2.

7 Words uses as Phrases

There are essentially two different levels of categories, on the one hand there are
word-level categories like N, V, P, A, ADV, etc, and on the other hand there are phrase-level
categories such as NP, VP, PP, AP, ADVP, etc. Any theory defines the technical terms word
uses in relation to the way it in use, and within the kind of models are discussing,the term
phrase is used to mean simply a set of elements which from a constituent, with no
restriction on the number of elements that the set may or must contain. For exmaple, : Noun
Phrase is an expresseion containing the meaning a head Noun without any implication that a
Noun Phrase must necessarily contain anything other than the head of Noun.

A single unmodified Noun can have the same distribution as a Noun Phrase.
Accordingly we are justified on distributional grounds in saying that unmodified Nouns have
the status of Noun Phrase. Noun Phrase as meaning a Phrase containing a head of Noun. For
example :

- Cars can be useful. Cars is a Noun.

- Very fast cars can be useful. Very fast cars is Noun Phrase
At the same other sentence-position, wherever we can have a full noun phrase like [very
fast cars], we can also have the simple Noun cars as paradigm below :

a. Do { cars }
very fast car s
turn you on?

b. I really enjoy {very fast

cars
car s
} .

The same kind can be extended that a single unmodified Adjective has the same
distribution as a full Adjectival Phrase, then it follows that unmodifed A also can be
assigned the status of AP. An Adjectival Phrase as a Phrase contains a head of Adjective.
For example :

- John must speak clearly.

The word clearly is an ADV but also is an ADVP , since clearly here occurs in exactly the
kind of sentence position in which ADVP like [rather more clearly].

In short, wherever a simple category (like N, V, P, A, ADV, etc) in a given sentence

can be replaced by the corresponding phrasal category (NP, VP, PP, AP, ADVP, etc)then the
simple category is to be regarded as an instance corresponding phrasal category. And the full
Noun Phrase can be replaced by proform(it) as function as pro-NP constituents.
Example :

a. I really enjoy {very fastit car s}

Im crazy about { }
very fast car s
b. it