General Chemistry Laboratory

International University, HCMC
General Chemistry Laboratory Report
CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
REPORT
To: Instructor: PhD Hoang Le Son
BioTechnology Department, International University, HCMC.
General Chemistry Laboratory| Fall 2014 Course| Student from group 16.

Table of Contents:
Tile Page
Experiment 1: Chemical Reactions.............................................3
Experiment 2: pH and Buffers....................................................15
Experiment 3: Redox Titration with KMnO4..............................24
Experiment 4: Chemical Equilibrium.........................................29
Experiment 5: Factors Affecting Reaction Rate.........................36
Executive Summary
This report aims to show the brief discussions and the final result representations of
five experiments during the General Chemistry Laboratory course. Each of five
experiments including the general concepts and sub-experiments in order to give chances
accessing both theories and practicing.
Five main experiments followed the content of: Chemical Reactions, pH and Buffers,
Redox Titration with KMnO4, Chemical Equilibrium, and Factors Affecting Reaction
Rate. The process of recording changes and observations, chemical equations writing and
balancing, analyzing data, calculating of required figures, and giving scientific
explanations is presented individually in this paper after making group experiments.
References:
Resources followed the General Chemistry Laboratory manual and Data sheet
Page 2

EXPERIMENT 1
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
I. INTRODUCTION
Chemical Reactions are processes forming new substances base on breaking

chemical bonds of the initial reactants to make new ones. To study the classification of a
chemical reaction, its nature and type as well as the observed equation, the first
experiment including 8 chemical reactions and 1 flame test is dedicated to us for
achieving: Firstly, to determine whether the chemical reaction took play or not by
observing various phenomenons can be the color change, gas forming, precipitation and
also check the release of heat and light. Secondly, to identify the products and chemical
changes through five kinds of chemical reactions including synthesis, decomposition,
substituent reaction, double displacement and combustion. And finally, to study the
writing and balancing skills of experimental chemical equations, nomenclature of
inorganic substances.
II. PROCEDURE:
A. Instruments:
This experiment generally consists of 8 chemical experiment and 1 flame test directly
arm to the purpose of the objectives. The Materials and Equipments needed to access the
whole experiments are:
_Thirty test tubes _Water bath

_One test tube rack _One looped platinum or nichrome
_Two test tube holders wire
_Two spatulas _Label
_Three 250 mL beakers _Reagents and theirs concentrations
_One stirring rod are mentioned below in each sub-
_One medicine dropper experiments
_Alcohol lamp or Busen burner
B. Experimental Procedure:
Preparing, operating, recording the observations and follow the requirements of each
below sub-experiments.
1. Reactions of Cu2+
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Prepare 3 test tubes with 10 drops of 0.5M CuSO4.
Add 10 drops 2M NaOH; 2M NH4OH; 0.5M K4[Fe(CN)6] in order.
2. Reactions of silver halides
Add 10 drops of 0.1M AgNO3 into 3 0.5M salt solutions : KCl , KBr and KI.
Each test tube was divided into 2 test tubes. Therefore, we have 6 test tubes
labeled #1-3A and #1-3B.
Add 5 drops of 2M NH4OH to 3 different solutions #1-3A.
Add 5 drops of 2M KCN to 3 remain solution #1-3B.
3. Reactions of H2O2
Prepare 2 test tubes with 5 drops of 0.1M KMnO4 0.1M KI solutions.
Acidify 2 this solutions with 5 drops of 2M H2SO4 and then add 5 drops of 3%
H2O2 solution. Record the change of color and the released gas.
A pinch of solid MnO2 was added into 1 ml of 3% H2O2 solution.
4. Reactions of Nitrate
A 1 ml of saturated FeSO4 was added into a test tube which had contained 1 ml
of 1 M NaNO3 solution. Sufficient amount of concentrated sulfuric acid (96%)
was poured carefully down the inside wall of this test tube. Observe and record
the change of color at the interface between the nitrate solution and the
concentrated sulfuric acid after a few seconds.
NaNO2 was substituted for FeSO4
Acetic acid was substitute for H2SO4. Record the observation and then compare
with the system.
5. Reactions of KMnO4
Prepare 3 clean test tubes labeled from 1-3 with 10drops of 0.5M Na2SO4.
Add 5 drops of following reagents : 2M H2SO4, 6N NaOH, distilled water.
Add 5 drops of 0.1M KMnO4 to each test tubes. Observe the change
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6. Reaction of Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7)
Add following reactants in order in to a test tube : 0.5M K2Cr2O7, 10 drops of 6M

