Table ofContents

Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................DECLARATION ...................................................................................................vCERTIFICATE .........................................................................................................iACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..........................................................................................ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................LISTOFFIGURE ........................................................................................................CHAPTER

1 ............................................................................................................................... 1INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................11.1 Block Diagram ..............................................................................................................21.2 Sensor arrangement at the way ..................................................................................2CHAPTER
2 ............................................................................................................................... 3SENSORS .............................................................................................................................. 32.1 IR Transmitter ............................................................................................................. 42.2 Photo-transistors ............................................................................................................42.3 Symbol and typical view of photo-transistor: ............................................................52.4 Features: ........................................................................................................................ 5CHAPTER
3 ............................................................................................................................... 5LOGIC CONTROL CIRCUIT ................................................................................................53.1 Comparators .............................................................................................................. 53.2 Pin Diagram of LM324: ..............................................................................................73.3 General description on LM324 ................................................................................... 73.4 Features: ...................................................................................................................... 73.5 Typical
Applications: .................................................................................................. 9CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................................. 10FLIP-FLOP ........................................................................................................................... 104.1 JK Flip-flop: ..............................................................................................................104.2 Symbol for JK flip-flop: ............................................................................................104.3 Equation and Truth table ...........................................................................................114.4 Pin Diagram of Dual JK flip-flop IC
74LS76: ...........................................................12CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................................. 14MICROCONTROLLER
AT89C52 ......................................................................................145.1 Features: ...................................................................................................................145.2 Pin configuration of Microcontroller AT89C52: ......................................................155.4 Pin Description of Microcontroller AT89C52: .........................................................185.6 Interrupts ..................................................................................................................215.7 Oscillator
Characteristics ........................................................................................... 225.8 Programming the Flash .............................................................................................235.9 Programming Algorithm: ...........................................................................................245.10 Data Polling .............................................................................................................255.11 Ready/Busy ..............................................................................................................255.12 Program
Verify ........................................................................................................ 255.13 Chip Erase ................................................................................................................255.14 Programming Interface: ........................................................................................... 25

ABSTRACT
Microcontroller/Microprocessor is the most versatile device in the world. Its once
a creatureof science fiction is today a reality. In real sense it is a device which
allows human beings toimplement their intelligence in machines.Visitor counting
is simply a measurement of the visitor traffic entering and exiting
offices,malls, sports venues, etc. Counting the visitors helps to maximize the effici
ency and effectiveness of employees, floor area and sales potential of an
organization.Visitor counting is not limited to the entry/exit point of a company but
has a wide range of applications that provide information to management on the
volume and flow of peoplethroughout a location. A primary method for counting
the visitors involves hiring human auditors to stand and manually tally the number
of visitors who pass by a certain location. But human-based datacollection comes
at great expense. Here is a low-cost microcontroller based visitor counter that can
be used to know the number of persons at a place. All the components required
arereadily available in the market and the circuit is easy to build.The final result of
this project is a thorough design for an autonomous visitor counter including a
detailed test plan for the use by subsequent design teams.
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1.0.1 Schematic View.....................................................................................................1
Figure1.0.2 Block Diagram.........................................................................................................2
Figure1.0.3 Sensor arrangement.................................................................................................3
Figure 3. 0.4 Input/Output references.........................................................................................6
Figure 3.5 Pin Diagram of LM324..............................................................................................7
Figure 3.6 Typical Application...................................................................................................9
Figure 4.7 JK flip flop symbol..................................................................................................10
Figure 4.8 Logic Symbol..........................................................................................................11
Figure 4.9 State Table...............................................................................................................12
Figure 4.10 IC 74LS76..............................................................................................................12
Figure 4.11Logic Diagram........................................................................................................13
Figure 5.12 Pin Diagram of AT89C52......................................................................................15
Figure 5.13 Architecture ..........................................................................................................17
Figure 5.14P1.0,P1.1 function..................................................................................................18
Figure 5.15 P3.0-P3.8 Fnction .................................................................................................19
Figure 5.16 Interrupt Enable (IE) Register...............................................................................21
Figure 5.17 Interrupt Switching................................................................................................22
Figure 5.18 Interrupt Source.....................................................................................................22
Figure 5.19 Oscillator connection.............................................................................................23
Figure 5.0.20 Programming mode............................................................................................24
Figure 6.21 A Typical 7-segment display component, with decimal point..............................26
Figure 6.22 The individual segment of a seven-segment display.............................................26
Figure 7.23 Power Supply.........................................................................................................28
Figure 8.24Schematic Diagram of Bidirectional Visitor Counter............................................31
Figure 11.25 Internal architecture of relay...............................................................................40
Figure 11.26 Relay....................................................................................................................41
Figure 12.27 ULN Device Driver.............................................................................................43
Figure 12.28 Drivers.................................................................................................................45
Figure 12.29 ULN pin configuration........................................................................................45