BS 5400-4:1990
5.8.5 Maximum areas of reinforcement in
members. In a beam or slab, neither the area of
tension reinforcement nor the area of compression
reinforcement should exceed 4 % of the gross
cross-sectional area of the concrete.
In a column, the percentage of longitudinal
reinforcement should not exceed 6 in vertically cast
columns or 8 in horizontally cast columns, except
that at laps in both types of column the percentage
may be 10.
In a wall, the area of vertical reinforcement should
not exceed 4 % of the gross cross-sectional area of
the concrete.
5.8.6 Bond anchorage and bearing
5.8.6.1 Geometrical classification of deformed bars.
For the purposes of this code there are two types of
deformed bar, as follows.
Type 1. A plain square twisted bar or a plain
chamfered square twisted bar, each with a pitch
of twist not greater than 18 times the nominal
size of the bar.
Type 2. A bar with transverse ribs with a
substantially uniform spacing not greater
than 0.8 (and continuous helical ribs where
present), having a mean area of ribs (per unit
length) above the core of the bar projected on a
plane normal to the axis of the bar, of not less
than 0.15 mm 2/mm where is the size
(nominal diameter) of the bar.
Other bars may be classified as types 1 or 2 from the
results of the performance tests described in Part 7.
5.8.6.2 Local bond. To prevent local bond failure
caused by large changes in tension over short
lengths of reinforcement, the local bond stress, fbs,
obtained from equation 23 should not exceed the
appropriate value obtained from Table 14.
equation 23
which becomes
V -
fbs = -------------
u sd
when the bars are parallel to the compression face,
BSI 03-2000
where
V is the shear force due to ultimate loads;
us is the sum of the effective perimeters of the
tension reinforcement (see 5.8.6.4);
d is the effective depth to tension
reinforcement;
M is the moment at the section due to
ultimate loads;
Fs is the angle between the compression face
of the section and the tension
reinforcement.
In equation 23 the negative sign should be used
when the moment is increasing numerically in the
same direction as the effective depth of the section.
Critical sections for local bond occur at the ends of
simply supported members, at points where tension
bars stop and at points of contraflexure. However,
points where tension bars stop and points of
contraflexure need not be considered if the
anchorage bond stresses in the continuing bars do
not exceed 0.8 times the value in 5.8.6.3.
5.8.6.3 Anchorage bond. To prevent bond failure the
tension or compression in any bar at any section due
to ultimate loads should be developed on each side of
the section by an appropriate embedment length or
other end anchorage. The anchorage bond stress,
assumed to be constant over the effective anchorage
length, taken as the force in the bar divided by the
product of the effective anchorage length and the
effective perimeter of the bar or group of bars
(see 5.8.6.4), should not exceed the appropriate
value obtained from Table 15.
Table 14 Ultimate local bond stresses
Concrete grade
Bar type 40 or
20 25 30
more
N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2
Plain bars 1.7 2.0 2.2 2.7
Deformed bars, 2.1 2.5 2.8 3.4
type 1
Deformed bars, 2.6 2.9 3.3 4.0
type 2
5.8.6.4 Effective perimeter of a bar or group of bars.
The effective perimeter of a single bar may be taken
as 3.14 times its nominal size. The effective
perimeter of a group of bars (see 5.8.3.1) should be
taken as the sum of the effective perimeters of the
individual bars multiplied by the appropriate
reduction factor given in Table 16.
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BS 5400-4:1990
5.8.6.5 Anchorage of links. A link may be considered
to be fully anchored if it passes round another bar of
at least its own size through an angle of 90p and
continues beyond for a minimum length of eight
times its own size, or through 180p and continues for
a minimum length of four times its own size. In no
case should the radius of any bend in the link be less
than twice the radius of the test bend guaranteed by
the manufacturer of the bar.
5.8.6.6 Laps and joints. Continuity of reinforcement
may be achieved by a connection using any of the
following jointing methods:
a) lapping bars;
b) butt welding (see 4.7);
c) sleeving (see 7.3.2.2);
d) threading of bars, parallel threads
(see 7.3.2.3);
e) threading of bars, tapered threads.
Such connections should occur, if possible, away
from points of high stress and should be staggered
appropriately.
The use of the jointing methods given in c) and d)
and any other method not listed should be verified
by test evidence.
In the tests the following criteria should be satisfied.
a) When a test is made on a representative gauge
length assembly comprising reinforcement of the
size, grade and profile to be used and a coupler of
the precise type to be used, the permanent
elongation after loading to 0.6f y should not
exceed 0.1 mm.
b) The design ultimate strength of the coupled
bar should exceed the specified characteristic
strength by the percentage specified in clause 10
of BS 4449:1988.
5.8.6.7 Lap lengths. When bars are lapped, the
length of the lap should at least equal the anchorage
length (derived from 5.8.6.3) required to develop the
stress in the smaller of the two bars lapped. The
length of the lap provided, however, should neither
be less than 25 times the smaller bar size
plus 150 mm in tension reinforcement nor be less
than 20 times the smaller bar size plus 150 mm in
compression reinforcement.
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The lap length calculated in the preceding
paragraph should be increased by a factor of 1.4 if
any of the following conditions apply:
a) the nominal cover to the lapped bars from the
top of the section as intended to be cast is less
than twice the bar size;
b) the clear distance between the lap and another
pair of lapped bars is less than 150 mm;
c) a corner bar is being lapped and the nominal
cover to either face is less than twice the bar size.
Where conditions a) and b) or conditions a) and c)
apply the lap length should be increased by a factor
of 2.0.
5.8.6.8 Hooks and bends. Hooks, bends and other
reinforcement anchorages should be of such form,
dimension and arrangement as to avoid
overstressing the concrete. Hooks and bends should
be in accordance with BS 4466.
The effective anchorage length of a hook or bend
should be measured from the start of the bend to a
point four times the bar size beyond the end of the
bend, and may be taken as the lesser of 24 times the
bar size or:
a) for a hook, eight times the internal radius of
the hook;
b) for a 90p bend, four times the internal radius of
the bend.
In no case should the radius of any bend be less than
twice the radius of the test bend guaranteed by the
manufacturer of the bar and, in addition, it should
be sufficient to ensure that the bearing stress at the
mid-point of the curve does not exceed the value
given in 5.8.6.9.
When a hooked bar is used at a support, the
beginning of the hook should be at least four times
the bar size inside the face of the support.
5.8.6.9 Bearing stress inside bends. The bearing
stress inside a bend, in a bar which does not extend
or is not assumed to be stressed beyond a point four
times the bar size past the end of the bend, need not
be checked.
BSI 03-2000