H2SO4, 5 drops of C2H5OH. Observe the change.
7. Reactions of Fe3+ and Fe2+
Prepare 7 test tubes with 1ml of 0.5M FeCl3.
Add 5 drops of following reagents : 0.5 M KCN, 0.1M KSCN, 2 N KOH, 0.5M
K4[Fe(CN)6], 2M NH4OH. Record the observation.
Do the same 2 steps above by replacing FeCl3 with FeSO4.
8. Reactions of Al3+
Divide 2 solutions which have 10 drops 0.5 M of Al2(SO4)3 and 5 drops 2N NaOH.
Add 10 drops of 2M HCl into test tubes 1.
Add 10 drops of 2N NaOH into trst tube 2.Observe the change
9. Flame Test
The Bunsen burner was lit first.
After a looped wire was dipped into the solutions supplied, it was continue held
in the Bunsen burner flame. Flame color would be observed and recorded
carefully.
The frequency (C) and energy(E) of the photons would be calculated during the
flame tests by using the wavelengths() shown below.
Approximate Dominant Color Approximate

Dominant Color wavelength (nm) wavelength (nm)
Red 701 Green 535
Red-orange 622 Green-Blue 492
Orange 609 Blue 474
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Orange-yellow 597 Blue-violet 455
Yellow 587 Violet 423
Yellow-green 577
Note: *Wavelength values were given for mid-range of the color indicated.
*The equation represents the relationship between the wavelength, frequency and the
speed of an electromagnetic wave :
*The energy per photon (in Joules) is given by the equation:
C=v Ephoton =h v
Where h is Plancks constant and h has a value of 6.626 10-34J.s
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:
1. Reactions of Cu2+
Reaction Observation Chemical Equation

0.5M CuSO4 The formation of blue CuSO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Cu(OH)2 +Na2SO4(aq)
precipitation and
+ 2M NaOH (Double displacement reaction)
colloidal phenomena.
0.5M CuSO4 After being formed, CuSO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O Cu(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4
the blue precipitation
+ 2M NH4OH Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2
dissolved and the
solution turns into => CuSO4 + 6NH3 + 2H2O (NH4)2SO4 +
violet color. [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2
(Double displacement reaction)

0.5M CuSO4 Formation of red- 2CuSO4 + K4[Fe(CN)6] Cu2[Fe(CN)6] + 2K2SO4
brown precipitation
+ 0.5M (Double displacement reaction)
and the colloidal
K4[Fe(CN)6]
phenomena
Analysis:
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The feature of Cu2+ is it can react with OH- form a blue precipitation.
The solution Cu(OH)2 also react with NH4OH to form a complex compound so that the
reaction 2 has the violet color at the end.
The last precipitate solution has red brown color because the solution is a compound
consists of Fe3+.
Double displacement reaction occurs when part of one reactant is replaced by part of
another reactant
2. Reactions of silver halides
0.5M KCl + Formation of white KCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) AgCl + KNO3(aq)

0.1M AgNO3 precipitation
(Precipitation reaction)
0.5M KCl+ White precipitation, after KCl + AgNO3 AgCl + KNO3

0.1M adding NH4OH, the
AgCl + 2NH4OH(aq) [Ag(NH3)2]Cl (aq)+ 2 H2O
AgNO3+ 2M precipitation does not
NH4OH dissolved. (Complex compound forming)
0.5M KCl+ White precipitation, after KCl + AgNO3 AgCl + KNO3

0.1M adding KCN, the reaction
AgNO3+ 2M occurs quickly, the AgCl + KCN 2KAg(CN)2 + KCl
KCN precipitation completely (Complex compound forming)
dissolved and the
solution becomes
colorless
0.5M KBr Formation of yellow KBr + AgNO3 AgBr + KNO3

precipitation
+ 0.1M (Precipitation reaction)
AgNO3
0.5M KBr+ Yellow precipitation, KBr + AgNO3 AgBr + KNO3

