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MULTI STOREY BUILDING
Steel Bracing
Core Braced Building
 Contents
8

General knowledge of structural steel

Knowledge of the types of steel frame connections defined in the American

Institute of Steel Construction design specification

An understanding of different types of connections used in structural steel

frames

Insight into the impacts of using certain connection types

Familiarity with common bracing systems used in structural steel frames

 Benefits of Structural Steel

Some benefits associated with use of structural steel for owners are:
Steel allows for reduced frame construction time and the ability to construct in all
seasons
Steel makes large spans and bay sizes possible, providing more flexibility for owners
Steel is easier to modify and reinforce if architectural changes are made to a facility
over its life
Steel is lightweight and can reduce foundation costs
Steel is durable, long-lasting and recyclable (AISC 1999)
9
 Unique Aspects of Steel Construction

Procurement and management of structural steel is similar to other

materials, but there are some unique aspects to steel construction:
Steel is fabricated off-site (above left)
On-site erection is a rapid process (above right)
This gives use of structural steel some scheduling advantages
Coordination of all parties is essential for achieving potential advantages
10
(AISC 1999)
 Forces On Structures

Forces from gravity, wind, and

seismic events are imposed on
all structures
Forces that act vertically are
gravity loads
Forces that act horizontally,
such as stability, wind and
seismic events (the focus of this
discussion) require lateral load
resisting systems to be built into
structures
As lateral loads are applied to a
structure, horizontal diaphragms
(floors and roofs) transfer the
load to the lateral load resisting
system
(AISC 2002)
11 Structural Steel Frame Elevation
 Initial System Planning
1 3

Rigid Horiz. Diaphragm

(Floor or Roof)

1 (Adapted from AISC 2002)

2

The type of lateral load resisting system to be used in a structure should be

considered early in the planning stage
Lateral stability as well as architectural needs must be met
The three common lateral load resisting systems are:
12

1. Braced Frames 2. Rigid Frames 3. Shear Walls

 Braced Frames and Rigid Frames

13 This presentation focuses on braced frames (left) and rigid frames (right)
 Steel Frame Connection Types

The Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (AISC 2005) defines two types of
connections:
Simple Connections (above left)
Moment Connections (above right)
14
Fully-Restrained and Partially-Restrained
 Steel Frame Connection Types

(AISC)

All connections have a certain amount of rigidity

Simple connections (A above) have some rigidity, but are assumed
to be free to rotate
Partially-Restrained moment connections (B and C above) are
designed to be semi-rigid
Fully-Restrained moment connections (D and E above) are
designed to be fully rigid 15
 Simple Connections

Designed as flexible connections

Connections are assumed to be free to rotate
Vertical shear forces are the primary forces transferred by the connection
Require a separate bracing system for lateral stability
16
The following few slides show some common simple framing connections
 Common Simple Connections

Single Plate Connection (Shear Tab) Double Angle Connection

A plate is welded to the supporting member The in-plane pair of legs are attached to the
and bolted to the web of the supported beam web of the supported beam and the out-of-
plane pair of legs to the flange or web of the
supporting member

17
(Green, Sputo, and Veltri)
 Common Simple Connections

Shear End Plate Connection Single Angle Connection

A plate is welded perpendicular to the One leg is attached to the web of the
end of the supported web and attached to supported beam and the other leg to the
the supporting member flange or web of the supporting member

18
(Green, Sputo, and Veltri)
 Common Simple Connections

Seated Connection Tee Connection

An angle is mounted with one leg vertical The stem of a WT section is connected to the
against the supporting column, and the other supported member and the flange attached to
leg provides a seat upon which the beam is the supporting member
mounted
A stabilizer connection is also provided at the
top of the web
19
(Green, Sputo, and Veltri)
 Moment Connections

Designed as rigid connections which allow little or no rotation

Used in rigid frames
Moment and vertical shear forces are transferred through the connection
Two types of moment connections are permitted:
Fully-Restrained

