Mat - Mod. Prob - Cozum.ismailtosun

CHAPTER 1
Problem 1.1
Dollars deposited = In
Checks written = Out
Interest Service charge = Generation
Change in amount of dollars = Rate of accumulation
Problem 1.2
(a) and (b) are unsteady, (c) is steady.
Problem 1.3

=0
x y
Integration with respect to x gives

= g(y)
y
Now, integration with respect to y gives
Z
= g(y) dy + f (x) = h(y) + f (x) + C
where C is an integration constant.
Problem 1.4
From the conservation statement for energy

Rate of Rate of
= = 2 30 = 60 W
energy in energy out
60
(Heat flux)inner surface = = 12.7 W/ m2
(0.05)(30)
60
(Heat flux)outer surface = = 10.6 W/ m2
(0.06)(30)
We have obtained heat flux values diering by approximately 20% for the same heat flow rate.
Problem 1.5
Assumptions
1. The dust concentration is uniformly distributed throughout the foundry so that the air
leaving the foundry has the same concentration as that of the air within the foundry.
2. Inlet air is dust-free.
1
The inventory rate equation for dust reduces to
Rate of dust out = Rate of dust generation
or,
Q (20 106 ) = 0.3 Q = 15, 000 m3 / h
Problem 1.6
a) Let x and x be the coordinate systems in Figure (a) and (b), respectively. Note that
x=xB
Therefore, the velocity distribution for Figure (b) becomes

" 2 # " #
|P | B 2 x |P | B 2 xB 2
vz = 1 = 1
2 L B 2 L B

|P | B 2 x x 2
= 2
2 L B B
b) For Figure (a)

Z W Z B
2 |P | B 3 W
Q= vz dx dy =
0 B 3 L
For Figure (b)
Z W Z 2B
2 |P | B 3 W
Q= vz dx dy =
0 0 3 L
The volumetric flow rate is independent of the coordinate system.
Problem 1.7
The volumetric flow rate is given by
Z H Z
y/ 3 Z
H/ 3 Z H

3 H 4 |P |
Q=2 vz dx dy = 2 vz dy dx =
0 0 0 3x 180 L
Problem 1.8
Z 2 Z b Z 2 Z b Z b
4 b3 |P |
Q= vr r dzd = 2 vr r dzd = 4 vr r dz =
0 b 0 0 0 3 ln(R2 /R1 )
2
CHAPTER 2
Problem 2.1
According to Newtons second law of motion
Force = Time rate of change of momentum (1)
or,
Momentum
Force = (2)
Time
Therefore,
Force Momentum
= = Momentum Flux (3)
Area (Area) (Time)
Problem 2.2
a) Equation (2.1-2) takes the form
F dvx
yx = = (1)
A dy
or Z Z
8103 0.4
F
dy = 50 103 dvx F = 5N
2 0 0
b) The shear stress is
F 5
yx = = = 2.5 Pa
A 2
The use of Eq. (1) gives
Z 8103 Z V
3
2.5 dy = 5 10 dvx V = 4 m/ s
0 0
Problem 2.3
The shear stress yx is constant everywhere in the fluid. At y = Y1 the shear stress is continuous,
i.e.,
( yx )A = ( yx )B at y = Y1
or,
02 1 0
A = B
Y1 Y2
Substitution of the numerical values gives
(0.8)(5)
Y2 = = 2 cm
2
1
Problem 2.4
The rate of heat loss is expressed in the form

dT dT
Q = A k =A k (1)
dx x=0 dx x=L
Note that the minus sign is omitted in Eq. (1) since temperature increases in the direction of
x.
dT
= constant = 5 C/ cm = 500 C/ m (2)
dx
Therefore, the thermal conductivity is
72
k= = 0.048 W/ m. K
(3)(500)
Problem 2.5
Since heat flux is a constant, integration of the Fouriers law of heat conduction gives
Z L Z TL
k (To TL )
qy dy = k dT qy =
0 To L
Substitution of the numerical values gives the heat flux as
(0.72) [30 (5)]
qy = = 126 W/ m2
0.2
The rate of heat loss is
Q = A qy = (25)(126) = 3150 W
Problem 2.6
The given temperature distribution indicates that temperature increases in the direction of z.
The inventory rate equation for thermal energy gives
Rate of energy generation = Rate of energy out Rate of energy in
or,
dT dT
< AL = A k A k (1)
dz z=0 dz z=L
The temperature gradient is
dT
= 3000 (1 z) (2)
dz
Hence,
dT dT
= 3000 C/ m = 3000 (1 0.06) = 2820 C/ m
dz z=0 dz z=L
Therefore, the rate of generation per unit volume can be determined from Eq. (1) as

k dT dT 15
<= = (3000 2820) = 45, 000 W/ m3 = 45 kW/ m3
A dz z=0 dz z=L 0.06
2
Problem 2.7
While both surfaces are at a temperature of 80 C, the temperature at the center is greater
than 80 C. Therefore, heat is transferred from the wall to the surroundings through both
surfaces, and it is expressed in the form
!
Ak T T
Q = A ( qz |z=0 + qz |z=L ) = (1)
L
=0 =1
The temperature gradients are calculated as

T 10 0.09t T 10 0.09t
= e = e (2)
=0 L =1 L
The use of Eq. (2) in Eq. (1) leads to
20 A k 0.09t
Q = e (3)
L
The amount of heat transferred is
Z t
20 Ak
Q= Q dt = 1 e0.09t (4)
0 0.09 L
Substitution of the numerical values into Eq. (4) gives
(20)(15)(20) h i
Q= 1 e(0.09)(0.5) = 15, 360 J
(0.09)(0.6)
Problem 2.8
Since temperature reaches its maximum value within the wall, energy is lost from both surfaces.
Considering wall as the system, the inventory rate equation for thermal energy gives
Rate of energy generation = Rate of energy out (1)
Equation (1) can be expressed in symbolic form as

dT dT
< AL = A k k (2)
dz z=0 dz z=1
or,
k dT dT
<= (3)
L dz z=0 dz z=1
Assume that the variation of temperature as a function of position is given by
T = a z2 + b z + c
The use of Eqs. (A.6-15)-(A.6-17) in Appendix A gives
T = 120 z 2 + 170 z + 30 (4)
Therefore,
dT dT
= 170 C/ m = 70 C/ m (5)
dz z=0 dz z=1
8
< = (170 + 70) = 1920 W/ m3
1
3
Problem 2.9
a) The rate of heat loss is given by
Q = (Thermal conductivity)(Geothermal gradient)(Area)

= (3 1000)(25) (1.27 104 )2 = 38 1012 W = 38 109 kW
b) Rate of heat loss through 1 m2 is
Q = (3)(0.025)(1) = 0.075 W
Amount of heat loss in 4 days is
Q = (0.075)(3600)(24)(4) = 25, 920 J
Let us assume that the mass of coee in a cup is 200 g. Taking the heat capacity as 4.2 J/ g. K
25, 920 = (200)(4.2)(T 20) T ' 51 C
Problem 2.10
The temperature gradient at z = 0 is

T To
= = 0.025 C/ m (1)
z z=0 t
Solving for time yields
2
1 To
t= (2)
0.025
The thermal diusivity is
k 3
= = = 272.7 109 m2 / s (3)
b
C (5500)(2000)
P
Therefore, the time needed for the geothermal gradient to fall its present value, i.e., the age of
the Earth, is

1 1200 2
t= = 2.7 1015 s = 85.3 106 year
(272.7 109 ) 0.025
Problem 2.11

T
Q = Ak (1)
z z=0
Application of the Leibnitzs rule gives

T 2(T1 To ) 1 z2
= exp
z 2 t 4t
or,
T (T1 To )
= (2)
z z=0 t
4
Substitution of Eq. (2) into Eq. (1) gives the rate of heat transferred into the slab as
Ak (T1 To )
Q = (3)
t
Amount of heat transferred is
Z t
2 Ak (T1 To )
Q= Q dt = t (4)
0
Problem 2.12
Mass diusivity of ethanol in air at 20 C (293 K) is
3/2 3/2
293 5 293
(DAB )293 = (DAB )313 = (1.45 10 ) = 1.31 105 m2 / s
313 313
The molar flux is

dcA
NAz |z=0 = DAB = (1.31 105 )(6)(3600) = 0.283 kmol/ m2 . h
dz z=0
Problem 2.13
Since V = n/c, the definition of the partial molar volume becomes (note that c = constant)

1 1
Vi = (n1 + n2 + ... + ni + ...) = (1)
c ni T,P,nj6=i c
Therefore,
ci
ci V i =
= xi (2)
c
indicating that the volume fraction is equal to the mole fraction for constant total molar
concentration.
Problem 2.14
The Schmidt number is

Sc = (1)
DAB
Since
T 3/2 PM
DAB and = (2)
P RT
Eq. (1) implies that
R
Sc
M T
5
Problem 2.15
Assumptions
1. Molecular flux Convective flux (Reasonable assumption within the liquid phase)
2. c = constant

dcA DAB cAo tanh
NAz |z=0 = DAB =
dz z=0 L
Note that the molar flux is independent of position. Therefore, the molar rate of species A
entering into the liquid is
ADAB cAo tanh
n A = A NAz |z=0 =
L
The molar flux at the bottom of the container is

dcA
NAz |z=L = DAB =0
dz z=L
indicating that the species A cannot diuse through the bottom of the container (impermeable
surface).
6
CHAPTER 3
Problem 3.1
Since the molecular weight of water, 18, is less than that of air, 29, the increase in air humidity
decreases the density of air. As a result, both the drag force and the gas consumption decrease.
On the other hand, the presence of water water may negatively aect the combustion of gasoline
with a concomitant increase in gas consumption.
Problem 3.2
The rate of heat transfer from one side of the plate is given by
Q = AhhiT = (0.5 0.25)(250)(40 20) = 625 W
Problem 3.3
The average heat transfer coecient is given by
Q 62, 000
hhi = = = 28 W/ m2 . K
A T 4(4)2 (15 4)
Problem 3.4
Considering the aluminum sphere as a system, the inventory rate equation for thermal energy
under steady conditions becomes
Rate of energy in + Rate of energy generation = Rate of energy out (1)
Rate of energy generation is calculated from
Z 0.5 Z Z 2
Rate of energy
= 4.5 104 (1 + 0.6 r2 ) r2 sin drdd = 24, 153 W
generation 0.2 0 0
Therefore, Eq. (1) becomes

4(0.2)2 (15, 000) + 24, 153 = 4(0.5)2 (150)(Tw 25) Tw = 92.3 C (2)
Problem 3.5
Considering Region A and Region B as a system, the inventory rate equation for thermal
energy under steady conditions becomes
Rate of energy generation = Rate of energy out
or,
A(800)(0.4) = A qx |x=100 qx |x=100 = 320 W/ m2
where A is the cross-sectional area. Application of Newtons law of cooling gives
320 = 15 (Tw 20) Tw = 41.3 C
1
Problem 3.6
a) System: Spherical nuclear fuel element
The inventory rate equation for energy becomes
Rate of energy out = Rate of energy generation
or,
dT 2 4 3 <R
k (4R ) = < R k=
dr r=R 3 3 ( dT /dr)|r=R
Note that

dT dT
= 20, 000 r = ( 20, 000)(0.1) = 2000 C/ m
dr dr r=R
(2.4 106 )(0.1)

k= = 40 W/ m. K
3 (2000)
b)
dT
k = hhi( T |r=R T )
dr r=R
Therefore, the average heat transfer coecient is
(40)(2000)
hhi = = 104.6 W/ m2 . K
800 35
Problem 3.7
a) The temperatures at x = 0 and x = 0.2 are
T |x=0 = 150 C and T |x=0.2 = 28 C
On the other hand, the temperature gradients are

dT dT
= 600 C/ m and = 620 C/ m
dx x=0 dx x=0.2
k (dT /dx)x=0 (10)(600)

hhihot = = = 300 W/ m2 . K
T 170 150
k (dT /dx)x=0.2 (10)(620)
hhicold = = = 477 W/ m2 . K
T 28 15
b) Considering the wall as a system,
In Out + Generation = 0
h i
Rate of Generation = (10)(620) (10)(600) (30) = 6000 W
2
Problem 3.8
The temperatures T1 and T2 can be expressed in terms of the average temperature as
T1 T2 T1 T2
T1 = hT i + and T2 = hT i
2 2
Using the identity
(a + x)4 = a4 + 4 a3 x + 6 a2 x2 + 4 ax3 + x4
we can easily show that
T14 T24 = 4 hT i3 (T1 T2 ) + hT i(T1 T2 )3
In order to derive Eq. (3.2-13), the following criterion must be satisfied
4 hT i3 (T1 T2 ) hT i(T1 T2 )3
or,
T1 T2
hT i
2
Problem 3.9

T h (T /y)|y=0
k = h(Tw T ) =
y y=0 k Tw T
Therefore, the Nusselt number becomes
hLch (T /y)|y=0
Nu = =
k (Tw T )/Lch

cA kc (cA /y)|y=0
DAB = kc cAw cA =
y y=0 DAB cAw cA
Therefore, the Sherwood number is
kc Lch (cA /y)|y=0

Sh = =
DAB cAw cA /Lch
3
CHAPTER 4
Problem 4.1
Physical Properties

= 1.1845 kg/ m3
For air at 25 C :
= 18.41 106 kg/ m. s
Analysis
a) If the length of the plate is in the direction of flow, then
(2)(7)(1.1845)
ReL = = 9.008 105
18.41 106
Both laminar and turbulent flow regions exist on the plate and the friction factor is
hf i = 0.074 (9.008 105 )1/5 1743 (9.008 105 )1 = 2.83 103
When the width of the plate is in the direction of flow, then
(0.3)(7)(1.1845)
ReL = = 1.351 105
18.41 106
Laminar flow region exists over the entire plate and the friction factor is
hf i = 1.328 (1.351 105 )1/2 = 3.61 103
Since the drag force is proportional to the friction factor, then the length of the plate must be
in the direction of flow.
b) If the length of the plate is in the direction of flow, then
(2)(30)(1.1845)
ReL = = 3.86 106
18.41 106
hf i = 0.074 (3.86 106 )1/5 1743 (3.86 106 )1 = 3.11 103
When the width of the plate is in the direction of flow, then
(0.3)(30)(1.1845)
ReL = = 5.79 105
18.41 106
hf i = 0.074 (5.79 105 )1/5 1743 (5.79 105 )1 = 2.2 103
Since the drag force is proportional to the friction factor, then the width of the plate must be
in the direction of flow.
1
Problem 4.2
Physical properties

= 0.911 kg/ m3

= 24.7 106 m2 / s
For air at a film temperature of 388 K :

k = 32.3 103 W/ m. K

Pr = 0.7
Analysis
a) Considering the plate as a system, the inventory rate equation for thermal energy under
steady condition reduces to
Rate of thermal energy in = Rate of thermal energy out (1)
The rate of thermal energy received by the plate is given by the Newtons law of cooling as
Q in = W Lhhi(T Tw ) (2)
Substitution of Eq. (2) into Eq. (1) gives the rate of heat loss as
Q out = W Lhhi(T Tw ) (3)
The Reynolds number is
Lv (1.5)(8)
ReL = = = 485, 830 < 500, 000
24.7 106
Therefore, the flow is laminar over the entire plate. The Nusselt number can be calculated by
using Eq. (B) in Table 4.2 as
1/2
hNui = 0.664 ReL Pr1/3 = 0.664 (485, 830)1/2 (0.7)1/3 = 411
The average heat transfer coecient is

k 32.3 103
hhi = hNui = (411) = 8.9 W/ m2 . K
L 1.5
The rate of heat loss can now be calculated from Eq. (3) as
Q out = (0.7)(1.5)(8.9)(200 30) = 1589 W
b) The friction factor is

1/2
f = 1328 ReL = 1.328 (485, 830)1/2 = 1.9 103
Therefore, the drag force is

1
FD = (0.7)(1.5) (0.911)(8)2 (1.9 103 ) = 0.058 N
2
2
Problem 4.3
Physical properties

= 999 kg/ m3

= 1001 106 kg/ m. s
Assume Tf = 20 C :

k = 603 103 W/ m. K

Pr = 6.94
Analysis
Lv (1)(0.15)(999)
ReL = = = 1.5 105
1001 106
1/2
hNui = 0.664 ReL Pr1/3 = 0.664 (1.5 105 )1/2 (6.94)1/3 = 490.5

k 603 103
hhi = hNui = (490.5) = 296 W/ m2 . K
L 1
The use of the Newtons law of cooling gives
3500 = (296) [2(1 0.3)] (Tw 15) Tw ' 35 C
Note that Tf = (35 + 15)/2 = 25 C which is close enough to the assumed value.
Problem 4.4
Considering the fin as a system, inventory rate equation for thermal energy reduces to
Rate of thermal energy in = Rate of thermal energy out

dT k (Tw T )BW
Qin = Qout = BW k = tanh
dz z=0 L

(105)(260 175)(5 103 )(30 102 )
478 = tanh
4 102
Simplification gives
f () = tanh 1.43 = 0
df
= tanh +
d cosh2
The value of can be calculated by using the Newton-Raphson method:
Initial guess: = 1.43 (assume tanh 1)
0.155
f2 = 1.43 + = 1.56
1.185
0.002
f3 = 1.56 + = 1.56
1.163
r
2 hhiL2
= 1.56 =
kB
(1.56)2 (105)(5 103 )
hhi = = 400 W/ m2 . K
(2)(4 102 )2
3
Problem 4.5
From Problem 4.4
k (Tw T )BW
Q = tanh (1)
L
where r
2hhiL2
= (2)
kB
Note that L and B are related by

V 1
V = constant = W BL L= (3)
W B
Substitution of Eqs. (2) and (3) into Eq. (1) and rearrangement give
r " r #
Q 2hhi 1/2 V 2hhi 3/2
= B tanh B (4)
k(Tw T )W k W k
If we dierentiate Eq. (4) with respect to B and equate the result to zero, i.e.,
" #
d Q
=0 (5)
dB k(Tw T )W
The simplification gives (Note: d tanh x/dx = sech2 )
tanh = 3 sech2 (6)
where r
V 2hhi 3/2
= B (7)
W k
The solution of the transcendental equation in Eq. (6) gives = 1.4192. Therefore, Eq. (7)
gives
1/3 1/3
2hhiV 2 hhiV 2
Bopt = 0.792 ' (8)
kW 2 kW 2
Substitution of Eq. (8) into Eq. (3) gives Lopt as
1/3 1/3
kV kV
Lopt = 1.263 ' (9)
2hhiW hhiW
Problem 4.6
From Problem 4.4
k (Tw T )BW
Q = tanh (1)
L
where r
2hhiL2
= (2)
kB
Note that L and W are related by

V 1
V = constant = W BL L= (3)
B W
4
In Problem 4.4 hhi was considered constant since W was fixed. In this problem, however, hhi
is not constant. Since flow over a fin is laminar, from Eq. (B) of Table 4.2
1/2
hNui = 0.664 ReL Pr1/3 (4)
For the problem at hand, Eq. (4) is expressed as

1/2
hhiW v W
= 0.664 Pr1/3 (5)
kf
where kf is the thermal conductivity of the fluid. Equation (5) gives

v 1/2

hhi = 0.664 kf Pr1/3 W 1/2 (6)

Substitution of Eqs. (2), (3) and (6) into Eq. (1) gives

Q 3/4 V 5/4
=W tanh W (7)
k (Tw T )B B
where r 1/2
1.328 kf v
= Pr1/3 (8)
B k
If we dierentiate Eq. (7) with respect to W and equate the result to zero, i.e.,
" #
d Q
=0 (9)
dW k (Tw T )B
The simplification gives (Note: d tanh x/dx = sech2 )
3 tanh = 5 sech2 (10)
where
V
= W 5/4 (11)
B
The solution of the transcendental equation in Eq. (10) gives = 0.9193. Therefore, Eq. (11)
gives
r 2/5
4/5 6/5 kf 1/3 v
Wopt = 1.2 V B Pr
k
Problem 4.7
System: Fin
a) If there is no internal generation, then the conservation statement for thermal energy states
that
Q in = Q out (1)
For this problem
dT dT
Qin = W B k +k (2)
dz z=0 dz z=L
5
Since
dT
= (To T )N eNz 2 cosh N z (3)
dz
Eq. (2) becomes
h i
Q in = (To T )N W Bk eNL 1 + 2(1 cosh N L) (4)
On the other hand, the rate of heat loss from the fin is
Z WZ L

Qout = 2 hhi(T T ) dzdy
0 0
Z L
Nz
= 2 W hhi(To T ) e 2 sinh N z dz (5)
0
Integration gives
2 W hhi(To T ) h NL i
Q out = e 1 + 2 (1 cosh N L) (6)
N
Note that Eqs. (4) and (6) are equal to each other.
b) The values of T as a function of z are given as follows:
z ( m) 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20
T ( C) 100 47.81 34.53 31.16 30.31 30.14 30.27 30.99 33.89 45.27 90
Therefore, the minimum temperature of 30.14 C occurs approximately at z = 0.1 m.
Problem 4.8
Note that ReP = 4056 and Sc = 737. Therefore, the values of the Sherwood numbers are given
below:
Ranz-Marshall correlation, Eq. (4.3-33)

1/2
Sh = 2 + 0.6 ReP Sc1/3 = 2 + 0.6 (4056)1/2 (737)1/3 = 347
Frossling correlation, Eq. (4.3-34)

1/2
Sh = 2 + 0.552 ReP Sc1/3 = 2 + 0.552 (4056)1/2 (737)1/3 = 320
Modified Frossling correlation, Eq. (4.3-35)
Sh = 2 + 0.552 Re0.53
P Sc
1/3
= 2 + 0.552 (4056)0.53 (737)1/3 = 409
Equations (4.3-33) and (4.3-34) are valid for 0.6 Sc 2.3. Equation (4.3-35), on the other
hand, is valid for 0.6 Sc 1.85. However, in this problem Sc = 737.
6
Problem 4.9
4 g(P ) 4 (9.8)(2620 1590)(9.58 104 )
Y = = = 18.6 106
3 2 vt3 3 (1590)2 (0.65)3

0.052 0.007 0.00019
= exp 3.15 + + = 133.5
(18.6 106 )1/4 (18.6 106 )1/2 (18.6 106 )3/4
133.5
ReP = 17/20 = 22, 334
6(18.6 106 )13/20 (18.6 106 )6/11
ReP (9.58 104 )(22, 334)
DP = = = 0.021 m
vt (1590)(0.65)
Problem 4.10
Assumption
1. Temperature is 20 C
Physical properties

= 1.2047 kg/ m3
For air at 20 C :
= 18.17 106 kg/ m. s

= 999 kg/ m3
For water at 20 C :
= 1001 106 kg/ m. s
Analysis
DP3 g(P ) (5 103 )3 (9.8)(999)(1.2047 999)

Ar = = = 1.219 106
2 (1001 106 )2
The minus sign indicates that the motion is in the direction opposite to the gravity. The use
of Eq. (4.3-12) gives
1.219 106 h i1.214

ReP = 1 + 0.0579 (1.219 106 )0.412 = 1.825 103
18
The terminal velocity is
ReP (1001 106 )(1825)

vt = = = 0.37 m/ s
DP (999)(5 103 )
Therefore, the time required is

h 0.2
t= = = 0.54 s
vt 0.37
7
Problem 4.11
f Nu 0.023 Re0.8 Prn
= StH Pr2/3 = =
2 Re Pr1/3 Re 1/3
|Pr{z }
1
0.2
f ' 0.046 Re
Re fapprox fChen
105 0.0046 0.0045
106 0.0029 0.0029
107 0.0018 0.0020
Problem 4.12
As Re , Eq. (4.5-9) reduces to

1 /D
= 4 log
f 3.7065
Substitution of this expression into Eq. (4.5-6) yields
( 2 )
2 L /D
|P | = log Q2
2 D5 3.7065
Problem 4.13
4Q 4(935)(1.1 103 )
Re = = = 22, 735
D (1.92 103 )(3 102 )

7.1490 0.8981
A= = 7.152 104
22, 735

1 5.0452 4

p = 4 log log 7.152 10 f = 6.27 103
f 22, 735
32 f Q2 L 32(935)(6.27 103 )(1.1 103 )2 (10)
|P | = = = 9465 Pa
2 D5 2 (3 102 )5
W = Q |P | = (1.1 103 )(9465) = 10.4 W
Problem 4.14
The volumetric flow rate is
5.6 103
Q= = 28 105 m3 / s
20
The average pressure drop is
80 + 120
P = = 100 mmHg = (100)(1.3332 102 ) = 1.3332 104 kg/ m. s2
2
Therefore, the power output is
W = Q P = (28 105 )(1.3332 104 ) = 3.73 W
8
Problem 4.15
1 r
log vz = log 1 + log vmax
| {z } n R | {z }
y b
Application of the method of least squares gives
yi xi xi yi x2i
0.405 0.0458 0.0185 0.0021
0.420 0.1549 0.0651 0.0240
0.441 0.3010 0.1327 0.0906
0.472 0.5229 0.2468 0.2734
0.541 1.0000 0.5410 1.0000
P P P P
= 2.279 = 2.0246 = 1.0041 = 1.3901
1 (5)(1.0041) (2.0246)(2.279)
a= = = 0.1425 n'7
n (5)(1.3901) (2.0246)2
(2.279)(1.3901) (2.0246)(1.0041)
b = log vmax = = 0.398 vmax = 0.4 m/ s
(5)(1.3901) (2.0246)2
Therefore, the velocity distribution is given by
r 1/7
vz = 0.4 1
R
The average velocity is Z R
2
hvz i = 2 vz r dr (1)
R 0
Let us define a dimensionless distance = r/R so that Eq. (1) becomes
Z 1 Z 1
hvz i = 2 vz d = 0.8 (1 )1/7 d (2)
0 0
To integrate Eq. (2), define
u=1 du = d
Z 0
hvz i = 0.8 u1/7 (1 u)(du) = 0.327 m/ s
1

= 999 kg/ m3
For water at 20 C :
= 1001 106 kg/ m. s
Dhvz i (0.1)(0.327)(999)
Re = = = 32, 635
1001 106
Assume smooth pipe, i.e., /D 0. From Eqs. (4.5-17) and (4.5-16)

7.1490 0.8981
A= = 0.517 103
32, 635

1 5.0452 3
= 4 log log(0.517 10 ) f = 0.00576
f 32, 635
Pressure drop per unit length can be calculated from Eq. (4.5-6) as
|P | 2f hvz i2 (2)(999)(0.00576)(0.327)2
= = = 12.3 Pa/ m
L D 0.1
9
Problem 4.16

L 1 1 Tw Tbin
= ln (1)
D 4 StH Tw Tbout
Since the flow is laminar (Re = 1519), then
16 16
f= = = 0.0105 (2)
Re 1519
The use of the Chilton-Colburn analogy gives

f 2/3 0.0105
StH = Pr = (143)2/3 = 0.00019 (3)
2 2
Substitution of the values into Eq. (1) gives

L 1 100 40
= ln = 533.5
D (4)(0.00019) 100 60
Note that this value is dierent from 2602. The Chilton-Colburn analogy is valid when 0.6
Pr 60. Since Pr = 143 in this problem, it cannot be used.
Problem 4.17
Equation (7) of Example 4.15 also applies to this problem, i.e.,

L 1 Re Pr Tw Tbin
= ln (1)
D 4 Nu Tw Tbout
Physical properties in Eq. (1) must be evaluated at the mean bulk temperature. Since the exit
temperature is not known, a trial-and-error procedure should be used. If the exit temperature
is assumed to be 50 C, the mean bulk temperature is (10 + 50)/2 = 30 C.

