely are you to start your own business and work as
an entrepreneur after graduation (or while still studying)?
(Krueger and Carsrud, 1993)
Entrepreneur Do students entrepreneurial skills and capabilities play any
Intention role in developing their entrepreneurial intentions?
Thompson (2009) and Bird (1988)
Does being able to recognize potential business
opportunities influence these intentions? Thompson (2009)
and Bird (1988)
2.2. University environment and support
2.2.1 Definition
Prior studies reveal that the environment in which the entrepreneur lives
will affect their entrepreneurial tendency. Ward (1993) evidenced that
internal locus of control was influenced by environment, and internal locus
of control is closed related to entrepreneurship (Fareed et al., 2014).
Drnovsek and Erikson (2005) proposed that the external environment can
indirectly impact on entrepreneurial tendency through entrepreneurial
attitude.
2.2.2 Factors affecting Entrepreneur Attitude
Scholars of these studies thought that individual entrepreneurial behaviors
were affected by a specific environment based on situational leadership
theory. The specific environment generally consists of individual
background and entrepreneurial environment. Individual background
includes demographic variables, education, family and social network,
whereas the entrepreneurial environment includes cultural environment,
economic environment and policy environment.Anew study showed that
individuals in different contexts had different entrepreneurial tendencies
(Bernhofer and Han, 2014).
2.2.3 Construct Measurement

Construct Construct Measurement

Which individuals and teams (i.e. comparing personal
and team characteristics) have been investigated in
Entrepreneu experimental research so far? (Baron, 2006)
r Attitude If I had the opportunity and resources, Id like to start a
firm (Ajzen, 1991)
Young people leave rural areas for jobs (Malhotra, 2005)

2.3. Subjective Norm

2.2.4 Definition
subjective norm, is a function of beliefs about the expectations of important
referent others, and his/her motivation of complying with these referents.
The model received a lot of support in empirical studies of consumer
behavior and social psychology related literature (Ryan, 1982; Sheppard,
Hartwick, & Warshaw, 1988). It, however, has limitations in predicting
behavioral intentions and behavior when consumers do not have volitional
control over their behavior (Ajzen, 1991; Taylor & Todd, 1995). The theory
of planned behavior was proposed to remedy these limitations
(Ajzen,1985, 1991).
2.2.5 Factors affecting Entrepreneur Attitude
Subjective norms are determined by the perceived social pressure from
others for an individual to behave in a certain manner and their motivation
to comply with those peoples views. The influence of subjective norms on
forming intention proved to be generally weaker in previous studies than
the influence of attitude. Moreover, the study of Norris Krueger and his
colleagues (Krueger, Reilly, & Carsrud, 2000) showed that subjective
norms are not correlated with the intention of individuals to establish their
own businesses; therefore, the authors call for further research and further
improvement on the used measures. One possible reason for the
inconsistencies in the significance of the subjective norms variable stems
from the fact that a part of information that this variable contains is already
present in the desirability of undertaking a particular behaviour variable.
One of the most frequently mentioned weak points of the theory of planned
behaviour is precisely the very weak
2.2.6 Construct Measurement

The three authors below point out different aspects related to

entrepreneurial intention. Baron (2006) points out characteristics that
someone has in becoming an entrepreneur. Ajzen (1991) points out the
likelihood of someone to become an entrepreneur based on the
opportunity and resource (more likely the opportunity of having the
resource to start a business) one has to be an entrepreneur. While
Malhotra (2005) points out that youngsters are moving out of their home
towns to start a new life or to seek for income outside their hometowns
which most likely to be (big) cities.
Construct Construct Measurement
Which individuals and teams (i.e. comparing personal
and team characteristics) have been investigated in
Entrepreneu experimental research so far? (Baron, 2006)
r Attitude If I had the opportunity and resources, Id like to start a
firm (Ajzen, 1991)