20 Partially-Restrained
 Moment Connections

21
 Common FR Connections
Bolted Extended End-Plate Connection
A plate is welded to the flanges and web of the
supported member and bolted with high-strength
bolts to the supporting column
23
(Green, Sputo, and Veltri)
Welded Flange Connection
Complete-joint-penetration groove welds
directly connect the top and bottom flanges of
the supported member to the supporting
column
A shear connection on the web is used to
transfer vertical shear forces
 Common PR Connections
PR Moment Connection Wind Only
A double angle simple connection transfers
vertical shear forces while top and bottom
flange plates resist moment forces produced by
wind
Note that the size of the flange plate is relatively
small in comparison to the beam flange
24
Top and Bottom Angle with Shear End Plate
Connection
Angles are bolted or welded to the top and
bottom flanges of the supported member and
to the supporting column
A shear end plate on the web is used to
transfer vertical shear forces
 Rigid Frames

Rigid frames, utilizing moment connections, are well suited for specific types of
buildings where diagonal bracing is not feasible or does not fit the architectural design

25
Rigid frames generally cost more than braced frames (AISC 2002)
 Braced Frames

Diagonal bracing creates stable triangular configurations within the steel building frame
(AISC 2002)
Braced frames are often the most economical method of resisting wind loads in multi-
story buildings (AISC 1991).
Some structures, like the one pictured above, are designed with a combination braced
26 and rigid frame to take advantage of the benefits of both
 Temporary Bracing

Structural steel frames require

temporary bracing during
construction
Temporary bracing is placed before
plumbing up the structural frame
This gives the structure temporary
lateral stability
Temporary bracing is removed by
the erector
27
 Temporary Bracing

28

In a braced frame, temporary bracing is removed after final bolt-up is complete and the permanent
bracing system is in place
In a rigid frame, temporary bracing is removed after final bolt-up is complete
 Concentric Braced Frames

Bracing is concentric when the center lines of the bracing members intersect
Common concentric braced frames used in buildings today include:

X brace (above left) Chevron (above right)

Two story Xs Single diagonals

X bracing is possibly the most common type of bracing

Bracing can allow a building to have access through the brace line depending on configuration
29 (AISC 2002)
 X Bracing

X Bracing Roof

Floor

Floor

1st Floor

Typical floor plan with X bracing X-braced building elevation

The diagonal members of X bracing go into tension and compression similar to a truss
The multi-floor building frame elevation shown above has just one braced bay, but it may be
necessary to brace many bays along a column line
With this in mind it is important to determine the locations of the braced bays in a structure early in a
project
(AISC 2002)
30
 X Bracing

Connections for X bracing are located at beam to column joints

Bracing connections may require relatively large gusset plates at the beam to column joint
The restriction of space in these areas may have an impact on the mechanical and plumbing systems
as well as some architectural features
(AISC 2002)
31
 Chevron Bracing
Chevron Roof

Bracing
Floor

Floor

1st Floor

Chevro V K
Typical floor plan with Chevron nElevation with several
bracing bracing configurations
The members used in Chevron bracing are designed for both
tension and compression forces
Chevron bracing allows for doorways or corridors through the
bracing lines in a structure
32
A multi-floor frame elevation using Chevron bracing is shown
 Chevron Bracing

Chevron bracing members use two types of connections

The floor level connection may use a gusset plate much like the connection on X braced
frames
The bracing members are connected to the beam/girder at the top and converge to a
common point
If gusset plates are used, it is important to consider their size when laying-out mechanical
33 and plumbing systems that pass through braced bays (AISC 2002)
 Eccentrically Braced Frames

Stiffeners
Link

Beam or Girder

Gusset

Eccentric
Brace
Eccentric brace with typical brace to beam
connection (Adapted from AISC 2002)

Eccentric bracing is commonly used in seismic regions and allows for doorways and corridors in the braced bays
The difference between Chevron bracing and eccentric bracing is the space between the bracing members at the
top gusset connection
In an eccentrically braced frame bracing members connect to separate points on the beam/girder
The beam/girder segment or link between the bracing members absorbs energy from seismic activity through
plastic deformation (AISC 2002)

34
 Eccentrically Braced Frames

Eccentrically braced frames look similar to frames with Chevron bracing

A similar V shaped bracing configuration is used
35
(AISC 2002)
 Eccentrically Braced Frames

(EERC 1997)