= 996 kg/ m3
For water at 30 C : = 800 106 kg/ m. s

Pr = 5.41
For water at 82 C : = 343 106 kg/ m. s
Dhvi (2.5 102 )(1.2)(996)
Re = = = 37, 350 (2)
800 106
The use of the Whitaker correlation gives the Nusselt number as
Nu = 0.015 Re0.83 Pr0.42 (/w )0.14
0.14
0.83 0.42 800
= 0.015(37, 350) (5.41) = 214 (3)
343
Rearrangement of Eq. (1) gives

4 Nu L
Tbout = Tw (Tw Tbin ) exp
Re Pr D

4 (214) 5
= 82 (82 10) exp ' 51 C
(37, 350)(5.41) 2.5 102
Therefore, the assumed value is correct.
10
Problem 4.18
Physical properties

= 1.1460 kg/ m3
At (50 + 20)/2 = 35 C :
= 18.88 106 kg/ m. s

4 35 + 273 2/3
DAB = (0.26 10 ) = 2.66 105 m2 / s
25 + 273
18.88 106
Sc = = = 0.62
DAB (1.1460)(2.66 105 )
At 20 C : PHsat
2O
= 0.02336 bar
Analysis
Note that this problem resembles to Example 4.17. The conservation statement for mass of
water (species A) becomes
Rate of water in = Rate of water out (1)

D2
DLhkc i(cA )LM = (cAb )out hvi (2)
4
where
(cAb )out
(cA )LM = (3)
cAw
ln
cAw (cAb )out
Substitution of Eq. (3) into Eq. (2) and simplification gives

4L
(cAb )out = cAw 1 exp StM (4)
D
Dhvi (0.12)(0.1)(1.1460)
Re = = = 728 Laminar flow
18.88 106
16 16
= f= = 0.022
Re 728
The use of the Chilton-Colburn analogy yields

f (0.022)(0.62)2/3
StM = Sc2/3 = = 0.015 (5)
2 2
PAsat 0.02336
cAw = = = 9.59 104 kmol/ m3 (6)
RT (8.314 102 )(20 + 273)
Substitution of Eqs. (5) and (6) into Eq. (4) gives

4 (4)(6)(0.015)
(cAb )out = 9.59 10 1 exp = 9.1 104 kmol/ m3
0.12
m
A = Q (cAb )out MA

(0.12)2
= (0.1)(9.1 104 )(18)(3600) = 0.067 kg/ h
4
11
Problem 4.19
The superficial velocity is
4m
(4)(1.2)
vo = = = 5.1 103 m/ s
D2 (1200)(0.5)2
DP vo 1 (3 103 )(5.1 103 )(1200) 1
Repb = = 3
= 0.48
1 70 10 1 0.45
The friction factor can be calculated as
150 150
fpb = + 1.75 = + 1.75 = 314.3
Repb 0.48
The pressure drop is

vo2 L 1
|P | = 3
fpb
DP
(1200)(5.1 103 )2 (2)(1 0.45)(314.3)
= = 39.5 103
(3 103 )(0.45)3
The power required is

= Q |P | = vo D2 (5.1 103 )(0.5)2 (39.5 103 )
W |P | = = 39.6 W
4 4
Problem 4.20
a)
= Q |P | = FD hvi
W (1)
Solving for FD gives
Q
FD = |P | = A |P | (2)
hvi
b)
= Q |P | = FD vo
W (3)
Q =vo A (4)
Substitution of Eq. (4) into Eq. (3) gives
FD = A |P | (5)
c) The drag force is expressed as
FD = AL(1 )P g AL(1 ) [ + (1 )P ] g (6)
| {z } | {z }
Weight of particles Buoyancy force
FD = AL(1 )(P ) g (7)
Combining Eqs. (7) and (5) results in
|P |
= g (1 )(P ) (8)
L
12
Problem 4.21
Physical Properties
The film temperature is ( 4 + 0) = 2 C.

For air at 2 C (271 K) : = 13.13 106 m2 / s
The diusion coecient of water (A) in air (B) is
3/2
5 271
DAB = (2.88 10 ) = 2.32 105 m2 / s
313
The Schmidt number is
13.13 106
Sc = = = 0.566
DAB 2.32 105
For water at 0 C : PAsat = 0.00611 bar
Analysis

Lch v (15)(10)
Re = = = 1.142 107
13.13 106
Therefore, both laminar and turbulent flow conditions exist. The use of Eq. (F) in Table 4.2
gives
h i
4/5
hShi = 0.037 ReL 871 Sc1/3 = 0.037(1.142 107 )4/5 871 (0.566)1/3 = 12, 830
The mass transfer coecient is

DAB 2.32 105
hkc i = hShi = (12830) = 0.02 m/ s
Lch 15
The molar flux of A from the surface is
NAw = hkc i(cAw cA ) (1)

sat
Pice 3.28/760
cAw = = = 1.96 104 kmol/ m3
RT (0.08205)( 4 + 273)
0.15 PAsat 0.15 (0.00611)
cA = = = 0.4 104 kmol/ m3
RT (8.314 102 )(0 + 273)
Substitution of the numerical values into Eq. (1) gives the molar flux as
NAw = (0.02)(1.96 104 0.4 104 ) = 3.12 106 kmol/ m2 . s
The time required for the ice layer to disappear completely is
NAw MA A t = A ice
or
ice (0.15 103 )(917)
t= = = 2.45 103 s = 40.8 min
NAw MA (3.12 106 )(18)
13
CHAPTER 6
Problem 6.1
The conservation of mass is given by
m
1=m
2+m
3 (1)
Since the density is constant, i.e., water is an incompressible fluid, Eq. (1) simplifies to
Q1 = Q2 + Q3 Q2 = Q1 Q3 (2)
The volumetric flow rate through a pipe with D1 = 4 cm is given by

Z 2 Z R1 Z R1 Z 1
2
Q1 = vz r drd = 2 vz r dr = 2R1 vz d (3)
0 0 0 0
where
r
= (4)
R1
Substitution of the given velocity distribution into Eq. (3) gives
Z 1
Q1 = 6R12 (1 )1/7 d
0
2 7 7 (6)(0.02)2 (7)(15 8)
= 6R1 = = 3.08 103 m3 / s (5)
8 15 (8)(15)
The volumetric flow rate through a pipe with D3 = 1 cm is

0.072
Q3 = = 1.2 103 m3 / s (6)
60
Thus, from Eq. (2)
Q2 = 3.08 103 1.2 103 = 1.88 103 m3 / s (1880 cm3 / s)
Problem 6.2
a) Let m be the mass flow rate of water passing through the heat exchanger. The overall
energy balance gives
n h io
(2520)(2.3)(180 110) = (2415)(60) m(15)
+ (2415 m)(30)
(4.2)
Solution gives
m
= 1610 kg/ h
b) Solution is not possible.
1
Problem 6.3
a)
Constant volume Qin = Qout

Perfect mixing (ci )out = ci
Conservation statement for species A, Eq. (6.1-7), becomes
Q (cA )in Q cA (k1 + 3 k2 )cA V = 0 (1)
Divide Eq. (1) by Q to get
(cA )in cA (k1 + 3 k2 )cA = 0 (2)
where is the residence time defined by = V /Q. Solving for gives
[(cA )in /cA ] 1

= (3)
k1 + 3 k2
Fractional conversion for species A is given by
(cA )in cA (cA )in 1

XA = = (4)
(cA )in cA 1 XA
Substitution of Eq. (4) into Eq. (3) yields

XA 1 0.85 1
= = = 2.27 s (5)
1 XA k1 + 3 k2 1 0.85 1.3 + (3)(0.4)
b) Conservation statements for B and C are
Q cB + 2 k1 cA V = 0 cB = 2 k1 cA (6)
Q cC + k2 cA V = 0 cC = k2 cA (7)
From Eq. (4), the value of cA is
cA = (cA )in (1 XA ) = (350)(1 0.85) = 52.5 mol/ m3
Therefore, the concentration of species B and C are
cB = 2 (1.3)(52.5)(2.27) = 309.9 mol/ m3

cC = 0.4 (52.5)(2.27) = 47.7 mol/ m3
Problem 6.3
Q (cA )in Q cA k1 cA V = 0 (1)
2
Dividing Eq. (1) by Q (note that = V /Q) and solving for cA gives
(cA )in
cA = (2)
1 + k1
On the other hand, the conservation statement for species B becomes
Q cB + k1 cA V k2 cB V = 0 (3)
or,
k1
cB = cA (4)
1 + k2

k1 (cA )in
cB =
1 + k2 1 + k1
Therefore,
1 dcB (1 + k1 )(1 + k2 ) [k1 (1 + k2 ) + k2 (1 + k1 )]

= =0
k1 (cA )in d D2
Simplification gives s
r
1 1
= = = 0.913 s
k1 k2 (1.5)(0.8)
Problem 6.4
Q (cA )in Q cA (k1 cA k2 cB )V = 0 (1)
Dividing Eq. (1) by Q (note that = V /Q) gives
(cA )in cA (k1 cA k2 cB ) = 0 (2)
Concentrations of species A and B are expressed as
cA = (cA )in (3)

cB = (4)
The intensive extent of the reaction is expressed in terms of fractional conversion as
= (cA )in XA (5)
so that Eqs. (3) and (4) become
cA = (cA )in (1 XA ) (6)

cB = (cA )in XA (7)
3
Substitution of Eqs. (6) and (7) into Eq. (2) and rearrangement gives
k1
XA = (8)
1 + (k1 + k2 )
or,
A1 e E1 /RT
XA = (9)
1 + A1 e E1 /RT + A2 e E2 /RT
We want to maximize XA with respect to temperature, i.e.,
dXA
=0 E1 = A2 (E2 E1 )e E2 /RT (10)
dT
Solving for temperature gives
E2 /R
T = (11)
ln {A2 [(E2 /E1 ) 1]}
Problem 6.5
The temperature distribution is
T T
= eNz 2 sinh N z (1)
To T
in which N and are defined as r
2hhi
N= (2)
kB

N L TL T
e
To T
= (3)
2 sinh NL
The heat transfer rate at the base of the fin is given by

dT
Q o = A k = A k (To T )N (2 1) (4)
dz z=0
and
dT
QL = A k = A k (To T )N eN L 2 cosh(N L) (5)
dz z=L
where the base area of the fin, A, is
A = (0.25 103 )(8 102 ) = 2 105 m2
Note that this is an open-ended problem. One possible solution can be obtained as follows:
Let us assume that the number of fins per cm is 10.
Area occupied by fins = (10)(12)(2 105 ) = 2.4 103 m2
Base area of the plate = (0.12)(0.08) 2.4 103 = 7.2 103 m2

bP = 1.005 kJ/ kg. K. The total energy balance gives the exit
At 25 C, = 1.1845 kg/ m3 and C
temperature of air, Texit , as
0.5 + 2 = (0.2)(1.1845)(1.005)(Texit 25) Texit = 35.5 C
4
The average temperature of air is
25 + 35.5
T = ' 30 C
2
For air at 30 C: = 16 106 m2 / s, k = 26.37 103 W/ m. K, Pr = 0.71
12 (12)(10)(0.025)
The distance between the fins = = 0.076 cm
(12)(10) 1
The average velocity of air passing through the fins is

0.2
(12)(10) 1
hvi = = 111 m/ s
(0.076 102 )(2 102 )
The hydraulic equivalent diameter is
2(2)(0.076)
Dh = = 0.146 cm
2 + 0.076
(0.146 102 )(111)

Reh = = 10, 129
16 106
The use of the Dittus-Boelter correlation yields
Nu = 0.023 Re4/5 Pr0.4

= 0.023 (10, 129)4/5 (0.71)0.4 = 32

k 26.37 103
hhi = Nu = 32 = 578 W/ m2 . K
Dh 0.146 102
The parameters N and can be calculated as

r s
2hhi 2(578)
N= = = 130
kB (273)(0.25 103 )

TL T 90 30
eNL e(130)(0.02)
To T 80 30
= = = 0.92
2 sinh N L 2 sinh [(130)(0.02)]
5
Left-component
The rate of heat dissipation through the bare surface is
AH hhi(To T ) = (7.2 103 )(578)(80 30) = 208 W
Therefore, the heat load per fin must be at least
500 208
= 2.43 W
(12)(10)
Q o = A k (To T )N (2 1)
h i
= (2 105 )(273)(80 30)(130) 2(0.92) 1 = 29.8 W
which is much greater than 2.43 W.

Right-component
The rate of heat dissipation through the bare surface is
AH hhi(To T ) = (7.2 103 )(578)(90 30) = 250 W
Therefore, the heat load per fin must be at least
2000 250
= 14.6 W
(12)(10)
h i
Q L = A k (To T )N eN L 2 cosh(N L)
n h io
= (2 105 )(273)(80 30)(130) e(130)(0.02) 2(0.92) cosh (130)(0.02)
= 35.8 W
which is greater than 14.6 W.
Problem 6.6
For evaporative cooling we showed in Example 6.4 that the wet-bulb temperature, Tw , is given
by
eA Pr 2/3
cAw
T Tw = (1)
bP )B Sc B
( C
Assuming ideal behavior
PAsat P MB
cAw = and B = (2)
R Tw R T
eA = MA
Substitution of Eq. (2) into Eq. (1) and noting that bA gives

sat bA
PA T MA 1

T Tw = (3)
P MB CbP Tw
| {z B }

6
The term is evaluated at T . Eq. (3) gives
Tw2 T Tw + = 0 (4)
Problem 6.7
a) Conservation statement for species A becomes
Q (cA )in Q cA k cA V = 0 (1)
The energy balance is
Q int
(CP )in (Tin T ) + + kcA (Hrxn ) = 0 k Q
Q
Noting that Q int = AH hhi(T Tc ) and rearrangement gives
Q (CP )in Tin + AH hhiTc [Q (CP )in + AH hhi] T + V k cA (Hrxn ) = 0 (2)
Let Tm be defined as
Q (CP )in Tin + AH hhiTc
Tm = (3)
Q (CP )in + AH hhi
so that Eq. (2) takes the form
[Q(CP )in + AH hhi] (Tm T ) + V kcA (Hrxn ) = 0 (4)
b) From Eq. (1)

Q (cA )in
cA = (5)
Q + kV
Substitute Eq. (5) into Eq. (4) to get
V kQ (cA )in
[Q(CP )in + AH hhi] (Tm T ) + (Hrxn ) = 0 (6)
Q + kV
c) Rearrange Eq. (6) as
[Q (CP )in + AH hhi] kV

(Tm T ) + =0 (7)
Q (cA )in (Hrxn ) Q + kV
or,
T 1
1 + =0 (8)
Tm 1 + (Q/kV )
Note that
E Tm Tm
= 1 1 =
RTm T T 1+
or,
T
1 = (9)
Tm 1+
k = Am e (10)
Q 1 E 1 1 1+ 1
= = (11)
V Am RTm
7
Substitution of Eqs. (9), (10) and (11) into Eq. (8) yields
1
+ =0
1+ 1 +
1+ e

or,

e = (12)
(1 )
d) Take the logarithm of Eq. (12) to get

F () = ln (13)
(1 ) |{z}
| {z } B
A
Note that term A increases monotonically in the interval and is singular at the end points. On
the other hand, term B decreases continuously. Therefore, relative extremums are possible in
the interval 0 < < 1/.
dF
=0 2 + 1 = 0 (14)
d
The solution of Eq. (14) is
1 1 4
= (15)
2
Maximally, Eq. (15) will have two real solutions. Consequently, there will be maximally two
relative extremums. From this it follows that Eq. (13) can have maximally three zero positions
(or, roots) which correspond to the steady-state solutions.
Due to the monotony of the function F (), there will be at least one steady-state in the
interval 0 < < 1/. When the value of gets larger, the value of (1 4 ) in Eq. (15) is
negative, and the values of 1 and 2 are complex conjugate numbers. This implies that one
steady-state solution at the most will be obtained for
1 4 0 0.25
More than one steady-state will be possible for < 0.25.

Let F (1 ) = F1 > 0 and F (2 ) = F2 > 0. Note that these two conditions are sucient for
three steady-states.
1
F1 = ln 1 > 0
(1 1 )
1
= max < e1 (16)
1 1

1 1 4 1 + 1 4

1 =
2 1 + 1 4
2
= (17)
1 + 1 4
2
2 2
= max < exp (18)
1 + 1 4 1 + 1 4
8

2
F2 = ln 2 < 0
(1 2 )
2
= min > e2 (19)
1 2

1 + 1 4
2 = (20)
2
2
1+ 1 4 1 + 1 4
= min > exp (21)
2 2
If min < < max Three steady-state solutions

= min < max
Two steady-state solutions
min < = max
9
CHAPTER 7
Problem 7.1
Assuming perfect mixing, the conservation of oxygen is given by
Rate of oxygen out = Rate of oxygen accumulation (1)
or,
dc
Qc = V (2)
dt
Equation (2) is a separable equation, i.e.,
Z t Z
V c dc
dt = (3)
0 Q co c
Integration leads to
c 0.21
o
Q t = V ln = 80 ln = 243.6 m3 (4)
c 0.01
Problem 7.2
Since the volumes of the tanks are constant, volumetric flow rates are equal to each other.
Let 1 and 2 be the salt concentrations in the first and second tank, respectively. Then, the
conservation statements for the salt take the form
Tank: 1
Rate of salt out = Rate of salt accumulation

d d
75 1 = (1500 1 ) 1 = 20 1 (1)
dt dt
Tank: 2
Rate of salt in Rate of salt out = Rate of salt accumulation

d d
75 1 75 2 = (750 2 ) 1 2 = 10 2 (2)
dt dt
From Eq. (2)
d2
1 = 2 + 10 (3)
dt
d2 2 d
200 2
+ 30 2 + 2 = 0 (4)
dt dt
The solution of Eq. (4) subject to the initial conditions
at t = 0 2 = 0.5
d2
at t = 0 =0 [This is obtained from Eq. (3)]
dt
1
is given by
2 = e 0.05 t 0.5e 0.1 t (5)
At t = 10 min, 2 = 0.423 kg/L.
Problem 7.3
Tank: 1
Rate of mass out = Rate of mass accumulation

d h i
2 hAo = AT (h + H) (1)
dt
where H represents the height of the liquid in the second tank.
Tank: 2
Rate of mass in = Rate of mass accumulation

d
2 hAo = (AT H) (2)
dt
Subtraction of Eq. (2) from Eq. (1) yields
dh
4 hAo = AT (3)
dt
Equation (3) is a separable equation. Rearrangement gives
Z t Z 0 2 Z 0
1 AT dh 1 DT dh
dt = = (4)
0 4 Ao 2 h 4 Do 2 h
Integration gives
2 2
1 DT 1 1
t= 2= = 283 s = 4.7 min
2 Do 2 0.05
Problem 7.4
a) System: Contents of the tank
The total mass balance is
dmsys
in = m
m out =0 (1)
dt
The conservation statement for species A becomes
(Rate of A in) (Rate of A out) = (Rate of A accumulation)
d
(2)(0.1) 2 A = (300 A ) (2)
dt
2
Z t Z 0.05
dA
dt = 1500 (3)
0 0 1 10 A
or,
1
t = 150 ln = 104 min
1 0.5
b) System: Contents of the tank
In this case the total mass balance becomes
dmsys
2 2.5 = (4)
dt
Integration gives
Z msys Z t
dmsys = 0.5 dt msys = 300 0.5 t (5)
300 0
The conservation statement for species A is

d
(2)(0.1) 2.5 A = (msys A )
dt
dmsys d A
= A + msys (6)
dt dt
Substitution of Eqs. (4) and (5) into Eq. (6) and rearrangement yields
Z t Z 0.05
dt d A
=
0 300 0.5 t 0 0.2 2 A
Integration gives

300 0.5 t 0.2 2 (0.05) 1/4
= t = 95.5 min
300 0.2
Problem 7.5
a) Conservation statements are
dh1
Qin Q = A Tank # 1 (1)
dt
dh2
Q=A Tank # 2 (2)
dt
Addition of Eqs. (1) and (2) gives

dh1 dh2
Qin = A + (3)
dt dt
Integration of Eq. (3) yields

Z t Z h1 Z h2
Qin dt = A dh1 + dh2 (4)
0 0.5 0.3
3
A
Qin = (h1 + h2 0.8) (5)
t
Take t = 3 min:
1.5
Qin = (0.74 + 0.46 0.8) = 0.2 m3 / min (6)
3
b) Equation (1) takes the form
p dh1
0.2 h1 = A (7)
dt
or, Z Z
h1 t
dh1
A = dt (8)
0.5 0.2 h1 0
Integration of Eq. (8) and rearrangement gives

0.2 0.2 h1 t
h1 0.5 + ln + =0 (9)
0.2 0.5 2A
Note that this is a transcendental equation in terms of . Substitution of the values into Eq.
(9) and solution by M AT HCAD gives the values of as
t ( min)
2 0.0948
3 0.1016
4 0.0984
5 0.0994
6 0.0993
Therefore, ' 0.1 m5/2 / min.
Problem 7.6
The conservation statement for mass reduces to
Rate of mass out = Rate of mass accumulation (1)
or,
d(Vsys )
hvo iAo = (2)
dt
Assumptions
1. Liquid is incompressible,
2. Pressure distribution in the tank is hydrostatic.
4
The velocity through the orifice is related to the height of the liquid in the tank as
p
hvo i = Co 2gh (3)
dVsys
2g Co Ao h = (4)
dt
a) Vertical Cylinder
The volume of the liquid in the tank is given by

D2
Vsys = h (5)
4
Substitution of Eq. (5) into Eq. (4) and rearrangement give

Z t Z 0 Z h
D2 dh D2 dh
dt = =
0 4 2g Co Ao h h 4 2g Co Ao 0 h
Integration gives

D2 h
t=
8g Co Ao
b) Cone
1
Vsys = r2 h (6)
3
Since r = h tan , Eq. (6) becomes
1
Vsys = tan2 h3 (7)
3
Substitution of Eq. (7) into Eq. (4) and rearrangement give
Z r
1 tan2 h 3/2 2 tan2 5/2
t= h dh = h
2g Co Ao 0 g 5 Co Ao
c) Horizontal Cylinder

Z h Z h
Vsys = aL dh = L a dh (8)
0 0
Now we have to relate a to h. Note that

a 2 a 2
+ x2 = R2 + (h R)2 = R2
h h
p
a = 2 2hR h2 (9)
5
Substitution of Eq. (9) into Eq. (8) gives the volume as
Z hp
Vsys = 2 L 2uR u2 du (10)
0

Z hp
p d
2g Co Ao h = 2 L 2uR u2 du (11)
dt 0
Application of the Leibnitzs rule yields

p p dh
2g Co Ao h = 2 L 2hR h2 (12)
dt
After rearrangement, Eq. (12) takes the form
Z t r Z h
2 L
dt = 2R h dh (13)
0 g Co Ao 0
Note that Z p
2 (ax + b)3
ax + b dx =
3a
r h r 8
2 L 2 p L h 3/2 i
t= 3
(2R h) = D (D h)3/2
g Co Ao ( 3) 0 g 3 Co Ao
d) Sphere

Z h
Vsys = a2 dh (14)
0
Now we have to relate a to h:
a2 + x2 = R2 a2 + (h R)2 = R2
a2 = 2Rh h2 (15)
Z h
Vsys = (2Ru u2 ) du (16)
0
Substitution of Eq. (16) into Eq. (4) and the application of the Leibnitzs rule gives
p dh
2g Co Ao h = 2Rh h2
dt
or, r
Z h
1 1/2 3/2 2 h3/2
t= (D h h )dh = (D 0.6 h)
2g Co Ao 0 g 3 Co Ao
6
Problem 7.7
For steady-flow
in = m
m out = m

Divide Eq. (6.3-9) by m
to get
b + E
H bK + E
bP = Q
bint + W
cs (1)
where

b int = Qint
Q (2)
m

cs = W
W (3)
m
= out in (4)
The use of the definition of enthalpy gives
b = U
b + (P Vb ) = U
b + Vb P = U
b+ P
H (5)

Substitution of Eq. (5) into Eq. (1) and the use of identities
bK = 1 hvi2
E (6)
2
b
EP = g h (7)
results in
P hvi2 b Q
bint ) = W
cs
+ + g h + (U (8)
2
a) Using the thermodynamic relations
b = T dSb P dVb
dU (9)
bint
dQ
dS = + dSbgen (10)
T
one can get
dU bint + T dSbgen P dVb
b = dQ (11)
Since volume is constant, Eq. (11) reduces to
bv = T dSbgen = dU
dE b dQ
bint (12)
b) Substitution of Eq. (12) into Eq. (8) yields
P hvi2 bv W
cs = 0
+ + g h + E (13)
2
c) For steady flow in a horizontal pipe
hvi2 = 0 h = 0 cs = 0
W
Therefore, Eq. (13) reduces to

bv = |P |
E (14)