0.1M AgNO3 after adding NH4OH, the
+ 2M precipitation does not AgBr + 2NH4OH no reaction
NH4OH dissolved.
0.5M KBr+ Pale yellow precipitation, AgBr + KCN 2KAg (CN)2 + KBr
0.1M AgNO3 after adding KCN, the
+ 2M KCN reaction occurs quickly, (Complex compound forming)
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precipitation completely
dissolved and the fluid
becomes colorless
0.5M KI+ Pale yellow precipitation KI + AgNO3 AgI + KNO3

0.1M AgNO3
(Precipitation reaction)
0.5M KI+ Yellow precipitation, KI + AgNO3 AgI + KNO3

0.1M after adding NH4OH, the
AgNO3 + precipitation does not AgI + NH4OH no reaction
2M NH4OH dissolved.
0.5M KI+ Pale yellow precipitation, KI + AgNO3 AgI + KNO3

0.1M AgNO3 after adding KCN, the
+ 2M KCN reaction occurs quickly, AgI + KCN 2KAg (CN)2 + KI
precipitation complete (Complex compound forming)
dissolved and the fluid
becomes colorless
Analysis:
All 3 experiments are proved the properties of silver halides, which is :
Forming precipitate when reacts with salt.
All kind of precipitate dissolved in KCN liquid and the liquid became colorless.
The Complex compound forming and precipitation reaction is determined by this

experiment
3. Reactions of H2O2
0.1M The solution initially has 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2O2 K2SO4 +

KMnO4+ 2M violet and does not 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 5O2
H2SO4+ change when adding
H2O2 H2SO4, but it becomes (oxidation-reduction reaction)
colorless when adding
H2O2 and releases heat
0.1M KI+ The solution initially has 2KI + H2SO4 + H2O2 K2SO4 + 2H2O + I2
2M H2SO4+ violet and does not
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H2O2 change when adding (oxidation-reduction reaction)
H2SO4, the solution turns
yellow-brown and has
yellowish brown
precipitate.
H2O2+ MnO2 The black solid does not MnO2+ 2H2O2 MnO2 + O2+ 2H2O
dissolve. Releasing gas
and heat. (oxidation-reduction reaction)
Analysis:
H2O2 play roles as an oxidizing agent and it join in the redox reaction to exchange
election, results in changing of oxidation number.
4. Reactions of Nitrate
Reaction Observation Chemical Reaction
1M NaNO3+ The solution changes 6FeSO4 + 2NaNO3 + 4H2SO4 3Fe2(SO4)3 +

FeSO4 color from light green to Na2SO4 + 4H2O + 2NO
+H2SO4 brown. The reaction
(96%) releases heat and NO + O2 NO2
smelled, colorless-gas, (redox reaction)
turning brown gas at
interface (NO)
1M NaNO3+ The solution is still NaNO2 + NaNO3 + H2SO4 no reaction

NaNO2+ colorless.
H2SO4 (96%)
1M NaNO3+ The solution is still FeSO4 + CH3COOH + NaNO3 no reaction

FeSO4 + colorless.
CH3COOH
Analysis:
Nitrate compound is the oxidizing agent and the oxidation number N atom will be
reduced as the formation of gases
First reaction : liquid is brown because it has H+ and NO3- is the oxidizing agents, so that
Fe2+ was reduced to be Fe3+ and the salt Fe3+ has brown color. However, when doing this
experiment, we did not add enough FeSO4 so that the color of the liquid did not change.
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Two another reactions did not occur because they are lack of oxidizing and reducing
agents.
5. Reactions of KMnO4
0.5M The solution changes 5Na2SO3 + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 2MnSO4 +

Na2SO3+ 2M color from purple to K2SO4 + 5Na2SO4 +3H2O
H2SO4+ 0.1M transparent.
KMnO4 (redox reaction)
0.5M The solution changes Na2SO3 + 2NaOH + 2KMnO4 K2MnO4 +

Na2SO3+ 6N color from purple to Na2SO4 + Na2MnO4 +H2O
NaOH+ 0.1M blue green.
KMnO4 (redox reaction)
0.5M Na2SO3 The solution changes 3Na2SO3 + 2KMnO4 + H2O 2MnO2 +

color from purple to 3Na2SO4 + 2KOH
+ H2O yellow-brown and
appears black precipitate (Redox reaction)
Analysis: KMnO4 is the oxidizing agent because highest oxidation number +7 of Mn
KMnO4 in acid environment is formed into salt Mn2+and K+.
KMnO4 in neutral environment is formed into MnO2 (dark brown solid) and KOH
KMnO4 in base environment is formed into K2MnO4 (brown).
6. Reaction of Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7)
2M K2Cr2O7+ When pour C2H5OH 2K2Cr2O7 + 8H2SO4 + 3C2H5OH