36 Eccentric single diagonals may also be used to brace a frame

 Combination Frames

Chevron braced Moment resisting Moment frame

Bracing
Combination Frame

As shown above (left) a braced frame deflects like a cantilever beam while a moment resisting frame
deflects more or less consistently from top to bottom
By combining the two systems, reduced deflections can be realized
The combination frame is shown above right
37
(AISC 1991)
 Combination Frames

O = Combined Frames
X = Chevron or K Bracing
= Moment Resisting

(AISC 1991)

The plot shows the moment resisting frame alone, the braced frame alone, and the combined frame
The same wind load was used for each frame model (AISC 1991)

38
 Structural Steel: The Material of Choice

39
Design of Seismic-
Resistant Steel Building
Structures

Concentrically Braced Frames

3 - Concentrically Braced Frames

Description and Types of Concentrically Braced Frames

Basic Behavior of Concentrically Braced Frames

AISC Seismic Provisions for Special Concentrically Braced

Frames
Concentrically Braced Frames

Description and Types of Concentrically Braced Frames

Basic Behavior of Concentrically Braced Frames

AISC Seismic Provisions for Special Concentrically Braced

Frames
Concentrically Braced Frames (CBFs)
Beams, columns and braces arranged to form a
vertical truss. Resist lateral earthquake forces by
truss action.

Develop ductility through inelastic action in braces.

- braces yield in tension
- braces buckle in compression

Advantages
- high elastic stiffness

Disadvantages
- less ductile than other systems
- reduced architectural versatility
Types of CBFs

Single Diagonal Inverted V- Bracing V- Bracing

X- Bracing Two Story X- Bracing

Concentrically Braced Frames

Description and Types of Concentrically Braced Frames

Basic Behavior of Concentrically Braced Frames

AISC Seismic Provisions for Special Concentrically Braced

Frames
Inelastic Response of CBFs under Earthquake Loading
Inelastic Response of CBFs under Earthquake Loading

Tension Brace: Yields Compression Brace: Buckles

(ductile) (nonductile)

Columns and beams: remain essentially elastic

Inelastic Response of CBFs under Earthquake Loading

Compression Brace Tension Brace (previously in

(previously in tension): compression): Yields
Buckles (ductile)
(nonductile)

Columns and beams: remain essentially elastic

Brace Behavior Under Cyclic Axial Loading

P
Tension

Shortening Elongation

Compression

P
Brace Behavior Under Cyclic Axial Loading

P
1. Brace loaded in compression to peak
compression capacity (buckling).

PCR
1

P
Brace Behavior Under Cyclic Axial Loading

P
1. Brace loaded in compression to peak
compression capacity (buckling).
2. Continue loading in compression.
Compressive resistance drops rapidly.
Flexural plastic hinge forms at mid-
length (due to P- moment in member).

2

PCR
1

plastic hinge

P
Brace Behavior Under Cyclic Axial Loading

P
1. Brace loaded in compression to peak
compression capacity (buckling).
2. Continue loading in compression.
Compressive resistance drops rapidly.
Flexural plastic hinge forms at mid-
length (due to P- moment in member).
3
3. Remove load from member (P=0).
Member has permanent out-of-plane
2 deformation.

PCR
1
Brace Behavior Under Cyclic Axial Loading

P
4 4. Brace loaded in tension to yield.
Py

3

2

PCR
1

P
Brace Behavior Under Cyclic Axial Loading

P
4 4. Brace loaded in tension to yield.
Py 5. Remove load from member (P=0).
Member still has permanent out-of-
plane deformation.

3
5

2

PCR
1
Brace Behavior Under Cyclic Axial Loading

P
4 4. Brace loaded in tension to yield.
Py 5. Remove load from member (P=0).
Member still has permanent out-of-
plane deformation.
6. Brace loaded in compression to peak
3 compression capacity (buckling).
5
Peak compression capacity reduced
from previous cycle.
2
6

PCR
1

P
Brace Behavior Under Cyclic Axial Loading

P
4 4. Brace loaded in tension to yield.
Py 5. Remove load from member (P=0).
Member still has permanent out-of-
plane deformation.
6. Brace loaded in compression to peak
3 compression capacity (buckling).
5
Peak compression capacity reduced
from previous cycle.
7
2
6 7. Continue loading in compression.
Flexural plastic hinge forms at mid-
PCR
1 length (due to P- moment in
member).