7
From Eq. (4.5-6)
|P | 32 Lf Q2
= (15)
2 D5
Comparison of Eq. (14) with (15) gives
2
bv = 32 Lf Q
E (16)
2 D5
The use of
D2
Q = hvi (17)
4
reduces Eq. (16) to the form
2
bv = 2 fLhvi
E (18)
D
Problem 7.8
a) Note that
P2 = P1 = Patm
hv1 i ' 0
Therefore, Bernoulli equation becomes
hv2 i2 2 f Leq hv2 i2

+ g (0 h) + =0 (1)
2 d
Solving for hv2 i gives
2 gh
hv2 i2 = (2)
4 fLeq
1+
d
b) Considering the contents of the tank as a system, conservation statement for mass becomes
Rate of mass out = Rate of mass generation (3)
or,
d2 d D2
hv2 i = (h H ) (4)
4 dt 4
2
d dh
hv2 i = (5)
D dt
Substitution of Eq. (2) into Eq. (5) and rearrangement gives
2 s
D 1 4f Leq dh
dt = 1+ (6)
d 2g d h
c) At any instant, the pressure drop in the drain pipe system is g(h H ). From Eq. (4.5-19)
1/2 1/2
2 d5 g (h H ) 2 d5 g (h H )
Y = = (7)
32 Leq 32 Leq
8
From Eq. (4.5-20)
/d d
Q = 4 Y log + (8)
3.7065 Y
From Eq. (4.5-18)
2
Y
f= (9)
Q
For the problem at hand
d = 0.23 m; /d = 4.6 105 /0.23 = 2 104 ; = 1000 kg/ m3

= 1 103 kg/ m. s; Leq = 100 m
h ( m) Y 103 Q f 103
4.0 7.64 0.125 3.76
3.5 6.97 0.113 3.79
3.0 6.24 0.101 3.83
2.5 5.40 0.087 3.88
2.0 4.41 0.070 3.96
1.5 3.12 0.049 4.12
Therefore, f almost remains constant at 0.0039.

d) Since f is constant, integration of Eq. (6) gives
2 s
D 2 4fLeq
t= 1+ ( H h) (10)
d g d
Substitution of numerical values gives

s
5 2 2 (4)(0.0039)(100)
t= 1+ ( 4 1.5) = 462 s = 7.7 min
0.23 9.8 0.23
e) From Eq. (10)

t (D/d)2
h=2 s (11)
2 4f Leq
1+
g d
From Eq. (3)

2g
hv2 i = r h (12)
4 fLeq
1+
d
From Eq. (5)
2
dh d
= hv2 i (13)
dt D
9
t h hv2 i dh/dt
( s) ( m) ( m/ s) ( m/ s)
50 3.6712 3.0407 0.0064
100 3.3566 2.9075 0.0062
150 3.0560 2.7742 0.0059
200 2.7696 2.6410 0.0056
250 2.4972 2.5078 0.0053
300 2.2389 2.3746 0.0050
350 1.9947 2.2413 0.0047
400 1.7646 2.1081 0.0045
450 1.5487 1.9749 0.0042
462 1.4989 1.9429 0.0041
Problem 7.9
a) Application of the Bernoulli equation gives
2 gh
hv2 i2 = (1)
4 fLeq
1+
d
The volume of the liquid in the tank is
Z h
V = a2 dh
H
It is necessary to relate a to h:
a2 + x2 = R2 or a2 + (h X1 )2 = R2
in which
X1 = H + R
Therefore,
a2 = h2 + 2 hX1 + R2 X12 = h2 + 2 hX1 X2 (2)
where
X2 = X12 R2 (3)
Considering the contents of the tank as a system, conservation statement for mass becomes
Z h
d2 d 2
hv2 i = ( u + 2 uX1 X2 ) du (4)
4 dt H
Application of the Leibnitzs rule gives

d2 dh
hv2 i = (h2 2 hX1 + X2 ) (5)
4 dt
Z t s Z h
4 1 4fLeq
dt = 2 1+ h3/2 2h1/2 X1 + h1/2 X2 dh (6)
0 d 2g d H
10
Integration gives
s 2 2
4 2 4f Leq h 2X1 h H 2X1 H
t= 2 1+ h + X2 H + X2 (7)
d g d 5 3 5 3
b) At any instant, the pressure drop in the drain pipe system is g(h H ). From Eq. (4.5-19)
1/2 1/2
2 d5 g(h H ) 2 d5 g(h H )
Y = = (8)
32 Leq 32 Leq
From Eq. (4.5-20)

/d d
Q = 4 Y log + (9)
3.7065 Y
From Eq. (4.5-18)
2
Y
f= (10)
Q
For the problem at hand
d = 0.23 m; /d = 4.6 105 /0.23 = 2 104 ; = 1000 kg/ m3

= 1 103 kg/ m. s; Leq = 100 m
h
Y 103 Q f 103
( m)
4.5 8.25 0.135 3.74
4.0 7.64 0.125 3.76
3.5 6.97 0.113 3.79
3.0 6.24 0.101 3.83
2.5 5.40 0.087 3.88
2.0 4.41 0.070 3.96
1.5 3.12 0.049 4.12
Therefore, f almost remains constant at 0.0039.

From Eq. (7)
s
4 2 (4)(0.0039)(100)
t= 1+
(0.23)2 9.8 0.23

1 (2)(3)(1) (4.5)2 (2)(3)(4.5)
1 + 5 4.5 +5
5 3 5 3
t = 295 s = 4.9 min
11
Problem 7.10
a) System: Liquid
The conservation statement for species A reduces to
Rate of mass of A in = Rate of accumulation of A (1)
or,
dcA
Ahkc i(csat
A cA ) = V (2)
dt
Note that 3 2
M D A D
= and = (3)
Mo Do Ao Do
Therefore,
2/3
M
A = Ao (4)
Mo
2/3
M dcA
Ao hkc i(csat
A cA ) = V (5)
Mo dt
Rearrangement of Eq. (5) results in
V d ln(csat
A cA )
hkc i = 2/3
(6)
Ao (M/Mo ) dt
From the experimental data, ln(csat sat

A cA ) versus t is plotted and d ln(cA cA )/dt is obtained
by graphical dierentiation in the initial period of dissolution.
b) If the experimental conditions are chosen so that only a small fraction of the initial solids
is dissolved during a run, Eq. (2) reduces to
dcA
hAihkc i(csat
A cA ) = V (7)
dt
where hAi is the average surface area which is considered constant during dissolution. Rear-
rangement of Eq. (7) yields
Z cA Z
dcA hAihkc i t
= dt (8)
0 csat
A cA V 0
Integration gives !
V csat
A
hkc i = ln (9)
hAi t csat
A cA
12
Problem 7.11
Note that Eq. (5) of Problem 7.10 is also valid for this case, i.e.,
2/3
M dcA
Ao hkc i(csat
A cA ) = V (1)
Mo dt
a) The material balance for species A is
M + V cA = Mo (2)
or,
M V
=1 cA (3)
Mo Mo
b) Substitution of Eq. (3) into Eq. (1) gives

V dcA
Ao 1 cA hkc i(csat
A cA ) = V (4)
Mo dt
In terms of the given dimensionless quantities, Eq. (4) takes the form
d
dt = 2/3 (5)
1 (1 + 3 ) (1 )
c) Let us define another variable u as
u3 = 1 (1 + 3 ) (6)
Then
3u2 du = (1 + 3 ) d (7)
Z t Z u
du
dt = 3 3 (8)
0 1 + u3
Note that Z
dx 1 (x + a)2 1 1 2 x a
= ln + tan
x3 + a3 6 a2 x2 a x + a2 3 a2 3a

(1 + )2 (u + )2
t= 2 ln ln 2
2 1 + 2 u u + 2

1 2 1 2u
+ 3 2 tan tan (9)
3 3
Simplification of Eq. (9) gives

" # ( )
1 u+ 2 1 + 2 1 1 3 (u 1)
t= ln + 2 tan (10)
6 2 1+ u2 u + 2 3 2 1 + u [(2/) 1]
13
Problem 7.12
a) The conservation statement for species A becomes
dnA
Qin cAo k c2A Vsys = (1)
dt
Note that
nA
cA = (2)
Vsys
Vsys = Qin t (3)
dcA
t + k tc2A + cA = cAo (4)
dt
Let us define
1 du
cA = (5)
ku dt
Therefore,
2
dcA 1 du 1 d2 u
= 2 + (6)
dt ku dt ku dt2
Substitution of Eqs. (5) and (6) into Eq. (4) yields

d du
t k cAo u = 0 (7)
dt dt
Note that
p=1 a = kcAo j=0 b=0
Since b = 0, Eq. (7) is reducible to Bessels equation.
2p+j 1
= = (8)
2 2
1p
= =0 (9)
2p+j
p
(1 p)2 4b
n= =0 (10)
2p+j

a p
= i = 2 kcAo (11)

Therefore, the solution is
p p
u = k1 Io 2 kcAo t1/2 + k2 Ko 2 kcAo t1/2 (12)
where k1 and k2 are constants. Since at t = 0, Ko (0) = , k2 must be zero and the solution
becomes p
u = k1 Io 2 kcAo t1/2 (13)
The derivative of u with respect to t is

r
du kcAo p
= k1 I1 2 kcAo t1/2 (14)
dt t
14
Substitution of Eqs. (13) and (14) into Eq. (5) gives the expression for cA as
r p
cAo I1 2 kcAo t
cA = p (15)
k t Io 2 kcAo t
b) For the unsteady-state period, the conservation statement becomes

d
Q cAo Q cA k c2A VT = (VT cA ) (16)
dt
Since = VT /Q, Eq. (16) becomes
dcA cA cA
+ k c2A + = o (17)
dt
Let us define
1
cA = cAs + (18)
z
Therefore,
dcA 1 dz
= 2 (19)
dt z dt
Substitution of Eqs. (18) and (19) into Eq. (17) and noting that
cAs cA
k c2As + = o (20)

gives
dz
z = k (21)
dt
in which
1
= 2 kcAs + (22)

The integrating factor for Eq. (21) is exp( t). Multiplication of Eq. (21) by the integrating
factor yields
d t
(e z) = k et (23)
dt
The solution is
k
z = + h et (24)

in which h is a constant. Substitution of Eq. (24) into Eq. (18) gives
1
cA = cAs + (25)
h et (k/)
The use of the initial condition
at t = t cA = cA
gives the constant h as
1 k
h= + et (26)
cA cAs
Therefore, the concentration distribution takes the form
1
cA = cAs + (27)
(cA cAs ) + (k/) e(tt ) (k/)
1
15
Problem 7.13
a) Equation (7.4-7) is
Z ReP 1
(P + 0.5 )DP2 3
t= Ar f Re2P d ReP (1)
0 4
For creeping flow the relationship between the friction factor and the Reynolds number is given
by Eq. (4.3-7) as
24
f= (2)
ReP
Substitution of Eq. (2) into Eq. (1) and integration gives

(P + 0.5 )DP2 ReP
t= ln 1 18 (3)
Ar
Note that
ReP v
= 2 (4)
Ar DP g(P )
Substituting Eq. (4) into Eq. (3) and solving for v gives

DP2 g(P ) 18 t
v= 1 exp (5)
18 (P + 0.5 )DP2
b) As t , v vt . Hence, from Eq. (5)
DP2 g(P )
vt = (6)
18
Therefore,
v 18 t
= 1 exp (7)
vt (P + 0.5 )DP2
Note that t = t when v/vt = 0.99. Therefore, Eq. (7) becomes
(P + 0.5 )DP2
t = (8)
3.9
For solids P O(103 )

For liquids O(103 )
For gases O(105 )
Since t is small enough to neglect acceleration and deceleration periods, calculations based
on the terminal velocity are satisfactory.
c) The distance traveled is given by Z t
s= v dt (9)
0
Substitution of Eq. (7) into Eq. (9) and integration yields
DP2 (P )
18 t

s = t vt vt 1 exp (10)
18 (P + 0.5 )DP2
16
Problem 7.14
a) Equation (7.4-7) is
(P + 0.5 )DP2 Z ReP 1

3
t= Ar f Re2P d ReP (1)
0 4
When Newtons law is applicable, the friction factor is constant and is given by Eq. (4.3-9) as
f = 0.44 (2)

Z Z
( + 0.5)DP2 ReP d ReP (P + 0.5)DP2 ReP d ReP
t= P 2
= 2
(3)
0 Ar 0.33 ReP 0.33 0 3.03 Ar ReP
Note that Z
dx 1 a+x
= ln x2 < a2
a2 x2 2a ax

For the problem at hand, a = 3.03 Ar = 1.74 Ar. Integration gives
!ReP
(P + 0.5)DP2 1 1.74 Ar + ReP
t= ln
0.33 (2)(1.74) Ar 1.74 Ar ReP 0
or, !

(P + 0.5)DP2 1.74 Ar + ReP
t = 0.87 ln (4)
Ar 1.74 Ar ReP
Rearrangement gives
" #
1.74 Ar ReP Ar
= exp 2
t (5)
1.74 Ar + ReP 0.87 (P + 0.5 )DP

As t , ReP 1.74 Ar = RePt . Therefore,
1/2
DP vt (P )gDP3
RePt = = 1.74 (6)
2
Solving for terminal velocity gives
1/2
(P )gDP
vt = (7)

On the other hand, Eq. (5) becomes

" #
RePt ReP Ar
= exp 2
t (8)
RePt + ReP 0.87 (P + 0.5 )DP
Consider the term

1 DP vt

Ar 1.74 1 vt
2 = 2
= = (9)
0.87 (P + 0.5 )DP 0.87 (P + 0.5 )DP 1.51 (P + 0.5 ) DP
17
so that Eq. (8) reduces to
vt v
= exp( t) (10)
vt + v
or,
v 1 exp( t)
= (11)
vt 1 + exp( t)
b) The distance traveled is given by Z t
s= v dt (12)
0
Substitution of Eq. (11) into Eq. (12) and integration yields
h ih it
vt
s = ln 1 + exp( t) 1 + exp(t)
0
" #
vt (1 + et )(1 + et ) vt t 2
t 1 + e
= ln = ln e
4 2

vt 1 + et
= t + 2 ln (13)
2
Therefore, the distance traveled is

2 vt 1 + et
s = vt t + ln (14)
2
Note: It is also possible to express Eq. (13) as
" #
vt t 2 1 + et
t 1 + e vt
s = ln e = t + 2 ln
2 2
In this case, the distance traveled is

2 vt 1 + et
s= ln vt t
2
Problem 7.15
The unsteady-state momentum balance reduces to
Drag force = Time rate of change of momentum
or, !
DP2 DP3
1 2 dv
v f = P (1)
4 2 6 dt
dv 3
DP P= v2 f (2)
dt 4
Since the friction factor f is given as a function of the Reynolds number ReP , it is much more
convenient to express the velocity v in terms of ReP , i.e.,

v= ReP (3)
DP
18
Therefore, Eq. (2) takes the form
Z ReP o
4 P DP2 d ReP
t= 2
(4)
3 ReP f ReP
a) When Stokes law is applicable, i.e., f = 24/ ReP , Eq. (4) reduces to
P DP2 Z ReP o
d ReP P DP2 ReP o P DP2 vo
t= = ln = ln (5)
18 ReP ReP 18 ReP 18 v
Solving for velocity gives !

18 t
v = vo exp 2
(6)
P DP
The distance traveled is Z t
s= v dt (7)
0
" !#
vo P DP2 18 t
s= 1 exp 2
(8)
18 D P P
b) When Newtons law is applicable, i.e., f = 0.44, Eq. (4) reduces to

Z
4 P DP2 ReP o d ReP 3.03 P DP2 1 1 P 1 1
t= = = 3.03 DP (9)
3 0.44 ReP Re2P ReP ReP o v vo
Solving for velocity gives

1
1
v= + t (10)
vo 3.03 P DP
Substitution of Eq. (10) into Eq. (7) gives the distance travelled as

3.03 P DP vo t
s= ln 1 +
3.03 P DP
Problem 7.16
Considering the beer can as a system, the inventory rate equation for thermal energy is written
as
Rate of energy out = Rate of accumulation
or,
bP dT
hhiA(T T ) = M C (1)
dt
Rearrangement gives
Z t bP Z Tf
MC dT
dt =
0 hhiA Ti T T
bP
MC Ti T
t= ln (2)
hhiA Tf T
19

(0.355)(4200) 29 + 21
Freezer hhi = ln = 12.9 W/ m2 . K
(21.1)(60)(0.03) 15 + 21

(0.355)(4200) 29 13
Tap water hhi = ln = 200 W/ m2 . K
(8.6)(60)(0.03) 15 13
The tap water overall coecient is almost 16 times greater than the freezer coecient.
b)
(0.355)(4200) 29 + 21
t= ln = 2670 s = 44.5 min
(12.9)(0.03) 4 + 21
c) The time required to cool the beer from 29 C to 15 C is 8.6 min. On the other hand, the
time required to cool it from 15 C to 4 C is

(0.355)(4200) 15 + 21
t= ln = 1405 s = 23.4 min
(12.9)(0.03) 4 + 21
Therefore, the total time is = 8.6 + 23.4 = 32 min.
Problem 7.17
System: Contents of the tank
Assuming perfect mixing, the inventory rate equation for thermal energy becomes
Rate of thermal energy in = Rate of thermal energy out (1)
or,
d h b i
U A(Ts T ) = M CP (T Tref ) (2)
dt
Rearrangement gives
Z t bP Z T2
MC dT
dt = (3)
0 UA T1 Ts T
bP
MC Ts T1
t= ln (4)
UA Ts T2
Problem 7.18
a) From energy balance

(Tin T ) (Tout T )
C (Tin Tout ) = U A
m
(1)
Tin T
ln
Tout T
Tin T UA
ln = (2)
Tout T m
C
20
or,
Tin T UA
= exp = (3)
Tout T m
C
From Eq. (3)
Tin T
Tout = T + (4)

Note that examination of Eqs. (3) and (4) indicates:
Although both Tout and T change as a function of time, the ratio

Tin T
Tout T
remains independent of time.
Tout is not constant. It changes with the reactor-fluid temperature according to Eq. (4).
b) Considering the contents of the tank as a system
Rate of energy in = Rate of energy accumulation (5)
or,
m C (Tin Tout ) = M CbP dT (6)
dt

1 bP dT
m C (Tin T ) = M C (7)
dt
Integration gives
bP
MC 1 Tin T1
t= ln (8)
m C Tin T2
c) Note that rearrangement of Eq. (8) gives
MC bP U A 1 Tin T1 M CbP
1

Tin T1

texact = ln = ln ln (9)
U A mC Tin T2 UA Tin T2
On the other hand, approximate equation is

Tin + Tout
bP T 1
MC 2
tapp = ln
Tin + Tout
(10)
UA
T2
2
Therefore,
texact ln ln X
= (11)
tapp 1 2 X + (1/) 1
ln
1 + (1/)
where
Tin T1
X= (12)
Tin T2
For example, when = 2 and X = 8, Eq. (11) gives
texact
= 1.23
tapp
21
Problem 7.19
a) Conservation statement for thermal energy reduces to
Rate of energy in = Rate of energy out
or,
d h b i
bP dT
U A(Ts T ) = M CP (T Tref ) = M C (1)
dt dt
Rearrangement gives
Z t bP Z 150
MC dT
dt = t = (2)
0 A 15 U (Ts T)
Using trapezoidal rule with n = 10, i.e., T = (150 15)/9 = 15, we have
T ( C) [U (Ts T )]1 106

15 16.5
30 15.4
45 15.1
60 16
75 17.5
90 20
105 24
120 30.1
135 45
150 73.5
The value of the integral is

Z 150
dT
I=
15 U (Ts T)
15 h i
= 16.5 + 2 (15.4 + 15.1 + 16 + 17.5 + 20 + 24 + 30.1 + 45) + 73.5 106
2
= 3421.5 106
Therefore, the heating time is
(500)(1850)(3421.5 106 )
t= = 703.3 s = 11.7 min
4.5
b) The use of the method of least squares gives:
U (1/T ) 103
T ( K) xi yi x2i 106
(yi ) (xi )
390 288 3.472 1.354 12.06
465 303 3.300 1.535 10.89
568 333 3.003 1.706 9.02
625 363 2.755 1.722 7.59
664 393 2.545 1.690 6.47
680 423 2.364 1.608 5.59
P P P P
= 3392 = 17.44 = 9.615 = 51.62
22
P P P
N ( xi yi ) ( xi )( yi ) (6)(9.615) (17.44 103 )(3392)
B = P 2 P 2 = = 2.612 105
N ( xi ) ( xi ) (6)(51.62 106 ) (17.44 103 )2
P P P P
( yi )( x2i ) ( xi )( xi yi ) (3392)(51.62 106 ) (17.44 103 )(9.615)
A= P 2 P 2 = = 1325
N( xi ) ( xi ) (6)(51.62 106 ) (17.44 103 )2
Therefore,
2.612 105
U = 1325 (3)
T
MC bP Z 423 T MCbP
t= 5
dT = I (4)
A 288 (1325 T 2.612 10 )(443 T ) A
The value of I is

1 (1325)(423) 2.612 105 443 423
I= 197 ln + 443 ln = 0.0033
325, 775 (1325)(288) 2.612 105 443 288
(600)(1850)(0.0033)
t= = 823 s = 13.7 min
4.5
Problem 7.20
The unsteady-state energy balance gives
bP dT
U A(Ts T ) = M C (1)
dt
or,
MC bP dT
U= (2)
A(Ts T ) dt
From the given data,
T = 15.19 + 0.416 t 4.919 104 t2 + 2.411 107 t3 (3)
Therefore, the values of U as a function of temperature are given as
t T dT U
( s) ( C) dt ( W/ m2 . K)
0 15 0.416 551.7
120 59 0.308 571
240 90 0.222 569.3
360 112 0.156 551.4
480 129 0.110 553.6
600 140 0.086 590
720 150 0.083 849
23
The variation of U as a function of temperature can be calculated as
U = 628.3 3.61 T + 0.028 T 2 (4)
The average value is Z 150

U dT
15
hU i = = 564 W/ m2 . K
150 15
COMMENT:
In the literature, Eq. (1) is rearranged as
Z 720 Z 150
hU iA bP
(Ts T ) dt = M C dT (5)
0 15
from which hU i can be calculated. Equation (2), however, is not correct. Rearrangement of
Eq. (1) gives
Z 720 Z 150
b dT
A (Ts T ) dt = M CP (6)
0 15 U
Note that Z 150
dT 1
= h i(150 15) (7)
15 U U
and
1 1
h i 6= (8)
U hU i
Problem 7.21
a) Considering the sphere as a system, the inventory rate equation for thermal energy is written
as
Rate of energy out = Rate of energy generation
or,
T 4 A = 1000
(0.85)(5.67 108 )T 4 (0.1)2 = 1000
The solution is
T = 901.5 K
b) The radiation heat transfer coecient, hR , is given by Eq. (3.2-14)
(T14 T24 )
hR = = T 3 = (5.67 108 )(0.85)(901.5)3 = 35.3 W/ m2 . K
T1 T2
The Biot number is
(35.3)(0.1/2)
BiH = = 0.005
353
Therefore, lumped-parameter analysis is applicable. Considering the copper sphere as a system,
the inventory rate equation for thermal energy is written as
Rate of energy out = Rate of energy accumulation
24
or,
d h bP (T Tref )
i
T 4 A =
V C (1)
dt
Rearrangement of Eq. (1) and noting that V /A = DP /6 yields
Z t bP Z Tf dT
DP C
dt = 4
(2)
0 6 Ti T
Integration gives
bP
DP C 1 1 (0.1)(8924)(387) 1 1
t= 3
3 = = 1300 s (21.7 min)
18 T Ti 18(0.85)(5.67 108 ) 6003 901.53
Problem 7.22
a) Considering the thermocouple as a system
Rate of energy in = Rate of energy accumulation (1)
or,
2 d D3 b
hhiD (T T ) = CP (T Tref ) (2)
dt 6
where T is the temperature of the medium surrounding the thermocouple. Rearrangement of
Eq. (2) gives
Z t Z T
6hhi dT
dt = (3)
DC bP 0 To T T
Integration yields

bP bP
1 DC T To 1 DC 1
t= ln = ln

(4)
6 hhi T T 6 hhi T To
1
T To
The response time, ts , is the time when
T To = 0.63 (T To ) (5)
The use of Eq. (5) in Eq. (4) yields
bP bP
1 DC 1 1 DC
ts = ln = (6)
6 hhi 1 0.63 6 hhi
| {z }
1
b) Substitution of numerical values into Eq. (6) yields
(1 102 )(1900)(1050)
ts = = 14.5 s
6(230)
25
Problem 7.23
a) The Biot number is
hhiL (80)(2 102 )
BiH = = = 0.004 (1)
k 401
Thus, the lumped-parameter analysis is applicable. Considering the copper slab as a system,
Rate of energy in Rate of energy out = Rate of energy accumulation (2)
Equation (2) is expressed in the form

d h bP (T 25)
i
5000 A hhiA(T 25) = ALC (3)
dt
or,
5000 hhi(T 25) = LCbP dT (4)
dt
Z T Z
Lk T dT
dt =
0 25 5000 hhi(T 25)

Lk 5000 (2 102 )(401) 5000
t= ln = ln = 1091 s
hhi 5000 hhi(T 25) (117 106 )(80) 5000 (80)(70 25)
b) The steady-state temperature is