6M H2SO4+ into the solution, it 2Cr2(SO4)3 + 3CH3COOH + 2K2SO4 + 11H2O
C2H5OH changes color from
orange to transparent, (Oxidation reaction)
and when pout H2SO4
into the mixture, it
changes color from
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transparent to deep blue.
Analysis:
The reaction is a oxidation of alcohol by K2Cr2O7 , K2Cr2O7 is an oxidizing agent. The

change in color is an phenomenon of oxidation.
7.
A. Reactions of Fe3+
0.5M FeCl3+ FeCl3 + 6KCN K3[Fe(CN)6] + 3KCl

0.5M KCN Dark green solution
(complex compound forming reaction)
0.5M FeCl3+
0.1M KSCN Dark red solution FeCl3 + 6KSCN K3[Fe(SCN)6] + 3KCl
0.5M FeCl3+ FeCl3 + 3KOH Fe(OH)3 + 3KCl

2M KOH Formation of brown
precipitate (precipitation reaction)
0.5M FeCl3+
0.5M Formation of dark blue 4FeCl3 + 3K4[Fe(CN)6] Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 +
K4[Fe(CN)6] precipitate and sticky 12KCl
solution.
(precipitation reaction)
0.5M FeCl3+ FeCl3 + 3NH4OH Fe(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl

2M NH4OH Formation of yellow-
brown precipitate (precipitation reaction)
Analysis:
All these chemical reaction are to show the property of Fe3+ to form brown precipitate and
complex compound
7. B. Reactions of Fe2+
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0.5M FeSO4+ Dark green solution FeSO4 + 6KCN K4[Fe(CN)6] + K2SO4

0.5M KCN
0.5M FeSO4+ Formation of dark red FeSO4 + 6KSCN K4[Fe(SCN)6] + K2SO4

0.1M KSCN precipitate
0.5M FeSO4+ Formation of white blue FeSO4 + 2KOH Fe(OH)2 + K2SO4

2M KOH precipitate and
disappear right away (precipitation reaction)
4Fe(OH)2 + 2H2O + O2 Fe(OH)3
0.5M FeSO4+ Formation of white 2FeSO4 + K4[Fe(CN)6] Fe2[Fe(CN)6] +

0.5M precipitate 2K2SO4
K4[Fe(CN)6]
0.5M FeSO4+ Formation of white blue FeSO4 + 2NH4OH (NH4)2SO4 + Fe(OH)2
2M NH4OH precipitate at first, then
it dissolved and (precipitation reaction)
solutions becomes light Fe(OH)2 + 4NH4OH [Fe(NH3)4](OH)2 +
yellow. 4H2O
Analysis:
All these chemical reaction are to show the property of Fe2+ to form brown precipitate and
complex compound
8. Reactions of Al3+
0.5M
Al2(SO4)3+ 2M Formation of colloidal Al2(SO4)3 + 6NaOH 3Na2SO4 +
NaOH white precipitate 2Al(OH)3
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0.5M
Al2(SO4)3+ 2N Colloidal white Al2(SO4)3 + 6NaOH 3Na2SO4 +
NaOH+ 2M precipitate is dissolved 2Al(OH)3
HCl gradually and the
solutions becomes 2Al(OH)3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
colorless
(acid/base reaction)
0.5M
Al2(SO4)3+ 2M Colloidal white Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O
NaOH+ 2M precipitate increases
into maximum amount (complex compound forming reaction)
NaOH
and it is dissolved, the
solutions becomes
colorless
Analysis: All these chemical reaction are to show the property of Al3+ that have
amphoteric behavior through acid/base, precipitation and complex compound forming
reactions.
9) Flame Test:
Solution Dominant flame Wave length Frequency Photon energy