P
Experimental Behavior of Brace Under Cyclic Axial Loading

W6x20 Kl/r = 80

P
Experimental Behavior of Brace Under Cyclic Axial Loading

W6x16 Kl/r = 120

P
Experimental Behavior of Braced Frame Under Cyclic Loading
Developing Ductile Behavior in CBFs
General Approach

Design frame so that inelastic behavior is

restricted to braces.
Braces are "fuse" elements of frame.
Braces are weakest element of frame. All
other frame elements (columns, beams,
connections) are stronger than braces.
Choose brace members with good energy
dissipation capacity and fracture life (limit kL/r
and b/t).
Developing Ductile Behavior in CBFs
General Approach

Design brace connections for maximum

forces and deformations imposed by brace
during cyclic yielding/buckling
Developing Ductile Behavior in CBFs
General Approach

Design beams and columns (and column

splices and column bases) for maximum
forces imposed by braces
Developing Ductile Behavior in CBFs
General Approach

Design braces based on

code specified
earthquake forces.
Design all other frame
elements for maximum
forces that can be
developed by braces.
Maximum Forces Developed by Braces
Braces in Tension - Axial Force:

P
For design:
Pmax = Py Take Pmax = Ry Fy Ag
expected yield stress RyFy

Maximum Forces Developed by Braces
Braces in Compression - Axial Force

For design:
Presidual 0.3 Pcr Take Pmax = 1.1 Ry Pn
( Pn = Ag Fcr )
Take Presidual = 0.3 Pn
Pmax

P
Maximum Forces Developed by Braces
Braces in Compression - Bending Moment:

Plastic Hinges

P P

M M

For "fixed" end braces: flexural plastic hinges will form at

mid-length and at brace ends. Brace will impose bending
moment on connections and adjoining members.

For design:
Take Mmax = 1.1 Ry Fy Zbrace (for critical buckling direction)
Maximum Forces Developed by Braces
Braces in Compression - Bending Moment:

P P

Plastic Hinge

P P

For "pinned" end braces: flexural plastic hinge will form at

mid-length only. Brace will impose no bending moment on
connections and adjoining members.
Must design brace connection to behave like a "pin"
Maximum Forces in Columns and Beams

To estimate maximum axial forces

imposed by braces on columns and
beams:
Braces in tension:
Take P = Ry Fy Ag

Braces in compression:

Take P = 1.1 Ry Pn or P = 0.3 Pn

whichever produces critical design case
Example

Find maximum axial

compression in column.

Tension Braces:
Take P = Ry Fy Ag

Compression Braces:
Take P = 0.3 Pn
Example

Ry Fy Ag

0.3 Pn

Ry Fy Ag

Column Axial Compression =

[ (Ry Fy Ag ) cos + (0.3 Pn) cos ] + Pgravity

0.3 Pn
(sum brace forces for all levels
above column)
Ry Fy Ag

0.3 Pn
Example

Find maximum axial

tension in column.

Tension Braces:
Take P = Ry Fy Ag

Compression Braces:
Take P = 0.3 Pn
 Example

0.3 Pn

Ry Fy Ag

0.3 Pn

Ry Fy Ag
Column Axial Tension =

[ (Ry Fy Ag ) cos + (0.3 Pn) cos ] - Pgravity 0.3 Pn

(sum brace forces for all levels

above column)
Ry Fy Ag
Example

Find maximum axial

compression in column.

Tension Brace:
Take P = Ry Fy Ag

Compression Brace:
Take P = 0.3 Pn
Example

0.3 Pn Column Axial Compression =

Ry F y Ag (Ry Fy Ag ) cos + (0.3 Pn) cos + Pgravity

Note
Based on elastic frame analysis:
Column Axial Force = Pgravity
Example
Find maximum bending
moment in beam.

Tension Brace:
Take P = Ry Fy Ag

Compression Brace:
Take P = 0.3 Pn
Example

0.3 Pn
Ry F y Ag
Example
Compute moment in beam
resulting from application of
concentrated load at midspan
of ( Ry Fy Ag + 0.3 Pn ) sin
and add moment due to
gravity load

( Ry Fy Ag - 0.3 Pn ) sin

Note
Based on elastic frame analysis:
Moment in beam 0
Example
Find maximum axial
tension and compression
that will be applied to
gusset plate.