5000
5000 hhi(T 25) = 0 T = + 25 = 87.5 C
80
Problem 7.24
Inventory rate equation for mass becomes

dnsys
n in = (1)
dt
Since n in is constant, X, integration of Eq. (1) gives
nsys = no + Xt (2)
On the other hand, inventory rate equation for energy gives

e e
e in n in = d(nU )sys = nsys dUsys + U
H esys dnsys (3)
dt dt dt
esys
dU eV dTsys
=C (4)
dt dt
26
yields
(H esys )X = (no + Xt) dTsys
e in U (5)
dt
e + P V = U
=U
Since H e + RT, the left-side of Eq. (5) can be rearranged to the form
H esys = (U
e in U ein U
sys ) + RTin = C eV (Tin Tsys ) + RTin
eV + R)Tin C
= (C eV Tsys = CeP Tin C
eV Tsys = CeV ( Tin Tsys ) (6)
where = CP /CV . Substitution of Eq. (6) into Eq. (5) yields
dTsys
( Tin Tsys )X = (no + Xt) (7)
dt
Note that Eq. (7) is a separable equation. Dropping the subscript sys and rearrangement
gives Z t Z T
dt dT
X = (8)
0 no + Xt To Tin T
Integration yields
no + Xt Tin T
ln = ln (9)
no Tin To
Solving for temperature, T :

no + Xt 1
T = Tin ( Tin To ) (10)
no
The dependence of pressure on time can be calculated from the ideal gas law as
" #
nRT (no + Xt)R no + Xt 1
P= = Tin ( Tin To )
V V no
(no + Xt)R Tin no R
= ( Tin To ) (11)
V V

XR Tin
P = Po + t (12)
V
The plot of P versus t gives a straight line with a slope 0.114 bar/ min . Hence,
XR Tin
= 0.114 (13)
V
The numerical values are:
R = 8.314 105 bar. m3 / mol. K
= 1.4
Tin = 120 + 273 = 393 K
V = 0.1 m3
From Eq. (13) the molar flow rate is
0.114V (0.114)(0.1)
n in = X = = = 0.25 mol/ min
R Tin (8.314 105 )(1.4)(393)
The mass flow rate is
m
in = (0.25)(29) = 7.25 g/ min
27
Problem 7.25
Since n in = n out = n,
the inventory rate equation for mass reduces to
dnsys
=0 nsys = constant = no (1)
dt
where
(2)(0.2)
no = = 15.6 mol
(8.314 105 )(35 + 273)
On the other hand, inventory rate equation for energy takes the form
e
H e out n out = d(nU )sys
e in n in H (2)
dt
or,
e
n (H e out ) = no dUsys
e in H (3)
dt
e out = H
Assuming complete mixing within the tank at any instant, i.e., H e sys , and expressing
enthalpy and internal energy in terms of temperature give
n C eV dTsys
eP (Tin Tsys ) = no C (4)
dt
Note that Eq. (4) is a separable equation. Rearrangement of Eq. (4) results in
Z T Z t
dT n
= dt (5)
To Tin Tsys no 0
Integration gives

n
t
T = Tin (Tin To ) exp (6)
no
The numerical values are
Tin = 70 + 273 = 343 K

To = 35 + 273 = 308 K
n = 4/28 = 0.143 mol/ s
Substitution of the values into Eq. (6) gives the temperature as

(0.143)(1.4)(60)
T = 343 (343 308) exp = 326.8 K
15.6
The pressure is
nRT (15.6)(8.314 105 )(326.8)
P = = = 2.12 bar
V 0.2
28
Problem 7.26
System: Contents of the tank (V = 0.2 m3 )
The inventory rate equation for mass reduces to

dnsys
n in n out = (1)
dt
Substitution of the numerical values yields
dnsys
10 6 = (2)
dt
or,
nsys = no + 4 t (3)
where no , the initial number of moles of air within the tank, is
(2)(0.2)
no = = 15.6 mol
(8.314 105 )(35 + 273)
On the other hand, inventory rate equation for energy takes the form
e e
e out n out = d(nU )sys = nsys dUsys + U
e in n in H
H esys dnsys (4)
dt dt dt
e
10 H e out = (no + 4 t) dUsys + 4 U
e in 6 H esys (5)
dt
e out = H
Assuming complete mixing with within the tank at any instant, i.e., H e sys , and express-
ing enthalpy and internal energy in terms of temperature gives
ein + RTin ) 6 (U
esys + RTsys ) = (no + 4 t)C
eV dTsys esys
10 (U + 4U (6)
dt
Rearrangement of Eq. (6) results in
ein U
10 (U eV dTsys
esys ) + 10 RTin 6 RTsys = (no + 4 t)C
dt
or,
10 C eV dTsys
eV (Tin Tsys ) + 10 RTin 6 RTsys = (no + 4 t)C (7)
dt
Simplification yields (Note: C eV = ; R/C
eP /C eV = 1)
dTsys
10 Tin (4 + 6 ) Tsys = (no + 4 t) (8)
dt
Since Eq. (8) is a separable equation, rearrangement gives
Z t Z T
dt dTsys
= (9)
0 no + 4 t To 10 Tin (4 + 6 ) Tsys
Integration yields
(1+1.5)
no + 4t
T = X (X To ) (10)
no
29
where
10 Tin
X= (11)
4 + 6
Tin = 70 + 273 = 343 K

(10)(1.4)(343)
X= = 387.3
4 + (6)(1.4)
To = 35 + 273 = 308 K
Therefore, Eq. (10) takes the form
T = 387.3 79.3 (1 + 0.256 t)3.1 (12)
System: Contents of the tank (V = 0.8 m3 )
Inventory rate equation for mass becomes

dnsys
n in = (13)
dt
Since n in is constant, 6 mol/ min, integration of Eq. (13) gives
nsys = 6 t (14)
On the other hand, inventory rate equation for energy gives

e e
e in n in = d(nU )sys = nsys dUsys + U
H esys dnsys (15)
dt dt dt
esys
dU eV dTsys
=C
dt dt
yields
esys ) = t C
e in U eV dTsys
(H (16)
dt
e =U
Since H e + P V = U
e + RT, the left-side of Eq. (16) can be rearranged to the form
e in U
H esys = (U
ein U
esys ) + RTin = C eV (Tin Tsys ) + RTin
eV + R)Tin C
= (C eV Tsys = CeP Tin C
eV Tsys = CeV ( Tin Tsys ) (17)
eP /C
where = C eV . Substitution of Eq. (17) into Eq. (16) yields
dTsys
Tin Tsys = t (18)
dt
Note that the term Tin in Eq. (18) is given by Eq. (12). Therefore, Eq. (18) takes the following
form
dTsys 1 542.22 111.02 (1 + 0.256 t)3.1
+ Tsys = (19)
dt t t
30
Note that Eq. (19) is a linear equation with an integrating factor of = t. Multiplication of
Eq. (19) with an integrating factor gives
d(Tsys t)
= 542.22 111.02 (1 + 0.256 t)3.1 (20)
dt
Integration yields
111.02 (1 + 0.256 t)2.1
Tsys t = 542.22 t +K (21)
(0.256)(2.1)
where K is a constant of integration. At t = 0, K = 206.51. Therefore, the variation of air
temperature in the larger tank as a function of time is expressed as
206.51
Tsys = 542.22 1 (1 + 0.256 t)2.1 (22)
t
After 2 minutes, Tsys = 482.3 K. Hence, the pressure is
nRT (6 2)(8.314 105 )(482.3)

P = = = 0.6 bar
V 0.8
Problem 7.27
a) System: Fluid in the cylinder
The inventory rate equation for mass becomes
Rate of mass out = Rate of mass accumulation (1)
or,
d dVref
ref =
m (Vref ref ) = ref (2)
dt dt
Integration of Eq. (2) gives
m
ref
Vref = t + C1 (3)
ref
at t = 0 o
Vref = Vref (4)
o . Therefore, Eq. (3) becomes
gives C1 = Vref

o m
ref
Vref = Vref t (5)
ref
b) Assumption: At any instant, pump fluid temperature is uniform.

Macroscopic mass balance gives
d(V )
m
= (6)
dt
Expanding and V in a Taylor series in T about the reference temperature Tref gives

d
= |Tref + (T Tref ) = ref ref L (T Tref ) (7)
dT Tref
31

dV
V = V |Tref + (T Tref ) = Vref + Vref C (T Tref ) (8)
dT Tref
The product V then becomes
V = ref Vref + ref Vref C (T Tref ) ref Vref L (T Tref )

ref Vref L C (T Tref )2
| {z }
Ass: Terms involving a product of s
or of higher degrees are negligible
Therefore,
V = ref Vref + ref Vref ( C L )(T Tref ) (9)
c) Substitution of Eq. (9) into Eq. (6) gives
dVref dVref dT
m
= ref ref ( C L )(T Tref ) ref Vref ( C L ) (10)
dt dt dt
The use of Eqs. (2) and (5) in Eq. (10) yields

o m
ref dT
m
=m
ref ref ( C L )(T Tref ) ref Vref
+m t ( C L ) (11)
ref dt
The fractional error in mass flow rate is

m
m ref ref o m
ref dT
= ( C L )(T Tref ) Vref t ( C L )
m
ref m
ref ref dt
or,
o
Vref
m
m ref dT
= ( L C )(T Tref ) + t ( L C ) (12)
m
ref | {z } Ro dt
Steady-state contribution | {z }
Unsteady-state contribution
where
dVref
Ro = (13)
dt
d)
Equation (12) reduces to

m
m ref
= ( C L )(Tf Tref ) (14)
m
ref
m
m ref
100 = (4 105 1.1 103 )(5)(100) = 0.53%
m
ref
This much fractional error is important for high-precision pumps of 0.1% or better
stated reproducibility.
In this case, steady-state contribution is 0.53%. Unsteady-state contribution at t = 0

is
500
(1.1 103 4 105 )(1) 100 = 2.12%
25
As time progresses, unsteady-state contribution decreases. Also note that some error
compensation takes place between the steady-state and unsteady-state terms.
32
Tf = Tref + A cos t (15)
dTf
= A cos t (16)
dt
o
m m ref Vref
= ( L C )A sin t + t ( L C )A cos t (17)
m
ref Ro
Substitution of the values gives

m
m ref 500
= (1.1 103 4 105 ) sin t + t (1.1 103 4 105 ) 8 cos t
m
ref 25
m
m ref
= 1.06
| 103 sin t} + 26.64 103 (20 t) cos t
{z (18)
m
ref | {z }
X Y
t t X Y % Error [(A + B)100]

0 0 0 0.5328 53.28
/2 1/16 1.06 103 0 0.106
1/8 0 0.5295 52.95
3/2 3/16 1.06 103 0 0.106
2 1/4 0 0.5261 52.61
While the sine and cosine are out of phase by /2 rad, the term Y in Eq. (18) is usually the
important error contribution.
e) System: Fluid in the piston
The inventory rate equation for energy takes the form
Rate of energy out = Rate of energy accumulation
or,
d h bP (T Tref )
i
U A(T Tf ) =V C (19)
dt
where A is the surface area of the liquid pumped. Rearrangement of Eq. (19) gives
dT
(T Tf ) = (20)
dt
where
UA
= (21)
bP
V C
The variation of Tf as a function of time is given as
Tf = T + (Tref T ) e t (22)
33
d
+ = (Tref T )e t (23)
dt
where = T T . Note that Eq. (23) is a linear equation with an integrating factor =
exp(t). Multiplication of Eq. (23) with an integrating factor yields
d
(et ) = (Tref T )e( )t (24)
dt
Integration of Eq. (24) and the use of the initial condition, T = Tref at t = 0, results
T Tref
= (e t et ) + et 1 (25)
Tref T
o
Vref
f= (e t et ) + et 1 + t (e t et ) (26)
Ro
in which the term f is defined as

m
m ref 1
f = (27)
m
ref ( L C )(Tref T )
f ) To determine the time at which the fractional error function f achieves its maximum absolute
value, dierentiate Eq. (26) and equate the result to zero, i.e., df/dt = 0. The result is
ln(/ )
t= (28)

Problem 7.28
Designating spherical salt particle (species A) as a system, the conservation statement for
species A becomes

2 d D3
(D )hkc i(cAw cA )MA = SA (1)
dt 6
Taking cA 0, Eq. (1) becomes
Z t Z D
2hkc iAw dt = SA dD (2)
0 Do
Integration gives
2 hkc iAw t = SA (Do D) (3)
Note that 3
M D M 1/3
= D = Do (4)
Mo Do Mo
Substitution of Eq. (4) into Eq. (3) results in
" #
SA Do M 1/3
hkc i = 1 (5)
2 Aw t Mo
Substitution of the numerical values gives the average mass transfer coecient as
(2500)(0.05) h i
hkc i = 1 (0.95)1/3 = 8.2 106 m/ s
2(180)(12 60)
34
Problem 7.29
The governing equations are
dP1
m
in Qout P1 vs A2 P1 + A2 hkc ir P2 = V1 (1)
dt
dP2
vs A2 P1 A2 hkc ir P2 A2 hkc ib P2 = V2 (2)
dt
From Eq. (1)
V1 dP1 Qout + vs A2 m in
P2 = + P1 (3)
A2 hkc ir dt A2 hkc ir A2 hkc ir

d2 P1 Qout + vs A2 A2 hkc ir dP1
+ +
dt2 V1 V2 dt

(Qout + vs A2 ) vs A2 in A2 hkc ir
m
+ P1 = (4)
V2 V2 V1 V2
where
hkc ib
=1+ (5)
hkc ir
Substitution of numerical values gives
d2 P1 dP1
2
+ 5.392 + 0.429P1 = 9.811 (6)
dt dt
One of the initial conditions is
at t = 0 P1 = 60
The second initial condition can be found from Eq. (1). Substitution of the numerical values
gives
dP1
at t = 0 = 861.9
dt
The solution is
P1 = 22.9 165.4 e 5.311 t + 202.5 e 0.081 t
35
CHAPTER 9
Problem 9.1
Note that for an incompressible fluid, i.e., = constant, integration of of the equation given in
the problem statement gives
|P | = gz (1)
a) Note that
1 mmHg = 1.3332 103 g/ cm. s2
The pressures are
(1.05)(980)(25)
Pneck = Paorta gz = 120 = 100.7 mmHg
1.3332 103
(1.05)(980)(90)
Pleg = Paorta + gz = 120 + = 189.5 mmHg
1.3332 103
b) The pressure at the bottom of the ocean is
P = (1025)(9.8)(11 103 ) = 110.5 106 Pa (1090 atm)
c) The equation representing the variation of hydrostatic pressure is
dP
= g (2)
dz
in which z is measured in the direction opposite to gravity with z = 0 at sea level.
In this case since air is compressible, i.e., = (T, P ), Eq. (2) cannot be integrated directly.
Therefore, it is first necessary to express density as a function of temperature and pressure.
Assuming air to be an ideal gas
PM PM
= = (3)
RT R (To z)
where M is the molecular weight of air. Substitution of Eq. (3) into Eq. (2) and rearrangement
gives Z P Z
dP Mg z dz
= (4)
Po P R 0 To z
Integration results in

z Mg/R
P = Po 1 (5)
To
Po = 1 atm To = 15 + 273 = 288 K = 6.5 C/ km M = 29 103 kg/ mol
R = 8.314 J/ mol. K (Remember that J = kg. m2 / s2 )

Substitution of these values into Eq. (5) gives
3 3
6.5 z (2910 )(9.8)/[(6.510 )(8.314)]
P = 1 = (1 22.57 103 z)5.259 (6)
288
1
Note that z is measured in kilometers. For z = 8.9 km, P = 0.31 atm. Therefore, the atmo-
spheric pressure at the summit of Mount Everest is about a third that at sea level.
The amount of oxygen usable for breathing is determined by atmospheric pressure. The
greater the atmospheric pressure, the closer the oxygen molecules. At high altitudes, air
molecules are further separated as a result of the decrease in atmospheric pressure. There-
fore, there is less oxygen that is able to enter the lungs.
Problem 9.2
For flow between parallel plates, the velocity distribution, Eq. (9.1-23), and the volumetric
flow rate, Eq. (9.1-26), are given by

(Po PL )B 2 x x 2
vz = (1)
2 L B B
(Po PL )W B 3
Q= (2)
12 L
Note that
x = r R (3)
B = R(1 ) (4)
W = R(1 + ) (5)
Substitution of Eqs. (3) and (4) into Eq. (1) gives the approximate velocity distribution for
the axial annular flow as
2
approx (Po PL )R2 r 1 r
vz = 2(1 ) (6)
4L R 1 R
On the other hand, substitution of Eqs. (4) and (5) into Eq. (2) gives the approximate
volumetric flow rate for the axial annular flow as

(Po PL )R4 2(1 2 )(1 )2
Qapprox = (7)
8L 3
The exact expressions for the velocity distribution and volumetric flow rate are
r 2 1 2 r
exact (Po PL )R2
vz = 1 ln (8)
4L R ln R

(Po PL )R4 (1 2 )2
Qexact = 1 4 + (9)
8L ln
Therefore,
vzapprox 2(1 )( )
= (10)
vzexact 1 2 (1 2 )(ln / ln )
and
Qapprox 2 (1 )2
=
Qexact 3 1 + 2 + [(1 2 )/ ln ]
where = r/R. Comparison of the approximate values with the exact ones are given in the
tables below:
2
vzapprox /vzexact Qapprox

= 0.6 = 0.7 = 0.8 = 0.9 Q
exact
0.60 1.000 0.60 0.996
0.65 0.926 0.65 0.997
0.70 0.950 1.000 0.70 0.998
0.75 0.973 0.956 0.75 0.999
0.80 0.995 0.977 1.000 0.80 0.999
0.85 1.015 0.997 0.980 0.85 1.000
0.90 1.035 1.017 0.999 1.000 0.90 1.000
0.95 1.053 1.035 1.017 1.000 0.95 1.000
Problem 9.3
a) The conservation of momentum for the oil phase gives
d2 vz g cos
2
= (1)
dx

dvz g cos
= x + C1 (2)
dx
The use of the boundary condition
dvz
at x = 0 =0 (3)
dx
indicates that C1 = 0. Integration of Eq. (2) once more leads to
g cos 2
vz = x + C2 (4)
2
The boundary condition on the belt surface is
at x = vz = V (5)
Therefore, the velocity distribution becomes

x 2
g 2 cos
vz = 1 V (6)
2
The volumetric flow rate is Z Z

W
Q= vz dxdy (7)
0 0
W g 3 cos
Q= WV (8)
3
3
b) When Q = 0, we get from Eq. (8) that
g 2 cos
V = (9)
3
Therefore,
g 2 cos
>V Q>0 Downward flow
3
g 2 cos
<V Q<0 Upward flow
3
Problem 9.4
The average velocity is
Z 2 Z R
vz r drd Z R
0 0 2
hvz i = Z 2 Z R
= 2 vz r dr (1)
R 0
r drd
0 0
Substitution of the given velocity profile into Eq. (1) gives

Z R
hvz i 2 r 1/n
= 2 1 r dr (2)
vmax R 0 R
The use of the substitution u = 1 (r/R) reduces Eq. (2) to
Z 1
hvz i 2 n2
=2 (1 u)u1/n du =
vmax 0 (n + 1)(2n + 1)
Problem 9.5
The velocity distribution is given in Example 1.3 as

R |P | r R
v = 1 + 1 (1)
2 E ( ) sin R r
where
1 + cos
E ( ) = ln (2)
1 cos
a) When v is a maximum
v 1 R
=0 + 2 =0 (3)
r R r
Solving for r gives

r= R (4)
b) From Table C.3 in Appendix C
v
r = r (5)
r r
4
Substitution of Eq. (1) into Eq. (5) leads to

R |P | 1 1 2R
r = + 2 (6)
2 E ( ) sin r r r
When r = 0
2 R
r= (7)
1+
Problem 9.6
In rectangular coordinates, the governing equation for temperature is
2
T 2T 2T
k + + +<=0 (1)
x2 y2 z 2
Substitution of the given temperature distribution into Eq. (1) gives

< = 380 ex sin 3z 82 8 y2 (2)
Problem 9.7
a) For a rectangular dierential volume element of thickness z, the conservation of energy is
expressed in the form
qz |z A qz |z+z A + A z < = 0 (1)
Dividing Eq. (1) by Az and letting z 0 gives
qz )|z qz )|z+z
lim +<=0 (2)
z0 z
or,
qz
+<=0 (3)
z
Substitution of
dT
qz = k (4)
dz
into Eq. (3) leads to
d2 T
k +<=0 (5)
dz 2
with the following boundary conditions
dT
at z = 0 k = hhA i(TA T ) (6)
dz
dT
at z = L k = hhB i(T TB ) (7)
dz
b) In terms of the dimensionless quantities, Eqs. (5)-(7) become
d2
+=0 (9)
d 2
5
d
at = 0 = (BiH )A (1 ) (10)
d
d
at = 1 = (BiH )B (11)
d
c) Solution of Eq. (9) gives

2
= + C1 + C2 (12)
2
Evaluation of the constants with the help of Eqs. (10) and (11) leads to
( )
[1 + 0.5 (BiH )B ] (BiH )B
= 2 +
2 1 + (BiH )B + [(BiH )B /(BiH )A ]
1 + (BiH )B + [/(BiH )A ] [1 + 0.5 (BiH )B ]
+ (13)
1 + (BiH )B + [(BiH )B /(BiH )A ]
d) The location of the maximum temperature, , is the point at which d/d = 0. Thus
1 + (BiH )B [0.5 (1/)]

= (14)
1 + (BiH )B + [(BiH )B /(BiH )A ]
e) When (BiH )A = (BiH )B = BiH , Eq. (13) reduces to

BiH 1 + BiH
= 2 + + + (15)
2 2 BiH +2 2 BiH 2 + BiH
Problem 9.8
The governing equation for temperature is given by Eq. (9.2-26), i.e.,

k d dT
r =< (1)
r dr dr
Substitution of the given temperature distribution into Eq. (1) gives
< = 120 103 k = (120 103 )(5) = 6 105 W/ m3
Problem 9.9
The location of the maximum temperature can be calculated from Eq. (9.2-33):
( )1/2
r 0.5 1 (R1 /R2 )2
= (1)
R2 T =Tmax ln(R2 /R1 )

( )1/2
r 0.5 1 (60/80)2
= = 0.872
R2 T =Tmax ln(80/60)
6
The use of Eq. (9.2-32) gives the value of the maximum temperature as
( " 2 # )
< R22 rmax 2 R1 ln(rmax /R2 )
Tmax = T2 + 1 1 (2)
4k R2 R2 ln(R1 /R2 )
or, ( " 2 # )
(106 )(0.8)2 60 ln(0.872)
Tmax = 55 + 1 (0.872)2 1 = 389.6 C
4(15) 80 ln(60/80)
Problem 9.10
a) The governing equation for temperature is given by Eq. (9.2-26), i.e.,

k d dT
r =< (1)
r dr dr
subject to the following boundary conditions

dT
at r = 0 =0 (2)
dr
dT
at r = R k = hhi(T T ) (3)
dr
dT < 2
=
r r + C1 (4)
dr 2k
Application of the boundary condition defined by Eq. (2) gives C1 = 0 and Eq. (4) simplifies
to
dT <
= r (5)
dr 2k
Integration of Eq. (5) once more yields
< 2
T = r + C2 (6)
4k
Application of the boundary condition defined by Eq. (3) gives
<R < R2
C2 = + + T (7)
2 hhi 4k

r 2 < R
< R2
T = 1 + + T (8)
4k R 2 hhi
b) Note that
at r = R T = Ts (9)
Thus, from Eq. (8)
<R
Ts = + T (10)
2 hhi
7
c) The rate of heat loss from the rod is given by

dT
Q = k 2RL = R2 L< (11)
dr r=R
d) Considering the rod as a system, the conservation of energy is
Rate of energy out = Rate of energy generation (12)
or,
2RLhhi(Ts T ) = R2 L< (13)
Solving for Ts gives
<R
Ts = + T
2 hhi
From Eq. (12), the rate of heat loss is equal to rate of heat generation. Thus
Q = R2 L<
Problem 9.11
a) The governing equations for temperature in Regions A and B are given by

kA d dTA
r +<=0 (1)
r dr dr

d dTB
r =0 (2)
dr dr
dTA
at r = 0 =0 (3)
dr
at r = RA TA = TB (4)
dTA dTB
at r = RA kA = kB (5)
dr dr
dTB
at r = RB kB = hhi(TB T ) (6)
dr
The solutions of Eqs. (1) and (2) are
< 2
TA = r + C1 ln r + C2 (7)
4 kA
TB = C3 ln r + C4 (8)
Application of the boundary conditions gives
C1 = 0 (9)
< RA 2 2
< RA < RA2
RB
C2 = + ln + + T (10)
4 kA 2 kB RA 2 hhiRB
< RA2
C3 = (11)
2 kB
< RA 2 < RA2
C4 = ln RB + + T (12)
2 kB 2 hhiRB
8
Therefore, the temperature distributions take the form
2
" # < R2
< RA r 2 A 1 1 RB
TA = 1 + + ln + T (13)
4 kA RA 2 hhiRB kB RA
2
< RA 2
< RA
r
TB = ln + + T (14)
2 kB RB 2 hhiRB
b) Note that
at r = RB TB = Ts (15)
at r = RA TA = TB = TAB (16)
Thus, from Eq. (14)
2
< RA
Ts = + T (17)
2 hhiRB
Either from Eq. (13) or (14)
2
< RA 2
< RA
RA
TAB = ln + + T (18)
2 kB RB 2 hhiRB
c) The rate of heat loss is given by

!
dT B
Q = kB 2
2RB L = RA L< (19)
dr r=RB
d) Considering Regions A and B as a system, the conservation of energy is

or,
2
2RB Lhhi(Ts T ) = RA L< (21)
Solving for Ts gives
2
< RA
Ts = + T
2 hhiRB
Q = RA
2
L<
Note that the electrical resistance analogy holds in Region B, i.e.,
Therefore, one can write

TAB T 2
= RA L<
ln(RB /RA ) 1
+
2LkB 2RB Lhhi
9
Solving for TAB gives
2
< RA 2
< RA
RB
TAB = ln + + T
2 kB RA 2 hhiRB
Problem 9.12
a) The governing equations for temperature in Regions A and B are given by

d dTA
r =0 (1)
dr dr

kB d dTB
r +<=0 (2)
r dr dr
dTA
at r = 0 =0 (3)
dr
dTA dTB
dr dr
dTB
at r = RB kB = hhi(TB T ) (6)
dr
TA = C1 ln r + C2 (7)
< 2
TB = r + C3 ln r + C4 (8)
4 kB
C1 = 0 (9)
2
" # " #
< RB RA 2 RA 2 RA < RB RA 2
C2 = 1 +2 ln + 1 + T (10)
4 kB RB RB RB 2 hhi RB
2
< RA
C3 = (11)
2 kB
2
< RA 2
< RB 2
< RA
< RB
C4 = + ln RB + T (12)
2 hhi 2 hhiRB 4 kB 2 kB
Therefore, the temperature distributions take the form