color (m) (J)
(s-1)
LiCl Orange 6.09 x 10-7 4.28 x 1014 2.84 x 10-19
NaCl Orange-Yellow 5.97 x 10-7 5.11 x 1014 3.39 x 10-19
KCl Violet 4.23 x 10-7 7.09 x 1014 34.7 x 10-19
CaCl2 Red-Orange 6.22 x 10-7 4.82 x 1014 3.2 x 10-19
BaCl2 Yellow-green 5.77 x 10-7 5.61 x 1014 3.72 x 10-19
Data Calculation
According to the formula: C= x
For the LiCl
The frequency of LiCl when hold it in the Bunsen burner flame :
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= C/ = 3x10 / 701 x 10 = 4.28 x 10 (s )
8 -9 14 -1
The Photon energy of LiCl:
E = h x = 6.626 x 10-34 x 4.28 x 1014 = 2.84 x 10-19 (J)
Applying the same for the rest substance
Analysis:
A flame test is a procedure used to test qualitatively for the presence of certain metals in
chemical compounds. When the compound to be studied is excited by heating it in a
flame, the metal ions will begin to emit light. Based on the emission spectrum of the
element, the compound will turn the flame a characteristic color.
IV. CONCLUSION:
In this experiment laboratory we have chances to observed the changes in different type
of reactions and the properties of some common element as well as its role in specific
reactions. Each of types of reaction have distinct natures and it is possible to determine
through the changes after the reaction occurs and theoretically equations.
EXPERIMENT 2
pH AND BUFFERS
I. INTRODUCTION
This experiment provide us the method to control or equilibrium the system by the pH
value. It is very important for organisms to maintain a stable pH. Biological molecules
such as proteins function only at a certain pH level and any changes in pH can result in
them not functioning properly.The concentration of H+ in the solution tells how acidic or
alkaline a substance is and it is interpreted by the pH, and buffers is the solution to
maintain this value. The strong or weak base/acid and the neutral solution have different
pH value and we can know more about this as well as calculations related to pH value, or
how buffers control the pH through this experiment.
II. PROCEDURE
A. Instruments:
Three 150 mL beakers One 10 mL volumetric pipet
Three 250 mL breakers One 10 mL gratuated pipet
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Magnetic stirrer and stir bar One stirring rod
pH meter One medicine dropper
Water bath
B. Procedure:
System #1: Deionized water
We have about 150 mL of deionized boiled for 10 minutes in a 250 mL beaker

and then cooled to room temperature.
The next step is to pour about 75 mL of the room temperature water into a 150 mL
beaker. Then we add a stir bar to the beaker and place the beaker on a magnetic
bar stirrer. Assemble pH meter.
We record the pH value and then swirl the water with the magnetic stirrer for
about 20 seconds. Record the pH again and repeat the stirring and measurement
process at 20 second intervals, recording each time and pH value, until there is no
appreciable change in the pH.
System #2: Strong acid
Measure the pH by using pipet to take 10 mL of 0.1 M HCl into a 250 mL beaker.
Measure the pH after add 90 mL of distilled water into the beaker. Measure the
pH.
10 mL of 0.10 M NaOH was added into the beaker. Record the pH.
90 mL of 0.01 M NaOH was added into the beaker. Record the pH.
System #3: Weak acid
20 mL of 0.1 M acetic acid was placed into 150 mL beaker.
Using 0.1 M acetic acid as a starting point, make three dilutions resulting in two
different concentrations, i.ie 0.01 and 0.001 M.
Measure the pH of each these solution and calculate the Ka for each of the
solutions.
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System #4: Salts
50 mL of 0.1 M NaCl was placed into a 150 mL beaker. Measure the pH.
Place 50 mL of 0.01 M CH3COOH into a 150 mL beaker. Measure the pH.
Place 50 mL of 0.1 M NH4Cl into a 150 mL beaker. Measure the pH.
System #5: Buffers
100 mL each of 0.1 M CH3COOH and 0.1 M CH3COONa were placed into
seperate 150mL beaker.
Prepare buffer A, B, C by mixing these two solutions as shown in the table below.
Measure the pH of the buffer solution.
Divide each of the 3 buffers into equal parts (25.0 mL each)
Part 1: For one sample of each buffer:
- Add 10 drops of 0.1 M HCl. Measure the pH.
- Add enough to change the pH by one unit from the start. Record the volume.
Part 2: For one sample of each buffer:
- Add 10 drops of 0.1 M NaOH. Measure the pH.
- Add enough to change the pH by one unit from te start. Record the volume.
III. DATA AND DISCUSSION
1. pH OF DEIONIZED WATER
Time (s) Observed pH Explanation
0 7.89 The deionized water in the laboratory room has a pH value