Tension Brace:
Take P = Ry Fy Ag

Compression Brace:
Take P = 1.1 Ry Pn
 Example

Check gusset yield, gusset

net section fracture, gusset
block shear fracture, local Check gusset buckling,
beam web yielding, etc. beam web crippling, etc.

Ry Fy Ag
1.1 Ry Pn
Concentrically Braced Frames

Description and Types of Concentrically Braced Frames

Basic Behavior of Concentrically Braced Frames

AISC Seismic Provisions for Special Concentrically Braced

Frames
 AISC SEISMIC PROVISIONS
Section 13 Special Concentrically Braced Frames (SCBF)
Section 14 Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames (OCBF)
 Section 13
Special Concentrically Braced Frames (SCBF)

13.1 Scope
13.2 Members
13.3 Required Strength of Bracing Connections
13.4 Special Bracing Configuration Requirements
13.5 Column Splices
13.6 Protected Zone
AISC Seismic Provisions - SCBF
13.1 Scope

Special concentrically braced frames (SCBF) are

expected to withstand significant inelastic deformations
when subjected to the forces resulting from the motions
of the design earthquake.
AISC Seismic Provisions - SCBF
13.2 Members
13.2a Slenderness

KL E
Bracing members shall have: 4
r Fy

Fy = 36 ksi: KL/r 114

Fy = 42 ksi: KL/r 105
Fy = 46 ksi: KL/r 100
Fy = 50 ksi: KL/r 96
13.2a Slenderness

KL E
Bracing members shall have: 4
r Fy

Exception:
E KL
Braces with: 4 200
Fy r

are permitted in frames in which the available

strength of the columns is at least equal to the
maximum load transferred to the column
considering Ry times the nominal strengths of
the brace elements.
Example

Find required axial

compression strength of
column.
Example KL E
All bracing members: 4
r Fy

Required column axial compression

Ry Fy Ag strength =
[ (Ry Fy Ag ) cos + (0.3 Pn) cos ]
+
0.3 Pn [(1.2 + 0.2SDS) D + 0.5L]
Ry Fy Ag

OR
0.3 Pn
0 QE
Ry Fy Ag
+
[(1.2 + 0.2SDS) D + 0.5L]
Note: 0 = 2 for SCBF and OCBF
0.3 Pn
Example E KL
Bracing members with: 4 200
Fy r

Required column axial compression

Ry Fy Ag strength =
[ (Ry Fy Ag ) cos - (0.3 Pn) cos ]
+
0.3 Pn [(1.2 + 0.2SDS) D + 0.5L]
Ry Fy Ag

0.3 Pn
0 QE
Ry Fy Ag
+
[(1.2 + 0.2SDS) D + 0.5L]

0.3 Pn
NOT PERMITTED
13.2 Members
13.2b Required Strength

Where the effective net area of bracing members is

less than the gross area, the required tensile
strength of the brace, based on a limit state of
fracture of the net section shall be at least Ry Fy Ag of
the bracing member.

Objective: yield of gross section of

brace prior to fracture of net section
Example
gusset plate
double angle bracing member

Check double angle bracing member for

limit state of net section fracture
 Pu= Ry Fy Ag

Required axial tension strength

of brace for limit state of
fracture of the net section
 Pu= Ry Fy Ag

Critical Net Section

Ae = U An
Ae < Ag due to:
bolt hole (An < Ag ), and
shear lag (U < 1)
 Pu= Ry Fy Ag

Limit state: fracture of net section

Pn = (0.75) Ae (Rt Fu)

Per Section 6.2: use expected tensile strength Rt FU when checking net section
fracture of bracing member, since Ry Fy of the same member is used to
computed the required strength
 Pu= Ry Fy Ag

Limit state: fracture of net section

(0.75) Ae (Rt Fu) Ry Fy Ag

Ae Ry Fy
OR:
Ag 0.75 Rt Fu
 Pu= Ry Fy Ag

Limit state: fracture of net section

Ae Ry Fy

Ag 0.75 Rt Fu

For A36 Angles: For A572 Gr. 50 Angles:

Ae 1.5 36 ksi Ae 1.1 50 ksi

1.03 1.03
Ag 0.75 1.2 58 ksi Ag 0.75 1.1 65 ksi

Need to Reinforce Net Section (Ae need not exceed Ag )

Also check block shear rupture of bracing member....