" # " #
2
< RB RA 2 RA 2 RA < RB RA 2
TA = 1 +2 ln + 1 + T (13)
" # " #
2
< RB r 2 RA 2 r < RB RA 2
TB = 1 +2 ln + 1 + T (14)
10
b) Note that
at r = RB TB = Ts (15)
at r = RA TA = TB = TAB (16)
Thus, from Eq. (14) " #

< RB RA 2
Ts = 1 + T (17)
2 hhi RB
!
dTB 2
Q = kB 2RB L = RB 2
RA L< (18)

dr r=RB
d) Considering Regions A and B as a system, the conservation of energy is
or, 2
2
2RB Lhhi(Ts T ) = RB RA L< (20)
Solving for Ts gives " #
< RB RA 2
Ts = 1 + T
2 hhi RB
2
Q = RB RA2
L<
Problem 9.13
a) The governing equation for Region A is

d dTA
r =0 (1)
dr dr

dTA
r = C10 (2)
dr
dTA
at r = 0 =0 (3)
dr
gives C10 = 0 and Eq. (2) simplifies to
dTA
=0 TA = C1 (4)
dr
The governing equation for Region B is

d dTB
r =0 (5)
dr dr
11
dTB
r = C20 (6)
dr
dTA dTB
dr dr
dTB
=0 TB = C2 (8)
dr
indicates that
C1 = C2 TA = TB when 0 r RB (10)
The governing equation for Region C is

d dTC
r =0 (11)
dr dr

dTC
r = C30 (12)
dr
dTB dTC
at r = RB kB = kC (13)
dr dr
dTC
=0 TC = C3 (14)
dr
at r = RB TB = TC (15)
indicates that
C1 = C2 = C3 TA = TB = TC when 0 r RC (16)
The governing equation for Region D is

kD d dTD
r +<=0 (17)
r dr dr

< 2
TD = r + C4 ln r + C5 (18)
4 kD
12
The boundary conditions are
at r = RC TC = TD (19)
dTC dTD
at r = RC kC = kD (20)
dr dr
dTD
at r = RD kD = hhi(TD T ) (21)
dr
Application of Eq. (20) gives
2
< RC
C4 = (22)
2 kD
Application of Eq. (21) leads to
<RC2 2 2
<RD <RD <RC
C5 = + ln RD + T (23)
2 hhi 2 RD hhi 4 kD 2 kD
" # " #
< RD2
r 2 RC 2 r < RD RC 2
TD = 1 +2 ln + 1 + T (24)
4 kD RD RD RD 2 hhi RD
The use of Eq. (25) together with Eq. (16) leads to

" # " #
< RD2
RC 2 RC 2 RC < RD RC 2
TA = TB = TC = 1 +2 ln + 1 + T
4 kD RD RD RD 2 hhi RD
(25)
b) Note that
at r = RD TD = Ts (26)
Thus, from Eq. (24)
" #
< RD RC 2
Ts = 1 + T (27)
2 hhi RD

!
dTD 2
Q = kD 2RD L = RD 2
RC L< (28)
dr r=RD
d) Considering Regions A, B, C and D as a system, the conservation of energy is

or, 2
2
2RD Lhhi(Ts T ) = RD RC L< (30)
Solving for Ts gives " #
< RD RC 2
Ts = 1 + T
2 hhi RD
2
Q = RD RC2
L<
13
Problem 9.14
a) The governing equation for temperature is given by Eq. (9.2-26), i.e.,

k d dT
r =< (1)
r dr dr
The rate of generation per unit volume is given by
< = <o (1 + a T ) (2)

d dT <o
r + (1 + a T )r = 0 (3)
dr dr k
b)
dT 1 du
u = 1 + aT = (4)
dr a dr

d du <o a
r + ru = 0 (5)
dr dr k
or,
d du
r + r u = 0 (6)
dr dr
where
<o a
= (7)
k
c) Comparison of Eq. (7) with Eq. (B.2-16) indicates that
p=1 a= b=0 k=0
Since b = 0, Eq. (6) is reducible to Bessels equation. From Eqs. (B.2-17)-(B.2-19)
=1 =0 n=0
Therefore, the solution is p p
u = C1 Jo r + C2 Yo r (8)
Since Yo (0) = , C2 = 0 and the solution reduces to
p
u = C1 Jo r (9)
or,
C1 p 1
T = Jo r (10)
a a
at r = R T = TR (11)
gives the solution as
T + (1/a) Jo r
= (12)
TR + (1/a) Jo R

d) When R = 2.4048, Jo (2.4048) = 0 and T .
14
Problem 9.15
a) The governing equations for temperature in the stem and air regions are given by

k d dT
r +<=0 (1)
r dr dr

d dTa
r =0 (2)
dr dr
dT
at r = 0 =0 (3)
dr
at r = R T = Ta (4)
dT dTa
at r = R k = ka (5)
dr dr
at r = R + Ta = T (6)
< 2
T = r + C1 ln r + C2 (7)
4k
Ta = C3 ln r + C4 (8)
C1 = 0 (9)

< R2 < R2
C2 = + ln 1 + + T (10)
4k 2 ka R
< R2
C3 = (11)
2 ka
< R2
C4 = ln(R + ) + T (12)
2 ka
Therefore, the temperature distribution within the stem becomes
r 2 < R2
< R2
T T = 1 + ln 1 + (13)
4k R 2 ka R
b) The temperature in excess of the ambient air at the center of the stem is

< R2 < R2
T |r=0 T = + ln 1 +
4k 2 ka R
3 2 2

(50 10 )(1 10 ) (50 103 )(1 102 )2 0.1
= + ln 1 + = 11.36 K
4(0.6) 2(0.0257) 1
The temperature in excess of the ambient air at the surface of the stem is

< R2 (50 103 )(1 102 )2 0.1
T |r=R T = ln 1 + = ln 1 + = 9.27 K
2 ka R 2(0.0257) 1
15
Problem 9.16
Remember from Problem 9.4 that the velocity profile is almost flat in the case of a turbulent
flow.
a) The inventory rate equation for energy is
m bP ( Tb | Tref ) m
C bP ( Tb |
C
z z+z Tref ) + Dzh(Tw Tb ) = 0 (1)
Dividing Eq. (1) by z and taking the limit as z 0 yield
Tb |z Tb |z+z
m bP lim
C + Dh(Tw Tb ) = 0 (2)
z0 z
or,
m bP dTb = D h (Tw Tb )
C (3)
dz
Note that the term h is the local and not the average heat transfer coecient.
b) Rearrangement of Eq. (3) gives
Z Tbout Z L
bP dTb
m
C = D h dz (4)
Tbin Tw Tb 0
or,
bP ln Tw Tbin
m
C = DhhiL (5)
Tw Tbout
c) The average bulk temperature is (15 + 35)/2 = 25 C (298 K). The physical properties of
water at this temperature are:
= 997 kg/ m3 bP = 4180 J/ kg. K k = 0.61 W/ m. K

= 892 106 kg/ m. s C Pr = 6.11
On the other hand, the viscosity of water at 112 C is 248 106 kg/ m. s.
Dhvz i 4m 4 (0.3)
Re = = = = 18, 618
D (892 106 )(23 103 )
The use of the Whitaker correlation gives
Nu = 0.015 Re0.83 Pr0.42 (/w )0.14

6 0.14
0.83 0.42 892 10
= 0.015(18, 618) (6.11) = 134
248 106

k 0.61
hhi = Nu = 134 = 3554 W/ m2 . K
D 0.023
Substitution of the numerical values into Eq. (5) gives the length of the heat exchanger as

(0.3)(4180) 112 15
L= ln = 1.13 m
(0.023)(3554) 112 35
16
Problem 9.17
a) The assumptions are
1. Changes in the kinetic and potential energies are negligible.
2. There is no heat loss to the surroundings.
3. Physical properties are independent of temperature.
Considering the double-pipe heat exchanger as the system, the macroscopic energy balance
reduces to
H = HA + HB = 0 (1)
or,
(m bP )A (TA TA ) + (m
C bP )B (TB TB ) = 0
C (2)
2 1 1 2
Therefore, the total rate of heat transferred is
Q = (m bP )A (TA TA ) = (m
C bP )B (TB TB )
C (3)
2 1 2 1
b) For fluid A:
(m bP )A ( TA | Tref ) + D1 zUA (TB TA ) (m

C bP )A ( TA |
C
z z+z Tref ) = 0 (4)
Dividing Eq. (4) by z and taking the limit as z 0 gives
TA |z TA |z+z
(m bP )A lim
C + D1 UA (TB TA ) = 0 (5)
z0 z
or,
(m bP )A dTA = D1 UA (TB TA )
C (6)
dz
For fluid B:
(m bP )B ( TB |
C bP )B ( TB | Tref ) = 0
z+z Tref ) D1 zUA (TB TA ) (m
C z (7)
TB |z+z TB |z
(m bP )B lim
C D1 UA (TB TA ) = 0 (8)
z0 z
or,
(m bP )B dTB = D1 UA (TB TA )
C (9)
dz
c) Subtraction of Eq. (6) from Eq. (9) yields
" #
d(TB TA ) 1 1
= D1 UA (TB TA ) (10)
dz (m bP )B
C (m bP )A
C
d) From Eq. (3)

1 TB2 TB1
= (11)
(m b
CP )B Q
1 TA2 TA1
= (12)
(m bP )A
C Q
17

d(TB TA ) (TB2 TA2 ) (TB1 TA1 )
= D1 UA (TB TA ) (13)
dz Q
e) Rearrangement of Eq. (13) gives

Z TB2 TA2 Z L
d(TB TA ) (TB2 TA2 ) (TB1 TA1 )
= D1 UA dz (14)
TB1 TA1 TB TA Q 0
Note that UA is assumed constant along the length of the heat exchanger. Integrating Eq. (14)
and rearrangement gives

(TB2 TA2 ) (TB1 TA1 )
Q = (D1 L)UA (15)
| {z } TB2 TA2
AH ln
TB1 TA1
| {z }
TLM
f ) Neglecting the thermal resistance of the wall and assuming R1 R2 , the expression for the
overall heat transfer coecient becomes
1 1
1 1 1 1
UA = + = + = 840 W/ m2 . K
hhA i hhB i 3554 1100
The rate of heat transferred is
Q = (m bP )A (TA TA ) = (0.3)(4180)(35 15) = 25, 080 W

C 2 1
The log-mean temperature dierence is
(130 35) (80 15)

TLM = = 79
130 35
ln
80 15
Therefore, the length of the heat exchanger is
Q 25, 080
L= = = 5.2 m
D1 UA TLM (0.023)(840)(79)
Problem 9.18
Assumptions
1. Negligible variation in physical properties in the temperature range considered.
2. Turbulent flow inside the tube.
3. No heat loss from the heat exchanger.
4. Negligible conductive thermal resistance in the tube wall.
18
The rate of heat transferred from oil to water can be calculated by using three dierent equa-
tions, i.e.,
Q = (m CbP )oil |Toil | = (m bP )water |Twater | = Uo Ao TLM
C (1)
where Uo is the overall heat transfer coecient based on the outside diameter of the pipe.
(60 35) (40 15) 0

TLM = =
60 35 0
ln
40 15
When the temperature approaches are equal to each other, TLM = T = 25 C. Hence,
Eq. (1) becomes
(m bP )oil (60 40) = (m

C bP )water (35 15) = Uo Ao (25)
C (2)
or,
(m bP )oil = (m
C bP )water = 1.25Uo Ao
C (3)
The overall heat transfer coecient based on the outside diameter can be calculated from Eq.
(8.2-43) as
1 1
Do 1 25 1
Uo = + = + = 383 W/ m2 . K (4)
hhoil iDi hhwater i (600)(22) 1400
Substitution of the value of Uo into Eq. (3) gives
(m bP )oil = (m
C bP )water = 479 Ao
C (5)
When the oil flow rate is increased by 40%, the new values of the flow rates become
(m bP )oil = (1.4)(479 Ao ) = 671Ao

C (6)
(m bP )water = 479 Ao
C (7)
The Whitaker correlation, Eq. (4.5-28), is
Nu = 0.015 Re0.83 Pr0.42 (/w )0.14
The new value of hhoil i under the new set of conditions can be calculated from the relation
0.83
hhoil i1 m
1
= (8)
hhoil i2 m
2
or,
hhoil i2 = (600)(1.4)0.83 = 793 W/ m2 . K (9)
Therefore, the new value of Uo is
1
Do 1 25 1 1
Uo = + = + = 466 W/ m2 . K (10)
hhoil iDi hhwater i (793)(22) 1400
The total energy balance around the heat exchanger gives
(m bP )oil (60 Toil ) = (m

C bP )water (Twater 15)
C (11)
19
Twater = 99 1.4Toil (12)

(60 Twater ) (Toil 15)
TLM = (13)
60 Twater
ln
Toil 15
The use of Eq. (12) in Eq. (13) gives
0.4 Toil 24
TLM = (14)
1.4 Toil 39
ln
Toil 15
The rate of heat transferred to oil is
Q = (m bP )oil |Toil | = Uo Ao TLM

C (15)
Substitution of the values from Eqs. (6), (10) and (14) into Eq. (15) gives
0.4 Toil 24
1.44 (60 Toil ) = (16)
1.4 Toil 39
ln
Toil 15
The solution gives Toil = 43 C. Therefore
Twater = 99 (1.4)(43) = 39 C
Problem 9.19
Physical Properties

= 453 106 kg/ m. s
k = 656 103 W/ m. K
For water at (82 + 42)/2 = 62 C : b = 4186 J/ kg. K

C
P
Pr = 2.88

= 15.08 106 kg/ m. s
For air at 20 C : k = 25.63 103 W/ m. K

Pr = 0.712
Analysis
a) Since the pipe wall has a negligible thickness, either Eq. (8.2-42) or Eq. (8.2-43) reduces to

1 1 1
U= + (1)
hw ha
Considering water in the pipe as a system, the inventory rate equation for energy becomes
Rate of energy in = Rate of energy out (2)
20
or,
m bP (Tb Tref ) = m
C bP (Tb Tref ) + DLU TLM
C (3)
in out
where TLM is given by

T Tbout
TLM = bin (4)
Tbin T
ln
Tbout T
Substitution of Eq. (4) into Eq. (3) and simplification lead to
bP
m
C Tbin T
L= ln (5)
DU Tbout T
b) For the water side:
4m
4(0.4)
Re = = = 11, 243
D (0.1)(453 106 )
The use of the Dittus-Boelter correlation gives
Nu = 0.023 Re4/5 Pr0.3 = 0.023(11, 243)4/5 (2.88)0.3 = 55
The water-side heat transfer coecient is

(55)(656 103 )
hw = = 360.8 W/ m2 . K
0.1
For the air side:
Dv (0.1)(25)
ReD = = = 165, 782
15.08 106
The use of the Zhukauskas correlation yields

Pr 1/4
Nu = 0.023 Re0.6
D Pr
0.37
= 0.023(165, 782)0.6 (0.712)0.37 = 310.5
Prw
| {z }
1
The air-side heat transfer coecient is

(310.5)(25.63 103 )
ha = = 79.6 W/ m2 . K
0.1
Thus, from Eq. (1)
1
1 1
U= + = 65.2 W/ m2 . K
360.8 79.6
c) Substitution of the numerical values into Eq. (5) gives the length of the pipe as

(0.4)(4186) 82 20
L= ln = 84.7 m
(0.1)(65.2) 42 20
21
Problem 9.20
The governing equation for temperature is given by Eq. (9.3-79) as
d2 T V 2
k + =0 (1)
dx2 B2
at x = 0 T = To (2)
at x = B T = To (3)
In terms of the following dimensionless quantities
T x V 2
= = Br = (4)
To B kTo
Eqs. (1)-(3) take the form
d2
= Br (5)
d 2
at = 0 =1 (6)
at = 1 =1 (7)
Thus, the temperature distribution is given by

Br 2 Br
= + +1 (8)
2 2
The maximum temperature takes place at a distance where
d 1
=0 = (9)
d 2

Br 1 2 Br 1 Br
max = + +1= +1 (10)
2 2 2 2 8
or,
Tmax 1 V 2 V 2
= +1 Tmax To = (11)
To 8 kTo 8k
Problem 9.21
The governing equation for temperature is given by Eq. (9.3-79) as
d2 T V 2
k + =0 (1)
dx2 B2
at x = 0 T = To (2)
dT
at x = B =0 (3)
dx
22
T x V 2
= = Br = (4)
To B kTo
d2
= Br (5)
d 2
at = 0 =1 (6)
d
at = 1 =0 (7)
d
Thus, the temperature distribution is given by

2
1 = Br (8)
2
or,

V 2 x 1 x 2
T To = (9)
k B 2 B
Problem 9.22
a) From Eq. (9.1-23) the velocity distribution is

(Po PL )B 2 x x 2
vz = (1)
2 L B B
Since T = T (x), the inventory rate equation for energy becomes
d2 T
k = < (2)
dx2
where 2
dvz
<= (3)
dx
2 x x 2
Po PL B2
<= 14 +4 (4)
L 4 B B

2 x x 2
d2 T Po PL B2
= 14 +4 (5)
dx2 L 4k B B
Integration of Eq. (5) twice leads to

2 x 3 x 4
Po PL B 4 3 x 2
T = 2 + + C1 x + C2 (6)
L 12 k 2 B B B
23
Application of the boundary conditions
at x = 0 T = To
at x = B T = To
yields the temperature distribution as

2 x 3 x 4
Po PL B 4 1 x 3 x 2
T To = +2 (7)
L 12 k 2 B 2 B B B
b) In order to calculate the Nusselt number, first it is necessary to determine the bulk temper-
ature Z Z Z
W B 1
vz T dxdy vz T d
0 0 0
Tb = Z W Z B
= Z 1
(8)
vz dxdy vz d
0 0 0
where
x
= (9)
B
Substitution of Eqs. (1) and (7) into (8) gives
Z 1
2
1 3 2 3 4
2 + 2 d
Po PL B4 0 2 2
Tb = To + Z 1
L 12 k
2 d
0
2
Po PL B4 2
= To + (10)
L 12 k 35
Note that the hydraulic radius is 2B and the definition of the Nusselt number is given by
2 Bhhi
Nu = (11)
k
The use of Fouriers law of heat conduction and Newtons law of cooling gives

dT dT
k = hhi(Tb To ) and k = hhi(Tb To ) (12)
dx x=0 dx x=B
Therefore, the Nusselt numbers are
2 B (dT /dx)x=0 35 2 B ( dT /dx)x=B 35

Nuo = = and NuB = =
Tb To 2 Tb To 2
Problem 9.23
a) Since vz (x), the only non-zero shear stress component is xz and it is given by
dvz
xz = (1)
dx
24
Since the pressure gradient is zero, the equation of motion becomes

d xz d dvz
=0 =0 (2)
dx dx dx
The temperature is dependent on x. Following the derivation given in Section 9.3.2, the
equation of energy becomes
d2 T
k 2 +<=0 (3)
dx
or,

d2 T dvz 2
k 2 + =0 (4)
dx dx
b) Integration of Eq. (2) gives
dvz
= C1 (5)
dx
where C1 is a constant of integration. In Eq. (5) is dependent on x via T . Integration of Eq.
(5) gives Z vz Z x
dx
dvz = vz = C1 (6)
0 0
Note that Eq. (6) can also be expressed as
Z V Z B
dx
dvz = V = C1 (7)
0 0
From Eqs. (5) and (6) Z x

dx
vz 0
=Z B (8)
V dx
0
c) In terms of the dimensionless quantities, Eq. (8) becomes
Z
e d
vz 0
=Z 1 (9)
V
e d
0
In terms of the dimensionless quantities, Eq. (4) takes the form

2
d2 d(vz /V )
+ Br e =0 (10)
d 2 d
From Eq. (9)

d(vz /V ) e
=Z 1 (11)
d
e d
0
d2
2 + e = 0 (11)
d
25
d) Multiplication of Eq. (11) by 2(d/d) gives
d d2 d
2 2 + 2 e =0 (12)
d d d
| {z }
!
d d 2
d d
Integration of Eq. (12) results in

2
d
= 2 e + 2 C = 2 (C e ) (13)
d
where C is an integration constant. Taking the square root of Eq. (13) yields
p
d
= 2 C e (14)
d
e) When d/d = 0, = ln C from Eq. (14). Integration of Eq. (14) gives

Z ln C Z
d d
2 = (15)
0 C e ln C C e
Using !
Z
d 2 C e
= arctanh (16)
C e C C
Eq. (15) reduces to
" !#
2 C 1 C e
2 = arctanh + arctanh (17)
C C C
Rearrangement gives
! r
C e C C 1
arctanh =2 arctanh (18)
C 8 C
or, " r
#
C e C C 1
= tanh 2 arctanh (19)
C 8 C
Solving for e
( " r #)
C 2 C 1
e = C 1 tanh 2 arctanh
8 C
" r #
C C 1
= C sech2 2 arctanh (20)
8 C

( " r #)
C C 1
= ln C sech2 2 arctanh (21)
8 C
26
Note that when = 1, = 0. Therefore, from Eq. (18)
r
C 1 C C 1
arctanh =2 arctanh (22)
C 8 C
or,
r
C 1 C
arctanh = (23)
C 8
Substitution of Eq. (23) into Eq. (21) gives the temperature distribution as
( "r #)
C
= ln C sech2 (2 1) (24)
8
Application of the boundary condition
at = 1 =1 (25)
gives r ! r !
C C
C sech2 =1 C = cosh2 (26)
8 8
f) Substitution of Eq. (24) into Eq. (9) gives
Z "r #

C
sech2 (2 1) d
vz 0 8
=Z "r # (27)
V 1
C
sech2 (2 1) d
0 8
Using Z
tanh ax
sech2 ax dx = (28)
a
and
tanh( x) = tanh x (29)
gives the velocity distribution as
"r #

C

tanh (2 1)

vz 1 8
= 1+ r ! (30)
V 2 C

tanh

8
Problem 9.24
a) Since T = T (x), the total energy flux in the xdirection is
dT bP T )V
ex = k + ( C (1)
dx
Over a dierential volume element of thickness x, the inventory rate equation for energy is
written as
ex |x W L ex |x+x W L = 0 (2)
27
Dividing Eq. (2) by W Lx and taking the limit as x 0 gives
ex |x ex |x+x
lim =0 (3)
x0 x
or,
dex
=0 (4)
dx
2
CbP V dT = k d T (5)
dx dx2
b) In dimensionless form, Eq. (5) becomes
d2 d
2 d = 0 (6)
d
c) The solution of Eq. (6) is
= A + B e (7)
at = 0 =0 (8)
at = 1 =1 (9)
Evaluation of the constants leads to
1 e
= (10)
1 e
d) The heat flux at the lower plate is

dT k (T1 To ) d
qx |x=0 = k = (11)
dx x=0 B d =0
k (T1 To )
qx |x=0 = (12)
B (1 e )
Problem 9.25
In this case Eq. (9.4-7) becomes
d2 cA
DAB = ko (1)
dz 2
ko
cA = z 2 + K1 z + K2 (2)
2 DAB
The use of the boundary conditions
at z = 0 cA = cAo (3)
dcA
at z = L =0 (4)
dz
gives the concentration distribution as
z
ko L2 z 2
cA cAo = 2 (5)
2 DAB L L
28
Problem 9.26
a) Remember from Problem 9.4 that the velocity profile is almost flat for turbulent flow.
Q cAb |z + Dzkc (cAw cAb ) Q cAb |z+z = 0 (1)

cAb |z cAb |z+z
Q lim + Dkc (cAw cAb ) = 0 (2)
z0 z
or,
dcAb
= Dkc (cAw cAb )
Q (3)
dz
b) Considering the fluid as a system, the inventory rate equation for the conservation of mass
of species A is
Q cAb |z + aV Azkc (cAw cAb ) Q cAb |z+z = 0 (4)
cAb |z cAb |z+z
Q lim + aV Akc (cAw cAb ) = 0 (5)
z0 z
or,
dcAb
Q = aV Akc (cAw cAb ) (6)
dz
Problem 9.27
a) Neglecting the mass transfer resistance in the liquid, the inventory rate equation for the
conservation of species A becomes
2 z DAB
Q cAb |z Q cAb |z+z + (cA cAb ) = 0 (1)
ln(R2 /R1 )
cAb |z cAb |z+z 2 DAB
Q lim + (cA cAb ) = 0 (2)
z0 z ln(R2 /R1 )
or,
dcAb 2 DAB
Q = (cA cAb ) (3)
dz ln(R2 /R1 )
b) Rearrangement of Eq. (3) gives
Z cA Z z
b dcAb 2 DAB
= dz (4)
cAo cA cAb Q ln(R2 /R1 ) 0
Integration results in
cA cAb 2 DAB z
ln = (5)
cA cAo Q ln(R2 /R1 )
or,

2 DAB z
cAb = cA (cA cAo ) exp (6)
Q ln(R2 /R1 )
29
Problem 9.28
a) Using the chain rule of dierentiation
d DAB
= = (1)
z dz vmax 2
d 1 1
= = = (2)
x dx x

2 1 1 1 2
= = = (3)
x2 x x 2 2
Therefore, Eqs. (9.5-88)-(9.5-91) become
2
(1 2 ) = (4)
2
at = 0 =1 (5)
at = 0 =0 (6)

at = 1 =0 (7)

b) The solution is proposed in the form
(, ) = F () G() (8)

2 dF d2 G
1
(1 ) G =F 2 (9)
d d F G (1 2 )
1 dF 1 d2 G
= = 2 (10)
F d G (1 2 ) d 2
| {z } | {z }
f () only f () only
1 dF 2
= 2 F = e
(11)
F d
1 d2 G
= 2 G (12)
1 2 d 2
Equation (12) is an eigenvalue problem, and there are many solutions (eigenfunctions) Gn ()
corresponding to the many eigenvalues n . Complete solution will then be a linear combination
of products of the form
X
2
= An e n Gn () (13)
n=1

X
1= An Gn () (14)
n=1
30
Since Gn () are orthogonal over the range = 0 to = 1 with respect to the weight function
(1 2 ), then multiplication of Eq. (14) by (1 2 )Gm and integration from = 0 to = 1
gives
Z 1 Z 1
X
2
(1 ) Gm d = An (1 2 ) Gn Gm d (15)
0 n=1 0
Z 1 Z 1
2
(1 ) Gn d = An (1 2 ) G2n d (16)
0 0
Z 1
(1 2 ) Gn d
0
An = Z 1
(17)
2
(1 ) G2n d
0
c) At the gas-liquid interface

cA
DAB = kc (cA cAb ) (18)
x x=0
In terms of dimensionless quantities, Eq. (18) becomes

DAB
= kc b (19)
=0
in which b is the dimensionless bulk concentration. Note that

Z W Z Z Z 1
cA vz dxdy cA vz dx cA vz d
0 0 0 0
cAb = Z W Z
= Z
= Z 1
(20)
vz dxdy vz dx vz d
0 0 0 0
In dimensionless form, Eq. (20) becomes

Z 1
(1 2 ) d Z 1
0 3
b = Z 1
= (1 2 ) d (21)
2
2 0
(1 ) d
0
The Sherwood number is obtained from Eq. (19) as
kc (/)=0
Sh = = (22)
DAB b
d) Note that the term (/)=0 can be obtained from Eq. (13) as

X

2n dGn
= An e (23)
=0 d =0
n=1
31
On the other hand, the use of Eq. (13) in Eq. (21) gives
Z
1X
3 2
b = An e n (1 2 ) Gn d
2 0 n=1

X Z 1
3 2
= An e n (1 2 ) Gn d
2 n=1 0

X 1 Z 2
3 2 1 d Gn
= An e n 2 d
2 n=1 0 n d 2

3 X An 2n dGn

= e d (24)
2 n=1 n 2 d =0
Substitution of Eqs. (23) and (24) into Eq. (22) gives the Sherwood number as

X
dGn 2
An e n
2 n=1 d =0
Sh = (25)
3X An 2 dGn

e n
n=1
2n d =0
For large , we need only the first term in each sum so that
2
2 A1 e 1 (dG1 /d)=0 2
Sh = = 21 (26)
3 (A1 /21 ) e 21 (dG1 /d)=0 3
Therefore, if we want the local Sherwood number at large , all we need to calculate is the first
eigenvalue for the boundary value problem
1 d2 G 2
2 2 = G (27)
1 d
at = 0 G=0 (28)
dG
at = 1 =0 (29)
d
A reasonable first guess for G which satisfies the boundary conditions is
G1 = ( 2) (30)
Substitution of Eq. (30) into the left-side of Eq. (27) gives
d2 G
= 21 (1 2 )( 2) (31)
d 2

3 4 5 6 11
G= 21 + (32)
3 12 10 30 30
| {z }
f1 ()
32
Hence, the first approximation is
Z 1
(1 2 )f1 ()( 2) d
2 (1) 0
1 = Z 1
= 5.122 (33)
2
(1 )f12 () d
0
Finally, the Sherwood number becomes
(2)(5.122)
Sh = = 3.41 (34)
3
Problem 9.29
When
x
p =2 (1)
4 DAB z/vmax
Eq. (9.5-128) becomes
cA cAo
= 1 erf(2) = 1 0.995 = 0.005 (2)
cA cAo
Therefore, cA ' cAo . From Eq. (1), the penetration distance, c , is

r r
4 DAB z DAB z
c = 2 =4 (3)
vmax vmax
Problem 9.30
For water at 20 C
= 999 kg/ m3 = 1001 106 kg/ m. s
The mass flow rate of water is
= Q = (6.5 106 )(999) = 6.5 103 kg/ s

m (1)
4m
4 (6.5 103 )
Re = = = 32.5 (2)
W (1001 106 )(0.8)
The thickness of the film, , is calculated from Eq. (9.1-61) as

1/3 1/3
3Q 3 (1001 106 )(6.5 106 )
= = = 1.36 104 m (3)
gW (999)(9.8)(0.8)
Q 6.5 106
hvz i = = = 0.06 m/ s (4)
W (0.8)(1.36 104 )
33
The mass transfer coecient can be calculated from Eq. (9.5-106) as
3.41 DAB 3.41 (1.3 109 )
hkc i = = = 3.26 105 m/ s (5)
1.36 104
The macroscopic material balance for H2 S (species A) becomes

h i (cA cAo ) cA (cAb )L
Q (cAb )L cAo = (W L)hkc i (6)
cA cAo
ln
cA (cAb )L
Since cAo = 0, Eq. (6) simplifies to

W Lhkc i
(cAb )L = cA 1 exp
Q

(0.8)(2)(3.26 105 )
= (0.1) 1 exp ' 0.1 kmol/ m3 (7)
6.5 106
Therefore, the rate of absorption is
n A = Q (cAb )L = (6.5 106 )(0.1) = 6.5 107 kmol/ s
Problem 9.31
For water at 25 C
= 997 kg/ m3 = 892 106 kg/ m. s
The mass flow rate of water is
= Q = (8.5 106 )(997) = 8.5 103 kg/ s
m (1)
The width, W , is
W = D = (0.05) = 0.157 m (2)
4m
4 (8.5 103 )
Re = = = 243 (3)
W (892 106 )(0.157)
The thickness of the film, , is calculated from Eq. (9.1-61) as
1/3
3 Q 1/3 3 (892 106 )(8.5 106 )
= = = 2.5 104 m (4)
gW (997)(9.8)(0.157)
The maximum velocity can be calculated from Eq. (9.1-58) as
g 2 (997)(9.8)(2.5 104 )2
vmax = = = 0.342 m/ s (5)
2 2 (892 106 )
The use of Eq. (9.5-132) gives the rate of absorption of CO2 , n A , as
r
4 DAB vmax
n A = W L (cA cAo )
L
s
4 (1.92 109 )(0.342)
= (0.157)(1.5)(0.0336) = 1.87 107 kmol/ s
(1.5)
34
Problem 9.32
The exposure time, texp , is
D
texp = (1)
v
where D and v are the diameter and velocity of the bubble, respectively. Therefore, the range
of texp is
0.2 0.6
texp = = 5.7 103 s texp = = 4 102 s (2)
35 15
The mass transfer coecient is given by Eq. (9.5-139), i.e.,
s
4 DAB
hkc i = (3)
texp
Taking DAB = 105 , the range for the mass transfer coecient becomes
s
4 (105 )
hkc i = = 4.7 102 cm/ s
(5.7 103 )
s
4 (105 )
hkc i = = 1.8 102 cm/ s
(4 102 )
Problem 9.33
a) The inventory rate equations for the mass of species A and B are
dNAz
= <A (1)
dz
dNBz
= <B (2)
dz
where
<A = <B = kcxB (3)
Addition of Eqs. (1) and (2) indicates that
NAz + NBz = constant 0z (4)
b) On the other hand, the heterogeneous reaction at the catalytic surface indicates that
NAz |z= = k s c xA |z= (5)
NBz |z= = k s c xA |z= (6)

Eqs. (5) and (6) imply that
NAz |z= + NBz |z= = 0 (7)
Therefore, the constant in Eq. (4) is zero and
NAz = NBz 0z (8)
35
c) We need to solve one of the conservation equations because xA + xB = 1 everywhere in
0 z . The molar flux of species B is
dxB
NBz = c DAB (9)
dz

d2 xB k
xB = 0 (10)
dz 2 DAB
Subject to the boundary conditions
at z = 0 xB = xBo (11)
NBz
at z = xB = 1 + (12)
c ks
d) Let be the dimensionless distance defined by
z
= (13)

so that Eq. (10) takes the form
d2 xB
2 xB = 0 (14)
d 2
xB = C1 cosh() + C2 sinh() (15)
Application of the boundary condition defined by Eq. (11) gives C1 = xBo . On the other hand,
application of the Eq. (12) gives
NBz |=1
1 xBo cosh +
C2 = = ks c (16)
sinh
xB = xBo cosh() + sinh() (17)
Let us evaluate NBz |=1 :
dxB c DAB dxB

NBz = c DAB = (18)
dz d
c DAB
NBz = [xBo sinh() + cosh()] (19)

Evaluation of Eq. (19) at = 1 yields

NBz |=1
c DAB 1 xBo cosh + ksc
NBz |=1 = xBo sinh + cosh (20)
sinh
36
Solving for NBz |=1 gives
(xBo cosh )
NBz |=1 = (21)
sinh cosh
+
c DAB ksc
xBo cosh
1 xBo cosh +
(/) sinh + cosh
= (22)
sinh
in which
ks
= (23)
DAB
e) For an instantaneous heterogeneous reaction, . Under these circumstances, Eq. (22)
simplifies to
1 xBo cosh
= (24)
sinh
f ) If there is no homogeneous reaction, i.e., = 0,

xBo cosh sinh()
xB = xBo + lim 1 xBo cosh + lim (25)
0 (/) sinh + cosh 0 sinh
By the application of LHospitals rule

sinh
lim =1 (26)
0
sinh()
lim = (27)
0 sinh
so that Eq. (25) becomes

xB = xBo + (1 xBo ) (28)
+1
Problem 9.34
a) For a cylindrical dierential volume element of thickness r in the polymeric rod, the
conservation statement for the mass of species A becomes
NAr |r 2rL NAr |r+r 2(r + r)L + ko 2rrL = 0 (1)
Dividing Eq. (1) by 2rL and taking the limit as r 0 gives
1 (rNAr )|r (rNAr )|r+r

2
lim + ko = 0 (2)
r r0 r
or,
1 d(rNAr )
+ ko = 0 (3)
r dr
Substitution of
dcA
NAr = DAB (4)
dr
37
into Eq. (3) gives the governing dierential equation for the concentration of species A as

DAB d dcA
r + ko = 0 (5)
r dr dr

dcA
at r = 0 =0 (6)
dr
at r = R cA = cA (7)
In terms of the dimensionless quantities defined by
cA r ko R2
= = =
cA R 4DAB cA
Eqs. (5)-(7) reduce to

1 d d
+ 4 = 0 (8)
d d
d
at = 0 =0 (9)
d
at = 1 =1 (10)

d
= 2 2 + K1 (11)
d
Application of the boundary condition defined by Eq. (9) gives K1 = 0 and Eq. (11) becomes
d
= 2 (12)
d
Integration of Eq. (12) once more leads to
= 2 + K2 (13)
Application of the boundary condition defined by Eq. (10) gives K2 = 1 + and the solution
becomes
= 1 + (1 2 ) (14)
b) The dimensionless term represents
Rate of reaction
=
Rate of diusion
When 1, i.e., Rate of diusion Rate of reaction, ' 1, indicating that the concentration
distribution of species A is almost uniform within the rod .
38
Problem 9.35
Equation (9.4-33) is given by
d 2 d
2 2 = 0 (1)
d d
Comparison of Eq. (1) with Eq. (B.2-16) indicates that p = 2, j = 2, a = 2 and b = 0.
Therefore, Eq. (1) is Bessels equation and the use of Eqs. (B.2-17)-(B.2-19) gives = 1,
= 1/2 and n = 1/2. Equation (B.2-25) gives the solution as
1 h i
= K10 I1/2 () + K20 I1/2 () (2)

where K10 and K20 are constants.

b) Use of the following identities
r
1 2 sinh ()
I1/2 () = (3)

r
1 2 cosh ()
I1/2 () = (4)

reduces Eq. (2) to r r
2 sinh () 2 cosh ()
= K10 0
+ K2 (5)

| {z }
| {z }
K1 K2
39
CHAPTER 10
Problem 10.1
a) For a rectangular dierential volume element with dimensions of xy z, Eq. (10.2-1)
is expressed as

qx |x qx |x+x yz + qy |y qy |y+y xz + qz |z qz |z+z xy =
h i
bP (T To ) (1)
xyz C
t
Dividing Eq. (1) by xyz and letting x 0, y 0, z 0 give
qx |x qx |x+x qy |y qy |y+y qz |z qz |z+z

lim + lim + lim bP T
= C (2)
x0 x y0 y z0 z t
or,
qx qy qz bP T
= C (3)
x y z t
The components of the conductive flux are given by
T T T
qx = k qy = k qz = k (4)
x y z
bP T 2T 2T 2T
C =k + k + k (5)
t x2 y 2 z 2
b) The conductive terms have the following order of magnitudes:
2T k T
k =
x2 H2
2T k T
k =
y 2 W2
2T k T
k =
z 2 L2
Thus,
L 2T 2T
When 1 k k
H z 2 x2
L 2T 2T
When 1 k k
W z 2 y2
Problem 10.2
a) Under steady conditions, the temperature distribution is
T = C1 z + C2 (1)
1
The use of the boundary conditions
at z = 0 T = To (2)
at z = L T = TL (3)
gives the temperature distribution as

T To z
= (4)
TL To L
For a rectangular dierential volume element of thickness z, conservation of energy is ex-
pressed in the form
h bP (T Tref )
i
qz |z A qz |z+z A = Az C (5)
t
q | qz |z+z
bP T = lim z z
C (6)
t z0 z
or,
bP T = qz
C (7)
t z
Substitution of
T
qz = k (8)
z
into Eq. (7) gives
2
C bP T = k T (9)
t z 2
The initial and boundary conditions are
T To z
at t = 0 = (10)
TL To L
at z = 0 T = TL (11)
at z = L T = To (12)
In terms of dimensionless quantities, Eqs. (9)-(12) take the form
2
= 2 (13)

at = 0 = (14)
at = 0 =1 (15)
at = 1 =0 (16)
b) Since the boundary condition at = 0 is not homogeneous, propose a solution in the form
( , ) = () t ( , ) (17)
in which () is the steady-state solution, i.e.,
d2
=0 = C3 z + C4 (18)
d 2
2
at = 0 = 1 (19)
at = 1 = 0 (20)
Evaluation of the constants C3 and C4 gives the steady-state solution as
= 1 (21)
c) Substitution of Eq. (17) into Eq. (13) gives the governing equation for the transient
contribution as
t 2 t
= (22)
2
subject to the following initial and boundary conditions
at = 0 t = 1 2 (23)
at = 0 t = 0 (24)
at = 1 t = 0 (25)
Propose a solution in the form

t ( , ) = F ( ) G() (26)

dF d2 G
1
G =F (27)
d d F G
2
1 dF 1 d2 G 2
= 2 = (28)
F d
| {z } G d
| {z }
f ( ) only f () only
1 dF 2
= 2 F = e
(29)
F d
d2 G
+ 2 G = 0 G() = C5 sin() + C6 cos() (30)
d 2
The boundary conditions for G() are
at = 0 G=0 (31)
at = 1 G=0 (32)
Application of Eq. (31) gives C6 = 0. Application of Eq. (32) yields
C5 sin = 0 (33)
For a nontrivial solution, the eigenvalues are given by
sin = 0 k = k k = 1, 2, 3, ... (34)
Therefore, the transient solution is given by

X 2 2
t = Ak e k sin(k) (35)
k=1
3
The unknown coecients Ak can be determined by using the initial condition, i.e., Eq. (23).
The result is Z 1 Z 1
(1 2 ) sin(k) d = Ak sin2 (k) d (36)
0 0
or, ( 4
2 h i
when k = 2, 4, 6
Ak = (1)n + 1 = k (37)
k 0 when k = 1, 3, 5
Replacing k by n such that
k = 2n (38)
Eq. (35) becomes

2X1
t = exp 4n2 2 sin(2n) (39)
n=1 n
Problem 10.3
a) For a cylindrical dierential volume element of thickness z, conservation of energy is
h 2 bP (T Tref )
i
qz |z R2 qz |z+z R2 = R z C (1)
t
Dividing Eq. (1) by R2 z and letting z 0 gives
q | qz |z+z
bP T = lim z z
C (2)
t z0 z
or,
bP T = qz
C (3)
t z
Substitution of
T
qz = k (4)
z
into Eq. (3) gives
2
C bP T = k T (5)
t z 2
T To z 2
at t = 0 = (6)
TL To L
T
at z = 0 =0 (7)
z
T
at z = L =0 (8)
z
In terms of dimensionless quantities, Eqs. (5)-(8) take the form
2
= 2 (9)

4
at = 0 = 2 (10)

at = 0 =0 (11)

at = 1 =0 (12)

b) The solution is proposed in the form
( , ) = F ( ) G() (13)

dF d2 G
1
G =F (14)
d d F G
2
1 dF 1 d2 G 2
= 2 = (15)
F d
| {z } G d
| {z }
1 dF 2
= 2 F = e
(16)
F d
d2 G
+ 2 G = 0 G() = C1 sin() + C2 cos() (17)
d 2
dG
at = 0 =0 (18)
d
dG
at = 1 =0 (19)
d
C2 sin = 0 (20)
sin = 0 n = n n = 0, 1, 2, ... (21)
Therefore, the general solution is

X
X
n2 2 2 2
= An e cos(n) = Ao + An e n cos(n) (22)
n=0 n=1
Since 6= 0 when , = 0 is not a trivial solution. In fact, the final steady-state

temperature is the average of the initial temperature profile (keep in mind that no heat is
added to or removed from the system for t 0), i.e.,
Z 1
1
as 0 = | =0 d = (23)
0 3
Thus, Ao = 1/3 and Eq. (22) becomes

1 X 2 2
= + An e n cos(n) (24)
3 n=1
5
The unknown coecients An can be determined by using the initial condition, i.e. Eq. (10).
2 1
cos(n) d = An cos2 (n) d (25)
0 3 0
or,
4 (1)n
An = (26)
2 n2
Thus, Eq. (24) becomes

1 4 X (1)n
= + 2 2
exp n2 2 cos(n) (27)
3 n=1 n
Problem 10.4
From Eq. (10.2-67), the heat flux at the surface is given by
k (T To )
qz |z=0 = (1)
t
where T is the surface temperature and To is the initial temperature of the slab.
Equating the heat fluxes at the interface leads to
kA (TAo Ti ) kB (Ti TBo )

= (2)
A t B t
where Ti is the interface (or, contact) temperature. Simplification of Eq. (2) gives

Ti TBo B kA
= (3)
TAo TBo B kA + A kB
Note that when you touch the hot wall for a very short period of time, both the wall and the
finger act as a semi-infinite solid.
Copper (A) - Finger (B)
The initial temperature of the finger may be taken as 33 C.

Ti 33 1.5 107 (401)
= Ti = 79 C
80 33 1.5 107 (401) + 117 106 (0.3)
Wood (A) - Finger (B)

Ti 33 1.5 107 (0.15)
= Ti = 49.9 C
80 33 1.5 107 (0.15) + 1.2 107 (0.3)
6
Problem 10.5
The left-side of Eq. (10.2-65) is
T T 15 2
= = 0.68 (1)
T To 15 10
Therefore,
s s
erf = 0.68 = 0.703 (2)
4 t 4 t
The time required is
2
1 s 2 1 1 1
t= = = 351.3 h (3)
4 0.703 4 (4 107 ) 0.703 3600
Problem 10.6
a) For a rectangular dierential volume element of thickness z, conservation of energy is
h bP (T Tref )
i
qz |z A qz |z+z A = Az C (1)
t
T qz |z qz |z+z
bP
C = lim (2)
t z0 z
or,
bP T qz
C = (3)
t z
Substitution of
T
qz = k (4)
z
into Eq. (3) gives
2
CbP T = k T (5)
t z 2
The initial and boundary conditions associated with Eq. (5) are
at t = 0 T = To (6)
T
at z = 0 k = hh1 i(T T ) (7)
z
T
at z = L k = hh2 i(T T ) (8)
z
b) In terms of the dimensionless quantities Eqs. (5)-(8) become
2
= 2 (9)

at = 0 =1 (10)

at = 0 = (BiH )1 (11)

at = 1 = (BiH )2 (12)

7
c) Assume a solution in the form
( , ) = F ( ) G() (13)
1 dF 1 d2 G
= = 2 (14)
F d G d 2
Hence,
dF 2
+ 2 F = 0 F ( ) = e
(15)
d
d2 G
+ 2 G = 0 G() = C1 sin() + C2 cos() (16)
d 2
dG
at = 0 = (BiH )1 G (17)
d
dG
at = 1 = (BiH )2 G (18)
d

B1
C1 =C2 (19)

where B1 = (BiH )1 . The use of Eq. (19) in Eq. (16) gives

B1
G() = C2 sin() + cos() (20)

Application of Eq. (18) yields

n (B1 + B2 )
= tan n (21)
2n B1 B2
in which the eigenvalues n are the positive roots of Eq. (21). Therefore, the general solution
is
X
2n B1
= An e cos(n ) + sin(n ) (22)
n
n=1
If we let
B1
Xn (n ) = cos(n ) + sin(n ) (23)
n
Eq. (22) takes the form

X 2
= An e n Xn (n ) (24)
n=1
d)
d2 Xn
+ 2n Xn = 0 k Xm (25)
d 2
d2 Xm 2
2 + m Xm = 0 k Xn (26)
d
8
First subtraction of Eq. (26) from Eq. (25), then multiplication of the resulting equation by
d and integration from = 0 to = 1 gives
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
2 2 d2 Xm d2 Xn
(n m ) Xn Xm d = Xn d Xm d (27)
0 0 d 2 0 d 2
The integrals on the right-side of Eq. (27) are integrated by parts to get
Z Z 1
1
d2 Xm dXm 1 dXn dXm
Xn d = Xn d (28)
0 d 2 d 0 0 d d
Z Z 1
1
d2 Xn dXn 1 dXn dXm
Xm d = Xm d (29)
0 d 2 d 0 0 d d
Z
1
dXm dXn 1
(2n 2m ) Xn Xm d = Xn Xm (30)
0 d d 0
Noting that
dXn dXm
=0 B1 Xn = 0 B1 Xm = 0 (31)
d d
dXn dXm
=1 + B2 Xn = 0 + B2 Xm = 0 (32)
d d
Eq. (30) becomes
Z 1 Z 1
(2n 2m ) Xn Xm d = 0 Xn Xm d = 0 (33)
0 0
Now consider Z 1
d2 Xn
2
+ n Xn = 0 Xn d
d 2 0
or, Z Z
1 1
d2 Xn
2n Xn2 d = Xn d (34)
0 0 d 2
The integral on the right-side of Eq. (34) is integrated by parts and the result is
Z Z 1
1
dXn 1 dXn 2
2n Xn2 d = Xn + d (35)
0 d 0 0 d
n Xn = n cos(n ) + B1 sin(n ) (36)
Derivative of Eq. (36) with respect to is

dXn
= n sin(n ) + B1 cos(n ) (37)
d
or,
2
dXn
= 2n sin2 (n ) 2 n B1 sin(n ) cos(n ) + B12 cos2 (n ) (38)
d
9
On the other hand, taking the square of Eq. (36) gives
2n Xn2 = 2n cos2 (n ) + 2 n B1 sin(n ) cos(n ) + B12 sin2 (n ) (39)
Addition of Eqs. (38) and (39) yields

2
dXn
2n Xn2 + = 2n + B12 (40)
d
Multiplication of Eq. (40) by d and integration from = 0 to = 1 gives

Z 1 Z 1 2
dXn
2n Xn2 d + d = 2n + B12 (41)
0 0 d
Addition of Eqs. (35) and (41) leads to

Z
1
dXn 1
2 2n Xn2 d = Xn + 2n + B12 (42)
0 d 0
Now, consider the first term on the right-side of Eq. (42). The use of the boundary conditions
defined by Eqs. (31) and (32) yields

dXn 1
Xn = B1 Xn2 =0 + B2 Xn2 =1 (43)
d 0
The use of Eq. (40) together with Eq. (31) gives

Xn2 =0 = 1 (44)
On the other hand, the use of Eq. (40) together with Eq. (32) gives
2n + B12
Xn2 =1 = 2 (45)
n + B22
Substitution of Eqs. (44) and (45) into Eq. (43) yields

2 !
dXn 1 n + B12
Xn = B1 + B2 (46)
d 0 2n + B22
Substitution of Eq. (46) into Eq. (42) and rearrangement leads to

Z 1 2n (B1 B2 )2 + (2n + B1 B2 )(2n + B1 B2 + B1 + B2 )
Xn2 d = (47)
0 2 2n (2n + B22 )
e) The unknown coecients An can be determined by using the initial condition, i.e., Eq. (10).
Xn d = An Xn2 d (48)
0 0
or,

2 2n + B22 (n sin n B1 cos n + B1 )
An = 2 (49)
n (B1 B2 )2 + 2n + B1 B2 2n + B1 B2 + B1 + B2
10
f ) The average temperature is given by
Z 1
hi = d
0
! 2

X B22 n sin n B1 (cos n 1) exp( 2n )
=2 1+ (50)
n=1
2n 2n (B1 B2 )2 + 2n + B1 B2 2n + B1 B2 + B1 + B2
When B1 = 0.1 and B2 = 0.2, solution of Eq. (21) gives the eigenvalues as
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0 0.539 3.234 6.331 9.456 12.590 15.727 18.865 22.005 25.145 28.285 31.425
Thus, from Eq. (50)
0.01 0.1 0.5 1.0 2.0

hi 0.997 0.971 0.865 0.748 0.559
When B1 = 1 and B2 = 10, solution of Eq. (21) gives the eigenvalues as
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0 1.875 4.507 7.355 10.293 13.287 16.319 19.378 22.455 25.545 28.645 31.753
Thus, from Eq. (50)
0.01 0.1 0.5 1.0 2.0

hi 0.935 0.647 0.157 0.027 8.055 104
Problem 10.7
In this problem, L represents the total thickness of the slab.
hhiL (40)(0.2)
BiH = = = 4.21
k 1.9
The use of Eq. (10.2-81) gives
1 tan 1 = 4.21 1 = 1.276
At = 0, Eq. (10.2-84) becomes

600 500 sin 1
=4 exp 21 = 1.212
600 15 21 + sin 21
Thus, the time required is
L2 (1.212)(0.2)2
t= = = 49, 297 s (13.7 h)
1.9
(2300)(840)
11
b) In this case the Biot number is
hhiL (400)(0.2)
BiH = = = 42.1
k 1.9
and we can assume that the surface temperature is also 600 C. The use of Eq. (10.2-36) gives