Pu= Ry Fy Ag

0.6 Anv Rt Fu
Pn = (0.75) Ubs Ant Rt Fu + lesser of
0.6 Agv Ry Fy
Reinforcing net section of bracing member....
Example gusset plate
rectangular HSS bracing
member

Check HSS bracing member for limit state

of net section fracture
 Pu= Ry Fy Ag

Required axial tension strength

of brace for limit state of
fracture of the net section
 Pu= Ry Fy Ag

Critical Net Section

Ae = U An
Ae < Ag due to:
slot (An < Ag ), and
shear lag (U < 1)
 Pu= Ry Fy Ag

Limit state: fracture of net section

(0.75) Ae (Rt Fu) Ry Fy Ag

Ae Ry Fy For A500 Gr B rectangular HSS:

OR:
Ag 0.75 Rt Fu Ae

1.4 46 ksi
1.14
Ag
0.75 1.3 58 ksi

Need to Reinforce Net Section (Ae need not exceed Ag )

Also check block shear rupture of bracing member....

L t = design wall thickness of HSS

Pu= Ry Fy Ag

0.6 Anv Rt Fu
Pn = (0.75) Ubs Ant Rt Fu + lesser of
0.6 Agv Ry Fy
Ant 0
Ant = Agv = 4 L t

For A500 Gr B rectangular HSS: Rt Fu = 1.3 x 58 ksi = 75.4 ksi

Ry Fy = 1.4 x 46 ksi = 64.2 ksi
Also check block shear rupture of bracing member....

L t = design wall thickness of HSS

Pu= Ry Fy Ag

Pn = (0.75) ( 4 L t x 0.6 x 64.2 ksi) 1.4 x 46 ksi x Ag

0.557 Ag
L = minimum length of welded overlap
t needed based on block shear
rupture in HSS bracing member
Reinforcing net section of bracing member....
13.2 Members
13.2c Lateral Force Distribution

Along any line of bracing, braces shall be deployed

in opposite directions such that, for either direction
of force parallel to the bracing, at least 30 percent but
not more than 70% of the total horizontal force along
that line is resisted by braces in tension..
13.2 Members
13.2c Lateral Force Distribution

Deploy braces so that about half are in tension (and the

other half in compression)

All braces in tension (or compression) NG

OK
13.2 Members
13.2d Width-Thickness Limitations

Columns and braces shall meet requirements of

Section 8.2b.

i.e. columns and braces must be seismically

compact : ps
13.2d Width-Thickness Limitations

Columns: ps
13.2d Width-Thickness Limitations

plastic hinge

Braces: form plastic hinge during buckling

With high b/t's - local buckling and possibly

fracture may occur at plastic
hinge region
13.2d Width-Thickness Limitations

Bracing Members: ps

For rectangular HSS (A500 Gr B steel):

b E 29000 ksi
0.64 0.64 16.1
t Fy 46 ksi
AISC Seismic Provisions - SCBF
13.3 Required Strength of Bracing Connections
13.3a Required Tensile Strength

The required tensile strength of bracing connections (including

beam-to-column connections if part of the bracing system) shall
be the lesser of the following:

1. Ry Fy Ag of the bracing member.

2. The maximum load effect, indicated by analysis that
can be transferred to the brace by the system.

Few practical applications of Item 2.

Note that oQE is NOT an acceptable method to establish
"maximum load effect"
Ry Fy Ag
 Consider load path
Pu = Ry Fy Ag through connection region

Pu cos

Pu sin
 Consider load path
through connection
region:
Pu = Ry Fy Ag
Uniform Force Method -
Vertical Component of Pu
transferred to column.

Vuc + Vub = Pu sin

Vuc Vuc is transferred directly to column
Vub
Vub is transferred indirectly to column
through beam and beam to
Vub column connection
Pu cos

Pu sin
 Consider load path
through connection
region:
Pu = Ry Fy Ag
Uniform Force Method -
Horizontal Component of
Pu transferred to beam.