600 500 4 2
= exp = 0.814
600 15 4
Thus, the time required is
L2 (0.814)(0.2)2
t= = = 33, 108 s (9.2 h)
1.9
(2300)(840)
Problem 10.8
a) The governing equation is
bP T k T
C = r (1)
t r r r
at t = 0 T = To (2)
T
at r = 0 =0 (3)
r
at r = R T = T1 (4)

T1 T r t
= = = (5)
T1 To R R2
1
= (6)

at = 0 =1 (7)

at = 0 =0 (8)

at = 1 =0 (9)
c) The use of the method of separation of variables in which the solution is sought in the form
( , ) = F ( ) G() (10)
reduces Eq. (6) to

1 dF 1 d dG
= = 2 (11)
F d G d d
which results in two ordinary dierential equations:
dF 2
+ 2 F = 0 F ( ) = e
(12)
d
12

d dG
+ 2 G = 0 G() = C1 Jo () + C2 Yo () (13)
d d
dG
at = 0 =0 (14)
d
at = 1 G=0 (15)
Since Yo (0) = , C2 = 0. Application of Eq. (15) yields
C1 Jo () = 0 (16)
Jo (n ) = 0 n = 1, 2, 3, ... (17)
The zeros of Jo are given as 2.405, 5.520, 8.654, 11.792, etc.
The general solution is the summation of all possible solutions, i.e.,
X

= An exp 2n Jo (n ) (18)
n=1
The unknown coecients An can be determined by using the initial condition given by Eq.
(7). The result is
Z 1 Z 1
Jo (n ) d = An Jo2 (n ) d (19)
0 0
Evaluation of the integrals yields
2
An = (20)
n J1 (n )
Substitution of Eq. (20) into Eq. (18) leads to the following expression for the dimensionless
temperature profile
X
1
=2 exp 2n Jo (n ) (21)
J ( )
n=1 n 1 n
d) Eq. (10.2-119) is

X 1
= 2 BiH 2
exp( 2n ) Jo (n ) (22)
2
n=1 (n + BiH )Jo (n )
The use of Eq. (10.2-112) in Eq. (22) leads to

X 1
=2 exp( 2n ) Jo (n ) (23)
2 J ( )
n=1 n o n + n J1 (n )
BiH
Taking the limit as BiH gives

X 1
=2 exp 2n Jo (n ) (24)
J ( )
n=1 n 1 n
Rearrangement of Eq. (10.2-112) is
n J1 (n )
Jo (n ) = (25)
BiH
Taking the limit as BiH gives
Jo (n ) = 0 (26)
13
Problem 10.9
The Biot number is
hhiR (120)(0.01)
BiH = = =3
k 0.4
The use of Eq. (10.2-112) gives the eigenvalues as
1 = 1.789 2 = 4.463 3 = 7.410 4 = 10.457 5 = 13.543
The temperature at the center, Tc , can be found by evaluating Eq. (10.2-119) at = 0. The
result is
X5
T Ts 1
= 2 BiH 2
exp 2n (1)
T To 2
n=1 ( + Bi ) Jo (n )
n H
or,
X 5
100 60 1
=6 2 exp 2n = 0.389
100 2 (n + 9) Jo (n )
n=1
Therefore, the cooking time is
R2 bP
R2 C (0.01)2 (0.389)(1200)(3300)
t= = = = 385 s (6.4 min)
k 0.4
Problem 10.10
The dimensionless time (or, the Fourier number), , is
t (2.7 106 )(42)(60)

= = = 0.302 (1)
R2 (0.15)2
Considering only the first term of the series in Eq. (10.2-153), the temperature at the center
is given as
T Tc sin 1
= 4 BiH exp 21 (2)
T To 21 sin 21
Substitution of the values into Eq. (2) gives

23 30 sin 1
= 4(0.302) exp( 0.302 21 )
23 60 21 sin 21
Solving for 1 gives

1 = 2.758
From Eq. (10.2-149)
BiH = 1 cot = 1 (2.758) cot 158 = 7.826
BiH k (7.826)(0.12)
hhi = = = 6.3 W/ m2 . K
R (0.15)
14
Problem 10.11
hhiR (100)(0.1)
BiH = = = 0.056
k 180
Therefore, the lumped-parameter analysis is applicable. Considering the sphere as a system,
Rate of energy out = Rate of accumulation
or,
2 d D3 b
hhiD (T T ) = CP (T Tref ) (1)
dt 6 s
Rearrangement gives
Z t bP D Z T
C dT
dt = s
0 6 hhi Ti T T
bP D Ti T
s C kD

Ti T

t= ln = ln
6 hhi T T 6 hhi T T

(180)(0.2) 150 40
= ln = 1798 s (30 min)
(6)(100)(8 103 ) 50 40
b) The Biot number is
(850)(0.1)
BiH = = 0.472
180
Thus, the lumped-parameter analysis is not applicable. Considering only the first term of Eq.
(10.2-153), the temperature at the center, Tc , is given by

Tc T sin 1
= 4 BiH exp 21 (2)
To T 21 sin 21
where 1 is given by
1 cot 1 = 1 0.472 1 = 1.136
Substitution of the numerical values into Eq. (2) gives
t
= = 0.55
R2
Thus,
(0.55)(0.1)2
t= = 69 s
8 105
Problem 10.12
It is required to calculate time when = 0.01 at = 0. From Eq. (10.3-16)

4 2
0.01 = exp '2
4
Therefore
2 L2
t=
DAB
15
Problem 10.13
a) The concentration distribution is given by

" #
HcA1 cA 2 X ( 1)n 1 2 2 1
= exp n + cos n + (1)
HcA1 cAo
n=0
n + 12 2 2
The average concentration is given by

Z L Z 1
1
hcA i = cA dz = cA d (2)
L 0 0

" #
HcA1 hcA i 2 X 1 1 2 2
= 2 exp n + (3)
HcA1 cAo n=0 n + 1 2 2
2
Note that
1
sin n+ = ( 1)n
2
b) Take cA1 = 0 and consider only the first team in Eq. (3) to get

hcA i 8 2
= 2 exp (4)
cAo 4
Solving for yields

4 8 cAo
= 2 ln (5)
2 hcA i
When hcA i/cAo = 1/2, Eq. (5) gives = 0.1958. Therefore,
L2 (0.1958)(2 102 )2
t= = = 2611 s (43.5 min)
DAB 3 108
Problem 10.14
b) The steady-state equation is
d2
=0 (1)
d 2
at = 0 = 0 (2)
at = 1 = 1 (3)

= K1 + K2 (4)
Application of the boundary conditions leads to
= (5)
16
c) The governing equation for the transient part is
t 2 t
= (6)
2
Since t = , the initial and the boundary conditions become
at = 0 t = 1 (7)
at = 0 t = 0 (8)
at = 1 t = 0 (9)
Assume a solution in the form

t ( , ) = F ( ) G() (10)
1 dF 1 d2 G
= = 2 (11)
F d G d 2
Hence,
dF 2
+ 2 F = 0 F ( ) = e
(12)
d
d2 G
+ 2 G = 0 G() = C1 sin() + C2 cos() (13)
d 2
at = 0 G=0 (14)
at = 1 G=0 (15)
C1 sin = 0 (16)
sin = 0 n = n n = 1, 2, 3, ... (17)

X 2 2
t = An e n sin(n) (18)
n=1
The unknown coecients An can be determined by using the initial condition in Eq. (7). The
result is Z 1 Z 1
( 1) sin(n) d = An sin2 (n) d (19)
0 0
2
An = (20)
n
The transient solution becomes

2 X 1 n2 2
t = e sin(n) (21)
n=1 n
17
Therefore, the total solution is

cAo cA 2 X 1 n2 2
= =+ e sin(n) (22)
cAo n=1 n
or,

cA 2 X 1 n2 2
=1 e sin(n) (23)
cAo n=1 n
Problem 10.15
The number of moles of species A transferred into the semi-infinite medium, nA , is
Z
nA = A (cA cAo ) ds (1)
0
where
s
cA cAo = (cA1 cAo ) 1 erf (2)
4 DAB t
Note that
s
= (3)
4 DAB t
Therefore, combination of Eqs. (1) and (2) leads to
p Z p Z
nA = A 4 DAB t (cA cAo ) d = A (cA1 cAo ) 4 DAB t (1 erf ) d (4)
0 0
Note that Z
1 2
erf x dx = x erf x + e x (5)

Hence, Z
1
(1 erf ) d = (6)
0
Finally, Eq. (4) becomes
A (cA1 cAo ) 4 DAB t
nA = (7)

Problem 10.16
The order of magnitude of the terms appearing in Eq. (10.3-32) is given by
cA 2 cA
= DAB 2
| t{z } | {zs }
H cA cAo
t D
(H cA cAo )
AB 2
Thus, p
DAB t
Penetration distance increases with the square root of time.
18
Problem 10.17
The fractional uptake is
Mt 6.06 6
= = 0.5
M 6.12 6
The use of Eq. (10.3-34) leads to
r
Mt 2 DAB t
=
M L2
s
2 DAB (54 3600)
0.5 = DAB = 1.01 1012 m2 / s
(1 103 )2
Problem 10.18
The use of Eq. (10.3-41) gives
!
0.3 1 103
= erf p
0.6 4(2.1 1011 )t
or,
1 103
p = 0.477 t = 52, 322 s (14.5 h)
4(2.1 1011 )t
Problem 10.19
The time scale for semi-infinite medium assumption is
L2 (1 103 )2
t= = = 1.25 1011 s 5 h
16 DAB 16(0.5 1018 )
a) The use of Eq. (10.3-48) gives the penetration depth as

p p
= 4 DAB t = 4 (0.5 1018 )(5 3600) = 3.8 107 m (0.38 m)
b) The use of Eq. (10.3-41) gives

" #
cA 0.3 106
1 = erf p cA = 7.6 1018 atoms/ cm3
3 1020 (4)(0.5 1018 )(5 3600)
Problem 10.20
It is required to calculate time when = 0.01 at = 0. From Eq. (10.3-57)
2
0.01 = exp 2 = 0.42

Note that this dimensionless time is 2/0.42 ' 4.8 times shorter than the corresponding dimen-
sionless time for a rectangular slab.
19
Problem 10.21
a) For a rectangular dierential volume element of thickness z in the liquid phase, the con-
servation statement for the mass of species A (salt) becomes
h i
NAz |z A NAz |z+z A = Az (cA cAo ) (1)
t
Dividing Eq. (1) by Az and taking the limit as z 0 gives
cA NAz |z NAz |z+z
= lim (2)
t z0 z
or,
cA NAz
= (3)
t z
Substitution of
cA
NAz = DAB (4)
z
cA 2 cA
= DAB (5)
t z 2
at t = 0 cA = 0 (6)
at z = 0 cA = cA (7)
at z = cA = 0 (8)
where cA is the equilibrium solubility of species A in the liquid.

b) Let us introduce the following dimensionless variables
cA z
= = (9)
cA 4DAB t
Note that
d 1 d
= = (10)
t d t 2 t d

2 d2 2 d 2 1 d2
= + = (11)
z 2 d 2 z d z 2 4 DAB t d 2
Substitution of Eqs. (10) and (11) into Eq. (5) leads to
d2 d
+2 =0 (12)
d2 d
d2 d
2
+ 2 = 0 e (13)
d 2 d
or,
d 2 d
e =0 (14)
d d
Z
2
= K1 eu du + K2 (15)
0
20
at = 0 =1 (16)
at = =0 (17)
gives the solution as Z

2 2
=1 eu du (18)
0
or,

cA z
= 1 erf (19)
cA 4DAB t
c) The molar flux at the surface is given by
r
cA 2 cA DAB
NAz |z=0 = DAB = DAB = cA (20)
z z=0 4DAB t t
d) Considering the salt layer as a system, the conservation statement for salt becomes
Rate of salt out = Rate of salt generation (21)
or,
d sA
NAz |z=0 A = AL (22)
dt MA
where A represents the surface area of the salt layer. Substitution of Eq. (20) into Eq. (22)
and rearrangement give r
Z L Z
DAB cA MA t dt
dL = (23)
Lo sA 0 t
r
2 c MA DAB t
L = Lo A s (24)
A
Problem 10.22
a) For a spherical dierential volume element of thickness r in the liquid phase, the conser-
vation statement for the mass of species A becomes
h i
NAr |r 4r2 NAr |r+r 4(r + r)2 = 4r2 r (cA cAo ) (1)
t
Dividing Eq. (1) by 4r and taking the limit as r 0 gives

cA 1 (r2 NAr )r (r2 NAr )r+r
= 2 lim (2)
t r r0 r
or,
cA 1 (r2 NAr )
= 2 (3)
t r r
Substitution of
cA
NAr = DAB (4)
r
21

cA DAB 2 cA
= 2 r (5)
t r r r
at t = 0 cA = cAo (6)
at r = R cA = cA (7)
at r = cA = cAo (8)
where cA is the equilibrium solubility of species A in the liquid.

b) In terms of the dimensionless variable , Eq. (5) becomes

DAB 2
= 2 r (9)
t r r r
with the following initial and boundary conditions
at t = 0 =0 (10)
at r = R =1 (11)
at r = =0 (12)
c) The use of = u/r reduces Eqs. (9)-(12) to
u 2u
= DAB 2 (13)
t r
at t = 0 u=0 (14)
at r = R u=R (15)
at r = u=0 (16)
d)
u du 1 du
= = (17)
t d t 2 t d
2
2u d2 u du 2 1 d2 u
= + = (18)
r2 d 2 r d r2 4 DAB t d 2
Substitution of Eqs. (17) and (18) into Eq. (13) leads to
d2 u du
2
+2 =0 (19)
d d
2
e) Multiplication of Eq. (19) by e , i.e.,
d2 u du
2
2
+ 2 = 0 e (20)
d d
yields
d 2 du
e =0 (21)
d d
22
Z
2
u = K1 ey dy + K2 (22)
0
at = 0 u=R (23)
at = u=0 (24)
gives the solution as Z

2 y 2
u=R 1 e dy (25)
0
or,
cA cAo R rR
= 1 erf (26)
cA cAo r 4 DAB t
f ) The flux expression, Eq. (4), becomes
cA
NAr = DAB = DAB (cA cAo )
r r
1 u u
= DAB (cA cAo ) 2
r r r

1 du 1 u
= DAB (cA cAo ) (27)
r d 4 DAB t r2
The flux at the solid-fluid interface, i.e., r = R, is
!
1 du 1 1
NAr |r=R = DAB (cA cAo )
R d =0 4 DAB t R

DAB cA cAo R

= 1+ (28)
R DAB t
g) Considering the spherical solid particle as the system, the conservation of mass is given by
Rate of mass A out = Rate of mass A accumulation (29)
or,
d2 4 3 s 1
NAr |r=R 4R = R A (30)
dt 3 MA
sA dR
NAr |r=R = (31)
MA dt
h) Substitution of Eq. (28) into Eq. (31) results in

DAB cA cAo R
sA dR
1+ = (32)
R DAB t MA dt
In terms of Eq. (32) becomes

1 1 dR
DAB + = (33)
R DAB t dt
23
In terms of and Eq. (33) becomes

1 1 1 d
+ = (34)
d
i) The transformation

2 d 1 dX
= X = X + (35)
d 2 X d
reduces Eq. (34) to
2 dX
2 + X +X = (36)
d
Z Z
d dX
= (37)
2
2 + X +X

Note that
Z
x dx 1 2 b 1 1 2ax + b
= ln ax + bx + c tan (38)
ax2 + bx + c 2a a 4ac b2 4ac b2
Thus, integration of Eq. (37) gives
r
" # R
+
R 2 2 R 2 Ro
ln + + 2 = p tan1
p +C
(39)
Ro Ro 2 2
2 2

R
at = 0 =1 (40)
Ro
gives the integration constant C as
2
C=p tan1 (41)
2 | {z }
2 /2

r
" # R

+

R 2 2 R 2
1 Ro
ln + + 2 = p tan p 2 (42)
Ro Ro 2 2

2 2

The use of R/Ro = 0 when = f yields

" ! #
2 1
ln (2 f ) = p tan p (43)
2 2 2 2 2
Solving for f yields
( " ! #)
1 2 1
f = exp p tan p (44)
2 2 2 2 2 2
or, ( " ! #)
Ro2 2 1
t= exp p tan p (45)
2 DAB 2 2 2 2 2
24
Problem 10.23
a) Evaluation of Eq. (10.3-20) at = 0 yields

HcA cA |=0 4 2 DAB t
= exp (1)
HcA 4 L2
We want to evaluate the time, t , when
cA |=0 = 0.9 HcA (2)
Thus, from Eq. (1)

L2 4 4 L2
t = ln = 1.03 (3)
DAB 2 0.1 DAB
where L represents the thickness of the biofilm.
In the case of a spherical biofilm, noting that
sin (n)
lim = n (4)
0
evaluation of Eq. (10.3-125) at the center, i.e., = 0, yields

HcA cA |=0 2 DAB t
= 2 exp exp (5)
HcA R2
We want to evaluate the time, t , when
cA |=0 = 0.9 HcA (6)
Thus, from Eq. (5)

R2 1 2 R2
t = ln = 0.3035 (7)
DAB 2 0.1 DAB
b) The required time is
0.31(250 106 )2
t= = 258 s
0.75 1010
Problem 10.24
a) The governing dierential equation for the concentration of species A as

cA DAB 2 cA
= 2 r (1)
t r r r
at t = 0 cA = cAo (2)
at r = Ri cA = 0 (3)
cA
at r = Ro =0 (4)
r
25
cA Ri r DAB t
= = = = (5)
cAo Ro Ro Ro2
Eqs. (1)-(4) become

1 2
= 2 (6)

at = 0 =1 (7)
at = =0 (8)

at = 1 =0 (9)

b) The transformation
u( , )
( , ) = (10)

reduces Eqs. (6)-(9) to
u 2u
= 2 (11)

at = 0 u= (12)
at = u=0 (13)
u
at = 1 =u (14)

u( , ) = F ( ) G() (15)
1 dF 1 d2 G
= = 2 (16)
F d G d 2
Hence,
dF 2
+ 2 F = 0 F ( ) = e
(17)
d
d2 G
+ 2 G = 0 G() = K1 sin() + K2 cos() (18)
d 2
at = G=0 (19)
dG
at = 1 =G (20)
d

sin()
K2 = K1 (21)
cos()
26
K1 h i
G() = cos() sin() sin() cos() (22)
cos()
| {z }
A
or, h i
G() = A sin ( ) (23)
Application of Eq. (20) yields

n = tan n (1 ) (24)

X 2
h i
u= An e n sin n ( ) (25)
n=1
The unknown coecients An can be determined by using the initial condition given by Eq.
(12). The result is
Z 1 h i Z 1 h i
sin n ( ) d = An sin2 n ( ) d (26)


2
An = (27)
n (1 ) sin n ( ) cos n ( )
Note that Eq. (24) can be expressed as

1 cos2 n (1 ) 1 h i 1
2
n = = 1 cos n ( ) = q (28)
2 2
cos n ( ) cos n ( ) 1 + 2n
The sine function, on the other hand, can be expressed as

h i 1 h i n
sin2 n ( ) = 1 2 sin n ( ) =q (29)
1 + n 1 + 2n
Therefore, the product

h i h i n
sin n ( ) cos n ( ) = 2
(30)
1 + n
" #
1 1 + 2n
An = 2 2
(31)
n n (1 )
Thus, combination of Eqs. (10) and (25) gives

" #
2 X 1 2n + 1
= 2
exp 2n sin n ( ) (32)
n n (1 )
n=1
27
c) The molar flux is given by

cA DAB cAo
NAr |r=Ri = DAB = (33)
r r=Ri Ro =

2 cAo DAB X 2n + 1
NAr |r=Ri = 2 exp 2n (34)
Ro n=1
n (1 )
d) Rate of moles of species A transferred, n A , is given by

X
2n + 1
n A = 2Ri2 2
NAr |r=Ri = 4 Ro cAo DAB 2 exp 2n (35)
n=1
n (1 )
Amount of moles of species A transferred, nA , is

Z t Z
Ro2
nA = n A dt = n A d (36)
0 DAB 0

( )
X
2n + 1 h i
2 3 2
nA = 4 Ro cAo 2 2 1 exp n (37)
n=1 n n (1 )
The initial number of moles of species A within the tablet is

2
nAo = Ro3 (1 3 )cAo (38)
3
Thus, the fractional release of the drug, F , is
( )
nA 6 X

2n + 1 h i
2
F = = 1 exp n (39)
nAo 1 3 n=1 2n 2 (1 )
n
The use of
at = 0 F =1 (40)
gives ( )

6 X 2n + 1
2 =1 (41)
1 3 n=1 n 2n (1 )
and Eq. (39) simplifies to

" #
6 X 2n + 1 exp 2n
F =1 (42)
1 3 2
n=1 n (1 )
2n
28
Problem 10.25
a) Taking cA = 0, Eq. (10.3-128) reduces to
hcA i 6
= 2 exp 2 (1)
cAo
or,
6 2

0.05 = exp = 0.253
2
0.253 R2 (0.253)(2.5 102 )2
t= = = 18, 175 s ( 5 h)
DAB 8.7 109
b) The Biot number is
hkc i R (6 106 )(2.5 102 )

BiM = = = 5.75
H DAB (3)(8.7 109 )
The solution of Eq. (10.3-142) gives
1 cot 1 = 1 5.75 1 = 2.635
From Eq. (10.3-142)

hcA i sin2 1
= 12 Bi2M 3 exp( 21 ) (2)
cAo 1 (21 sin 21 )
Substitution of numerical values into Eq. (2) and solving for lead to
(0.405)(2.5 102 )2
= 0.405 t= = 29, 095 s ( 8.1 h)
8.7 109
Problem 10.26
a) The inventory rate equation for species A is
Rate of species A in Rate of species A out = 0 (1)
Over a cylindrical dierential volume of thickness r and length z, Eq. (1) takes the form
h i
2rr NAz |z + 2rz NAr |r 2rr NAz |z+z + 2 (r + r) z NAr |r+r = 0 (2)
Dividing Eq. (2) by 2rz and letting r 0 and z 0 give

NAz |z NAz |z+z 1 (rNAr )|r (rNAr )|r+r
lim + lim =0 (3)
z0 z r r0 r
or,
NAz 1
+ (rNAr ) = 0 (4)
z r r
Substitution of
cA
NAr = DAB and NAz = vo cA (5)
r
into Eq. (4) gives
cA DAB cA
vo = r (6)
z r r r
29
at z = 0 cA = cAo (7)
cA
at r = 0 =0 (8)
r
cA
at r = R DAB = k s cA (9)
r
b) In terms of the following dimensionless quantities
cA DAB z r ks R
= = = = (10)
cAo vo R2 R DAB

1
= (11)

at = 0 =1 (12)

at = 0 =0 (13)

at = 1 = (14)

c) Note that Eqs. (11)-(14) are similar to Eqs. (10.2-99)-(10.2-102) (BiH is replaced by ).
Therefore, the solution is given by Eq. (10.2-119), i.e.,

X 1
= 2 exp 2n Jo (n ) (15)
2 2 J ( )
n=1 n + o n
where the eigenvalues are the positive roots of
n J1 (n ) = Jo (n ) (16)
30
CHAPTER 11
Problem 11.1
a) The x- and z-components of the equation of motion are
P
0= + g (1)
x
vz P 2 vz
= + (2)
t z x2
The modified pressure is defined by
P = P + gx (3)
so that
P dP P
=0 and = (4)
x dz z
vz 2 vz dP
2
= (5)
| t {z x } | {zdz}
f (t,x) f (z)
While the right-hand side of Eq. (5) is a function of z only, the left-hand side is dependent on
x and t. This is possible if and only if both sides of Eq. (5) are equal to a constant, say .
Hence,
dP Po PL
= = (6)
dz L
where Po and PL are the values of P at z = 0 and z = L, respectively. Substitution of Eq. (6)
into Eq. (5) gives the governing equation for velocity as
vz Po PL 2 vz
= + (7)
t L x2
The initial and the boundary conditions associated with Eq. (7) are
at t = 0 vz = 0 (8)
at x = 0 vz = 0 (9)
at x = B vz = 0 (10)
In terms of the dimensionless quantities, Eqs. (7)-(10) take the form
2
=2+ 2 (11)

at = 0 =0 (12)
at = 0 =0 (13)
at = 1 =0 (14)
b) Since Eq. (11) is not homogeneous, the solution is proposed in the form
( , ) = () t ( , ) (15)
1
in which is the steady-state solution, i.e.,
d2
0=2+ (16)
d 2
at = 0 = 0 (17)
at = 1 = 0 (18)

= 2 + C1 + C2 (19)
= 2 (20)
t 2 t
= (21)
2
with the following initial and the boundary conditions
at = 0 t = 2 (22)
at = 0 t = 0 (23)
at = 1 t = 0 (24)

t ( , ) = F ( ) G() (25)
1 dF 1 d2 G
= = 2 (26)
F d G d 2
Hence,
dF 2
+ 2 F = 0 F ( ) = e
(27)
d
d2 G
+ 2 G = 0 G() = C3 sin() + C4 cos() (28)
d 2
at = 0 G=0 (29)
at = 1 G=0 (30)
C3 sin = 0 (31)
sin m = 0 m = m where m = 1, 2, 3, ... (32)
2
Therefore, the transient solution becomes

X
t = Am exp m2 2 sin (m) (33)
m=1
The unknown coecients Am can be determined by using the initial condition, i.e., Eq. (22).
The result is Z 1
X

2
= Am sin (m) sin (n) d (34)
m=1 0
or, Z Z Z
1 1 1
2
sin (m) d sin (m) d = Am sin2 (m) d (35)
0 0 0
Evaluation of integrals leads to
4 h m
i
Am = 1 ( 1) (36)
m3 3
Note that
8
m = 1, 3, 5, ...
Am = m3 3 (37)

0 m = 2, 4, 6, ...