Huc Huc + Hub = Pu cos

Hub is transferred directly to beam
Hub
Huc is transferred indirectly to beam
Huc through column and beam to
column connection
Pu cos

Pu sin
 Consider load path through
connection region:

Pu = Ry Fy Ag Use caution in use of bolts

and welds.
Section 7.2:
"Bolts and welds shall not be
designed to share force in a
joint or the same force
component in a connection."

Pu cos

Pu sin
 If designed by uniform force
Pu = Ry Fy Ag method - this connection
violates Section 7.2

Bolts and welds must transfer same

force components.

Pu cos

Pu sin
AISC Seismic Provisions - SCBF
13.3 Required Strength of Bracing Connections
13.3b Required Flexural Strength

The required flexural strength of bracing connections is

1.1 Ry Mp of bracing member.
 Plastic Hinges

M M

For "fixed" end braces: flexural plastic hinges will form at

mid-length and at brace ends. Brace will impose bending
moment on connections and adjoining members.

Mu = 1.1 Ry Mp = 1.1 Ry Fy Zbrace

(for critical buckling direction)
1.1 Ry Mp-brace
AISC Seismic Provisions - SCBF
13.3 Required Strength of Bracing Connections
13.3b Required Flexural Strength

The required flexural strength of bracing connections is

1.1 Ry Mp of bracing member.

Exception:

Brace connections that can accommodate the

inelastic rotations associated with brace post-
buckling deformations need not meet this
requirement.
P P

Plastic Hinge

P P

For "pinned" end braces: flexural plastic hinge will form at

mid-length only. Brace will impose no bending moment on
connections and adjoining members.
Must design brace connection to behave like a "pin"
To accommodate brace end rotation: provide "fold line"

Buckling perpendicular
to gusset plate

Line of rotation ("fold

line") when the brace
buckles out-of-plane
(thin direction of plate)
2t
2t
2t

Concrete floor slab

2t

Concrete floor slab

Styrofoam
> 2t
>2t
> 2t
AISC Seismic Provisions - SCBF
13.3 Required Strength of Bracing Connections
13.3c Required Compressive Strength

The required compressive strength of bracing connections shall

be at least 1.1 Ry Pn

Pn = Ag Fcr of bracing member

(per Chapter E of AISC Main Specification)
 1.1 Ry Pn

Check:
- buckling of gusset plate
- web crippling for beam and column
AISC Seismic Provisions - SCBF
13.4 Special Bracing Configuration Requirements
13.4a V-Type and Inverted V-Type Bracing
AISC Seismic Provisions - SCBF
13.4 Special Bracing Configuration Requirements
13.4a V-Type and Inverted V-Type Bracing

(1) Design beams for unbalanced load that will occur

when compression brace buckles and tension brace
yields.
Take force in tension brace: Ry F y Ag
Take force in compression brace: 0.3 Pn

Assume beam has no vertical support

between columns.
Example
L

wgravity = (1.2 + 0.2 SDS) D + 0.5L

0.3 Pn
Ry F y Ag Beam-to-column connections:
simple framing
Example

Forces acting on beam:

wgravity = (1.2 + 0.2 SDS) D + 0.5L

( Ry Fy Ag - 0.3 Pn ) sin
( Ry Fy Ag + 0.3 Pn ) cos
AISC Seismic Provisions - SCBF
13.4 Special Bracing Configuration Requirements
13.4a V-Type and Inverted V-Type Bracing

(2) Both flanges of beams must be provided with lateral

braces with a maximum spacing of Lpd

and

Both flanges of the beam must be braced at the point

of intersection of the braces.

Per Main AISC Specification (Appendix 1):

M E
Lpd 0.12 0.076 1 ry

M2 Fy
AISC Seismic Provisions - SCBF
13.4 Special Bracing Configuration Requirements
13.4b K-Type Bracing

K-Type Braces are not Permitted for SCBF

 Section 13
Special Concentrically Braced Frames (SCBF)

13.1 Scope
13.2 Members
13.3 Required Strength of Bracing Connections
13.4 Special Bracing Configuration Requirements
13.5 Column Splices
13.6 Protected Zone
EXAMPLE II.C-2
BRACING
CONNECTION