X
8 1
t = exp m2 2 sin (m) (38)
3 m3
m=1,3,5
Replacing m by n in which
m = 2n + 1 (39)
Eq. (38) becomes
8 X

1 h i h i
2 2
t = 3 exp (2n + 1) sin (2n + 1) (40)
3
n=0 (2n + 1)
Substitution of Eqs. (20) and (40) into Eq. (15) gives the solution as
8 X

1 h i h i
2 2
= 2 3 exp (2n + 1) sin (2n + 1) (41)
3
n=0 (2n + 1)
d) The volumetric flow rate is

Z WZ B Z 1
(Po PL ) W B 3
Q= vz dxdy = d (42)
0 0 2 L 0
Substitution of Eq. (40) into Eq. (42) and integration lead to

(
)
(Po PL )W B 3 96 X 1 2 2

Q= 1 4 exp (2n + 1) (43)
12 L n=0 (2n + 1)4
Note that Eq. (43) reduces to Eq. (9.1-26) when .
3
Problem 11.2
a) The governing dierential equation is given by

vz Po PL vz
= + r (1)
t L r r r
The initial and the boundary conditions associated with Eq. (1) are
at t = 0 vz = 0 (2)
at r = R vz = 0 (3)
at r = R vz = 0 (4)
In terms of the dimensionless quantities, Eqs. (1)-(4) take the form

1
=4+ (5)

at = 0 =0 (6)
at = =0 (7)
at = 1 =0 (8)
b) The steady-state equation is

1 d d
+4=0 (9)
d d
at = = 0 (10)
at = 1 = 0 (11)

= 2 + C1 ln + C2 (12)

2 1 2
= 1 ln (13)
ln

t 1 t
= (14)


2 1 2
at = 0 t = 1 ln (15)
ln
at = t = 0 (16)
at = 1 t = 0 (17)

t ( , ) = F ( ) G() (18)
4

1 dF 1 d dG
= = 2 (19)
F d G d d
Hence,
dF 2
+ 2 F = 0 F ( ) = e
(20)
d

d dG
+ 2 G = 0 G() = C3 Jo () + C4 Yo () (21)
d d
at = G=0 (22)
at = 1 G=0 (23)

Jo ()
C4 = C3 (24)
Yo ()

Yo () Jo () Jo () Yo ()
G = C3 Jo () (25)
| {z } Jo () Yo ()
A
Application of Eq. (23) indicates that the eigenvalues n are the roots of the following equation
Yo (n ) Jo (n ) Jo (n ) Yo (n ) Jo (n ) Yo (n )
=0 = (26)
Jo (n ) Yo (n ) Jo (n ) Yo (n )
| {z }
Zo (n )
The values of the first eigenvalue, 1 , are given as a function of the radius ratio, , as follows:
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

1 3.314 3.816 4.412 5.183 6.246 7.828 10.455 15.698 31.412
Therefore, the general solution becomes

X 2
t = An e n Zo (n ) (27)
n=1
d) The unknown coecients An can be determined by using the initial condition, i.e., Eq. (15).
The result is
X Z 1
1 2
2
1 ln = An Zo (n )
Z (
o m ) d (28)
ln n=1
or,
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
3 1 2
Zo (n ) d Zo (n ) d Zo (n ) ln d = An Zo2 (n ) d
ln
(29)
5
Note that Z 1
1 h i
Zo (n ) d = Z1 (n ) Z1 (n ) (30)
n
Z 1 ! !
1 4 3 4
3 Zo (n ) d = Z1 (n ) 3 Z1 (n ) (31)
n 3n n n
Z 1
ln
Zo (n ) ln d = Z1 (n ) (32)
n
Z 1 Z12 (n ) 2 Z12 (n )
Zo2 (n ) d = (33)
2
Substitution of Eqs. (30)-(33) into Eq. (29) yields

8 1
An = 3 (34)
n Z1 (n ) + Z1 (n )
e) The dimensionless velocity distribution is

X
2 1 2 1 2n Zo (n )
=1 ln 8 3
e (35)
ln n Z1 (n ) + Z1 (n )
n=1

Z 2 Z R Z
(Po PL )R4 1
Q= vz r drd = d (36)
0 R 2 L
Substitution of Eq. (35) into Eq. (36) and integration gives

( )
(Po PL )R4 (1 2 )2 X 1 Z1 (n ) Z1 (n )
Q= 1 4 + 32 4 Z ( ) + Z ( ) exp n
2
8 L ln n=1
n 1 n 1 n
(37)
f ) Note that
Yo (n ) J1 (n ) Jo (n ) Y1 (n )
Z1 (n ) = (38)
Jo (n ) Yo (n )
The identity
2
J1 (n ) Yo (n ) Jo (n ) Y1 (n ) = (39)
n
is used to express Y1 (n ) as

1 2
Y1 (n ) = J1 (n ) Yo (n ) (40)
Jo (n ) n
On the other hand, rearrangement of Eq. (26) gives
Yo (n ) Jo (n )
Yo (n ) = (41)
Jo (n )

2 1
Z1 (n ) = (42)
n Jo (n ) Yo (n )
6
Similarly,
2 1
Z1 (n ) = (43)
n Jo (n ) Yo (n )
Thus,
2 Jo (n ) Jo (n )
Z1 (n ) Z1 (n ) = (44)
n Jo (n ) Yo (n ) Jo (n )

2 Jo (n ) + Jo (n )
Z1 (n ) + Z1 (n ) = (45)
n Jo (n ) Yo (n ) Jo (n )
The use of Eqs. (44) and (45) in Eq. (37) leads to
( )
(Po PL )R4 (1 2 )2 X 1 Jo (n ) Jo (n )
4 2
Q= 1 + 32 exp n (46)
8 L ln 4n Jo (n ) + Jo (n )
n=1

g) When , exp 2n 0 and Eq. (46) becomes

(Po PL )R4 4 (1 2 )2
Q= 1 + (47)
8 L ln
which is identical to Eq. (9.1-99).

To examine the case when 0, consider the term
Jo (n )
1
Jo (n ) Jo (n ) Jo (n )
= (48)
Jo (n ) + Jo (n ) Jo (n )
1+
Jo (n )
The use of Eq. (26) reduces Eq. (48) to
Yo (n )
1
Jo (n ) Jo (n ) Yo (n )
= (49)
Jo (n ) + Jo (n ) Yo (n )
1+
Yo (n )
As 0, Yo (n ) . Therefore,

Jo (n ) Jo (n )
lim =1 (50)
0 Jo (n ) + Jo (n )
and Eq. (46) becomes

"
#
(Po PL )R4 X 1
2
Q= 1 32 4
exp n (50)
8 L n=1 n
which is identical to Eq. (11.1-47).
7
Problem 11.3
The governing equation for temperature is
bP T 2T
C =k +< (1)
t z 2
at t = 0 T = To (2)
at z = 0 T = T (3)
at z = L T = T (4)
In terms of the dimensionless quantities, Eqs. (1)-(4) reduce to

2
= 2 + (5)

at = 0 =1 (6)
at = 0 =0 (7)
at = 1 =0 (8)
Since Eq. (5) is not homogeneous, the solution is proposed in the form
( , ) = () t ( , ) (9)
in which is the steady-state solution, i.e.,

d2
+=0 (10)
d 2
at = 0 = 0 (11)
at = 1 = 0 (12)

= ( 2 ) (13)
2

( , ) = ( 2 ) t ( , ) (14)
2
Substitution of Eq. (14) into Eqs. (5)-(8) leads to the following governing equation for the
transient problem together with the initial and the boundary conditions
t 2 t
= (15)
2

at = 0 t = ( 2 ) 1 (16)
2
at = 0 t = 0 (17)
at = 1 t = 0 (18)
8
Representing the solution as a product of two functions of the form
t ( , ) = F ( ) G() (19)
reduces Eq. (15) to

1 dF 1 d dG
= (20)
F d G d d
While the left side of Eq. (20) is a function of only, the right side is dependent only on .
This is possible if both sides of Eq. (20) are equal to a constant, say 2 , i.e.,
1 dF 1 d2 G
= = 2 (21)
F d G d 2
Equation (21) results in two ordinary dierential equations. The equation for F is given by
dF 2
+ 2 F = 0 F ( ) = e
(22)
d
On the other hand, the equation for G is
d2 G
+ 2 G = 0 (23)
d 2
and it is subject to the boundary conditions
at = 0 G=0 (24)
at = 1 G=0 (25)
Equation (23) is a Sturm-Liouville equation with a weight function of unity. The solution of
Eq. (23) is
G() = C1 sin() + C2 cos() (26)
where A and B are constants. From Eq. (24), C2 = 0. Application of the boundary condition
defined by Eq. (25) gives
C1 sin = 0 (27)
sin = 0 n = n where n = 1, 2, 3, ... (28)
Therefore, the transient solution is

X 2 2
t = An e n sin(n) (29)
n=1
The unknown coecients An can be determined by using the initial condition, Eq. (16), with
the result
Z 1
2
( ) 1 sin(n) d
0 2 2 [(1)n 1]
An = Z 1 = 1 2 2 (30)
2
n n
sin (n) d
0
9
Note that
4
1 2 2 n = 1, 3, 5, ...
An = n n (31)

0 n = 2, 4, 6, ...
Therefore, the transient solution is given by

4 X 1 2 2
t = 1 2 2 e n sin(n) (32)
n=1,3,5 n n
Substitution of the steady-state and the transient solutions, Eqs. (13) and (32), into Eq. (9)
gives the dimensionless temperature distribution as

2 4 X 1 2 2
= ( ) + 1 2 2 e n sin(n) (33)
2 n=1,3,5 n n
Problem 11.4
a) For a rectangular dierential volume element of thickness z, the conservation of energy is
h bP (T To )
i
qz |z A qz |z+z A + A z < = Az C (1)
t
q )| qz )|z+z
bP T = lim z z
C +< (2)
t z0 z
or,
bP T = qz + <
C (3)
t z
Substitution of
T
qz = k and < = a + bT (4)
z
T
bP 2T
C = k 2 + a + bT (5)
t z
at t = 0 T = To (6)
T
at z = 0 =0 (7)
z
at z = L T = To (8)
2
= 2 + 1 + 2 (9)

10
at = 0 =0 (10)

at = 0 =0 (11)

at = 1 =0 (12)
c) Propose a solution of the form
( , ) = () t ( , ) (13)
The steady-state equation is

d2
+ 1 + 2 = 0 (14)
d 2
d
at = 0 =0 (15)
d
at = 1 = 0 (16)

1
= C1 sin() + C2 cos() (17)
2
Application of Eq. (15) gives C1 = 0. The use of the boundary condition defined by Eq. (16)
leads to
1 cos()
= 2 1 (18)
cos
d) The governing equation for the transient part is
t 2 t 2
= 2 + t (19)


1 cos()
at = 0 t = 2 1 (20)
cos
t
at = 0 =0 (21)

at = 1 t = 0 (22)
e) Assume a solution in the form
t ( , ) = F ( ) G() (23)
1 dF 1 d2 G
2 = = 2 (24)
F d G d 2
Hence,
dF 2 2
2 )
+ 2 F = 0 F ( ) = e ( (25)
d
11
d2 G 2
2 + G=0 G() = C3 sin() + C4 cos() (26)
d
dG
at = 0 =0 (27)
d
at = 1 G=0 (28)
C4 cos = 0 (29)

1
cos n = 0 n = n + where n = 0, 1, 2, ... (30)
2

X h i
t = An exp 2n 2 cos(n ) (31)
n=0
The unknown coecients An can be determined by using the initial condition, i.e., Eq. (20).
The result is X Z 1

1 cos()
1 = A cos( ) cos( ) d (31)
2 cos
n n m
n=1 0
or, Z Z Z
1 1 1
1 1
2
cos() cos(n ) d 2 cos(n ) d = An cos2 (n ) d (32)
cos() 0 0 0
Evaluation of the integrals leads to
2( 1)n
An = 2
(33)
n (n 2 )
f ) Thus, the general solution is given by

X
1 Jo () ( 1)n
= 2 1 2 2
exp 2n 2 cos(n ) (34)
Jo () 2
n=0 n (n )
For a stable solution, the denominator cannot be equal to zero, i.e.,
2n 2 > 0 n > (35)
When n = 0 r
bL2
> (36)
2 k
12
Problem 11.5
a) For a cylindrical dierential volume element of thickness r, the conservation of energy is
h bP (T To )
i
qr |r 2rL qr |r+r 2(r + r)L + 2rLr< = 2rLr C (1)
t
Dividing Eq. (1) by 2Lr and letting r 0 gives
(rqr )|r (rqr )|r+r

bP T = lim
r C + <r (2)
t r0 r
or,
bP T = 1 (rqr ) + <
C (3)
t r r
Substitution of
T
qr = k and < = a + bT (4)
r
bP T = k
C r
T
+ a + bT (5)
t r r r
at t = 0 T = To (6)
T
at r = 0 =0 (7)
r
at r = R T = To (8)
In terms of the dimensionless quantities, Eqs. (5)-(8) become

1
= + 1 + 2 (9)

at = 0 =0 (10)

at = 0 =0 (11)

at = 1 =0 (12)
b) Propose a solution of the form
( , ) = () t ( , ) (13)
The steady-state equation is

1 d d
+ 1 + 2 = 0 (14)
d d
d
at = 0 =0 (15)
d
at = 1 = 0 (16)
13
= C1 Jo () + C2 Yo () (17)

1 Jo ()
= 2 1 (18)
Jo ()
The governing equation for the transient part is

t 1 t
= + 2 t (19)


1 Jo ()
at = 0 t = 2 1 (20)
Jo ()
t
at = 0 =0 (21)

at = 1 t = 0 (22)

t ( , ) = F ( ) G() (23)

1 dF 1 d dG
2 = = 2 (24)
F d G d d
Hence,
dF 2 2 2
+ 2 F = 0 F ( ) = e ( ) (25)
d

d dG
+ 2 G = 0 G() = C3 Jo () + C4 Yo () (26)
d d
dG
at = 0 =0 (27)
d
at = 1 G=0 (28)
C3 Jo () = 0 (29)
Jo (n ) = 0 where n = 1, 2, 3, ... (30)

X h i
t = An exp 2n 2 Jo (n ) (31)
n=1
14
The result is X Z 1

1 Jo ()
1 = A J ( ) J ( ) d (31)
2 Jo ()
n o n o m
n=1 0
or, Z Z Z
1 1 1
1 1
2
Jo () Jo (n ) d 2 Jo (n ) d = An Jo2 (n ) d (32)
Jo () 0 0 0
Evaluation of the integrals with the help of
Z
ax J1 (ax) Jo (bx) bx Jo (ax) J1 (bx)
x Jo (ax) Jo (bx) dx =
a2 b2
leads to
2
An = 2
(33)
n (n 2 )
Thus, the general solution is given by
X
1 Jo () 1 2
2 J ( )
= 2 1 2 2
exp n o n (34)
Jo () 2
n=1 n (n )
For a stable solution, the denominator cannot be equal to zero, i.e.,
2n 2 > 0 (35)
For n = 1
bR2
21 > (36)
k
Problem 11.6
a) For a cylindrical dierential volume element of thickness r, the conservation of energy is
h bP (T To )
i
qr |r 2rL qr |r+r 2(r + r)L + 2rLr< = 2rLr C (1)
t
Dividing Eq. (1) by 2Lr and letting r 0 gives
T (rqr )|r (rqr )|r+r

bP
r C = lim + <r (2)
t r0 r
or,
bP T = 1 (rqr ) + <
C (3)
t r r
Substitution of
T
qr = k and < = <o r2 (4)
r
bP T = k
C r
T
+ <o r2 (5)
t r r r
15
at t = 0 T = To (6)
T
at r = 0 =0 (7)
r
at r = R T = TR (8)

1
= + 2 (9)

at = 0 =1 (10)

at = 0 =0 (11)

at = 1 =0 (12)
c) The steady-state equation is

1 d d
+ 2 = 0 (13)
d d

d
at = 0 =0 (14)
d
at = 1 = 0 (15)

4
= + C1 ln + C2 (16)
16

= 1 4 (17)
16

t 1 t
= (18)


at = 0 t = 1 4 1 (19)
16
t
at = 0 =0 (20)

at = 1 t = 0 (21)

t ( , ) = F ( ) G() (22)
16

1 dF 1 d dG
= = 2 (23)
F d G d d
Hence,
dF 2
+ 2 F = 0 F ( ) = e
(24)
d

d dG
+ 2 G = 0 G() = C3 Jo () + C4 Yo () (25)
d d
dG
at = 0 =0 (26)
d
at = 1 G=0 (27)
C3 Jo () = 0 (28)
Jo (n ) = 0 where n = 1, 2, 3, ... (29)

X 2
t = An e n Jo (n ) (30)
n=1
The result is Z 1

X

4
1 1= An Jo (n )
J (
o m ) d (31)
16 0
n=1
or, Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
5
1 Jo (n ) d Jo (n ) d = An Jo2 (n ) d (32)
16 0 0 0
Evaluation of integrals with the help of
Z
4x2 (x2 2 8) Jo (x) x (x2 2 8)2 J1 (x)
x5 Jo (x)dx = + (33)
4 5
results in
2 4 1
An = 1 2 1 (34)
n 2n n J1 n)
(
17
Problem 11.7
a) For a spherical dierential volume element of thickness r, conservation of energy is ex-
pressed in the form
h bP (T Tref )
i
qr |r 4r2 qr |r+r 4(r + r)2 + 4r2 r < = 4r2 r C (1)
t
Dividing Eq. (1) by 4r and taking the limit as r 0 gives

2 q ) (r 2 q )
T (r r r
bP
r2 C = lim r r+r
+ < r2 (2)
t r0 r
or,
2
bP T = 1 (r qr ) + <
C (3)
t r2 r
Substitution of
T
qr = k (4)
r
bP T k T
C = 2 r2 +< (5)
t r r r
at t = 0 T = To (6)
T
at r = 0 =0 (7)
r
T
at r = R k = hhi(T T ) (8)
r
b) In terms of the dimensionless quantities, Eqs. (5)-(8) are expressed as

1 2
= 2 + (9)

at = 0 =1 (10)

at = 0 =0 (11)

at = 1 = BiH (12)

c) The steady-state equation is

1 d 2 d
+=0 (13)
2 d d

d
at = 0 =0 (14)
d
d
at = 1 = BiH (15)
d
18
2 C1
= + C2 (16)
6
Application of Eq. (14) gives C1 = 0. The use of Eq. (15) yields

C2 = + (17)
3 BiH 6
Therefore, the steady-state solution is

= 1 2 + (18)
6 3 BiH

t 1 2 t
= 2 (19)


at = 0 t = 1 2 + 1 (20)
6 3 BiH
t
at = 0 =0 (21)

t
at = 1 = BiH t (22)

The use of the transformation
u
t = (23)

reduces Eq. (19) to
u 2u
= 2 (24)

The solution is proposed in the form
u( , ) = F ( ) G() (25)

dF d2 G
1
G =F (26)
d d F G
2
1 dF 1 d2 G 2
= 2 = (27)
F d
| {z } G d
| {z }
1 dF 2
= 2 F = e
(28)
F d
d2 G
+ 2 G = 0 G() = C3 sin() + C4 cos() (29)
d 2
at = 0 G=0 (30)
dG
at = 1 + G = BiH G (31)
d
19
cos + sin = BiH sin (32)
Thus, the eigenvalues are the roots of
n cot n = 1 BiH (33)
The general solution is

X 2
u= An e n sin(n ) (34)
n=1
or,

X 2 sin(n )
t = An e n (35)

n=1
The result is
X Z 1
2
sin(n )

1 + 1= An sin(m ) d (36)
6 3 BiH n=1
0
or,
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
1 1 3
+ 1 sin(n ) d sin(n ) d = An sin2 (n ) d (37)
3 2 BiH 0 6 0 0
Evaluation of integrals gives

sin n
An = 2 BiH 2 1 (38)
n n (n sin n cos n )
Consider the term

sin n 1
= (39)
n sin n cos n n
cos n
sin n
With the help of Eq. (33), Eq. (39) becomes
sin n 1 cos n
= = (40)
n sin n cos n 1 BiH 1 BiH cos2 n
cos n
cos n

cos n
An = 2 BiH 2 1 2
(41)
n n (1 Bi H cos n )
20
Problem 11.8
Equation (11.3-93) is given by
Z t
cA cno rxn
k cno rxn
=k A
e d + A
e kt (1)
cA 0 cA cA
where
cno
A
rxn X
=1 exp( t) (2)
cA
Z t X Z t h i X h i
cA k kt
= k e d k exp (1 + )k d + e exp (1 + )kt (3)
cA 0 0
Integration of Eq. (3) leads to

cA X n h i o X h i
kt kt
= 1 e + exp (1 + )kt 1 + e exp (1 + )kt (4)
cA (1 + )
Simplification yields
( )
cA P 1 + exp (1 + )kt
=1 (5)
cA 1+
Problem 11.9
a) The following equations are given:
Z t
n A = k n no
A
rxn
()ek d + n no
A
rxn
(t)ekt (1)
0
X
n no
A
rxn
= exp( t) (2)
X Z t h i X h i
n A = k exp (1 + )k d + exp (1 + )kt (3)
0
Integration of Eq. (3) leads to

( )
X 1 + exp (1 + )kt
n A = (4)
1+
b) Equation (10.3-97) is given by

X 1
= 2 BiM 2
exp( 2n ) Jo (n ) (5)
2
n=1 (n + BiM )Jo (n )
Note that
cA
n no rxn
= 2RLDAB = 2LDAB HcA (6)
A
r r=R =1
21
Substitution of Eq. (5) into Eq. (6) and the use of Eq. (10.3-98) [n J1 (n ) = BiM Jo (n )] give

X 1
n no
A
rxn = 4LD 2
AB HcA BiM 2
exp( 2n ) (7)
n=1 (n + Bi2M )
Comparison of Eq. (7) with Eq. (2) indicates that
4LDAB HcA Bi2M

= 2
and = 2n (8)
n + Bi2M
Thus, from Eq. (4)

( )
X 1 1 + exp (1 + )kt
n A = 4LDAB HcA Bi2M 2
(9)
n=1 (n + Bi2M ) 1+
22
APPENDIX
Problem A.1
If the average temperatures of the two rooms are the same, this does not tell us anything about
the local temperatures at dierent points in the room. The most important conclusion is that
the mean value theorem works one way only.
The second room is uncomfortable because of the local variations in temperature. This
problem can be rectified with the help of a fan. Note that if the temperature does not vary
from point to point, then hT i = T.
Problem A.2
Z 1.7
v dz Z 1.7
0 v10 z 0.21
hvi = Z 1.7
= dz
1.7 0 10
dz
0

30 1 0.21 (1.7)1.21
= = 17.1 km/ h
1.7 10 1.21
Problem A.3
Solution by the Newton-Raphson method gives Pe = 1.721.
Problem A.4
The conservation statement for energy becomes
Rate of energy in = Rate of energy out
or,
225, 000 = (10)(30) 2.5(T 298)1.25 + 5.67 108 0.9(T 4 2984 )
Simplification gives " #

1.25 T 4
300 = (T 298) + 2.04 78.86 (1)
| {z } 100
A | {z }
B
If term A dominates T = 394 K

If term B dominates T = 388 K
Solution of Eq. (1) gives T = 352.2 K

Mat - Mod. Prob - Cozum.ismailtosun

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mat - Mod. Prob - Cozum.ismailtosun

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER 1

where C is an integration constant.

2. Inlet air is dust-free.

Rate of dust out = Rate of dust generation

Therefore, the velocity distribution for Figure (b) becomes

b) For Figure (a)

Force = Time rate of change of momentum (1)

Rate of energy generation = Rate of energy out Rate of energy in

Q = (Thermal conductivity)(Geothermal gradient)(Area)

b) Rate of heat loss through 1 m2 is

Amount of heat loss in 4 days is

Q = (0.075)(3600)(24)(4) = 25, 920 J

25, 920 = (200)(4.2)(T 20) T ' 51 C

The molar flux is

Therefore, Eq. (1) becomes

Rate of energy out = Rate of energy generation

Substitution of the numerical values gives

(2.4 106 )(0.1)

T |x=0 = 150 C and T |x=0.2 = 28 C

On the other hand, the temperature gradients are

k (dT /dx)x=0 (10)(600)

T14 T24 = 4 hT i3 (T1 T2 ) + hT i(T1 T2 )3

In order to derive Eq. (3.2-13), the following criterion must be satisfied

kc Lch (cA /y)|y=0

a) If the length of the plate is in the direction of flow, then

hf i = 0.074 (9.008 105 )1/5 1743 (9.008 105 )1 = 2.83 103

When the width of the plate is in the direction of flow, then

hf i = 1.328 (1.351 105 )1/2 = 3.61 103

hf i = 0.074 (3.86 106 )1/5 1743 (3.86 106 )1 = 3.11 103

When the width of the plate is in the direction of flow, then

hf i = 0.074 (5.79 105 )1/5 1743 (5.79 105 )1 = 2.2 103

Rate of thermal energy in = Rate of thermal energy out (1)

Q out = W Lhhi(T Tw ) (3)

The Reynolds number is

The average heat transfer coecient is

Q out = (0.7)(1.5)(8.9)(200 30) = 1589 W

b) The friction factor is

Therefore, the drag force is

The simplification gives (Note: d tanh x/dx = sech2 )

tanh = 3 sech2 (6)

For the problem at hand, Eq. (4) is expressed as

where kf is the thermal conductivity of the fluid. Equation (5) gives

The simplification gives (Note: d tanh x/dx = sech2 )

3 tanh = 5 sech2 (10)

Therefore, the minimum temperature of 30.14 C occurs approximately at z = 0.1 m.

Ranz-Marshall correlation, Eq. (4.3-33)

Frossling correlation, Eq. (4.3-34)

Modified Frossling correlation, Eq. (4.3-35)

DP3 g(P ) (5 103 )3 (9.8)(999)(1.2047 999)

1.219 106 h i1.214

ReP (1001 106 )(1825)

Therefore, the time required is

The film temperature is ( 4 + 0) = 2 C.

The Reynolds number is

The mass transfer coecient is

NAw = hkc i(cAw cA ) (1)

NAw = (0.02)(1.96 104 0.4 104 ) = 3.12 106 kmol/ m2 . s

The time required for the ice layer to disappear completely is

The volumetric flow rate through a pipe with D1 = 4 cm is given by

The volumetric flow rate through a pipe with D3 = 1 cm is

Q2 = 3.08 103 1.2 103 = 1.88 103 m3 / s (1880 cm3 / s)

Constant volume Qin = Qout

Q (cA )in Q cA (k1 + 3 k2 )cA V = 0 (1)