approximately 7.0. The process of distillation leads water
20 7.17 molecules to access the air contained CO2 gas and stirring
40 6.88 encourage more and more CO2 dissolved, so the
concentration of acid in distilled water at that time
60 6.67 increases and the pH value decreases as a result. After a
short period of time, due to the water does not absorb all of
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80 6.34 CO2 from the air, the balance stage happens and the pH
value is stable
100 6.26
120 6.19
140 6.09
160 5.71
180 5.53
Comment: The pH of deionized water tends to be lower than normal water because the
dissolved salts (ions) in the normal water can neutralize that is also dissolved in the water.
2. pH OF STRONG ACID
Solution Theoretical Measured Explaination

pH pH
_10 mL of 0.1M 1 1.14 HCl is strong acid so its pH value is small

HCl as the [H+] = 0.1 involved in. When adding
the distilled water into HCl, the solution
_ Add 90 mL of becomes diluted and the concentration of
distilled water 2 1.97
H+ decreases. The system has the current
_ Add 10 mL of [H+] = 0.01, thus the pH value calculated
0.1M NaOH equal to 2
7 11.12
_ Add 90 mL of The pH value keeps increasing due to the
11.7 11.71
0.01M NaOH addition of NaOH, OH- dissolves and joins
with H+ in the mixture to make H2O. Thus
the system is neutral and the pH raises into
7.
When we continue to add 90mL of 0.01

NaOH to the mixture, the [OH-] increase
and equal to 2.3 so the pH value raises
theoretically to 11.7.
Data Calculation:
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The mole of 10mL of 0,1 M HCL: n = CM x V = 0,1x 0.01= 10-3 (mol)
The theoritical pH of 10 mL of 0,1 M HCl: pH = -log[0.1] = 1
After adding 90 mL of distilled water , the V of solution increases to 100mL= 0,1 L
Thus [H+]= n/V= 10-3/ 0,1= 0.01 M
The theoritical pH of 0,01M HCl: pH= -log[0,01] = 2
After adding 90 mL of 0.01M NaOH, the V of solution increases to 190mL= 0,19 L
The mole of the adding OH- = CM x V = 0.01 x 0.09 = 9x10-4 (mole)
The current [OH-] = n/V = 9x10-4/0.19. Thus the final pH = 14 - (-log[9x10-4/0.19) = 11.7
Comment: The pH value depends on concentration of H+ .Strong acid often have a small
pH value because the it dissolves completely in water to produce the large amount of H+ .
The pH of strong acid will be increase when [OH-] is increased. The reality value of pH
in the experiment is different comparing with the theoretical one due to the laboratory
conditions and the mistake during experimental procedure.
3. pH OF WEAK ACID
Solution Measured Ka Explaination

pH
0.1M acetic 2.67 4.67x10-5 CH3COOH plays role as the very weak acid,
acid results in dissolving partially and forming little
H+, which leads to the pH value is higher than
0.01M acetic 3.05 8.72x10-5 the strong acid. The less concentration of H+ in
acid the acetic acid solution, the more increasing in
the pH value.
0.001M 4.12 6.23x10-6
acetic acid
Data Calculation:
Determining the Ka base on the measured pH of:
First, 0.1 M acid acetic
CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO-
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Initial 0.1 0 0 (CM)
Change -x x x
Equilibrium 0.1-x x x
[H][CH3COO ] x2
Thus the Ka = = = (10-2.67)2/0.1 - 10-2.67 = 4.67x10-5
[CH3COOH] 0.1 x
Second, 0.01 M acid acetic and applying the same equation above
[H][CH3COO ]
Thus the Ka= = (10-3.05 )2/0.01- 10-3.05 = 8.72x10-5
[CH3COOH]
Third, 0.001 M acid acetic and applying the same equation above
[H][CH3COO ]
Thus the Ka = =(10-4.12 )2/0.001- 10-4.12 = 6.23x10-6
[CH3COOH]
0.001 M acid acetic 0.001 0.001 0.001
[H][CH3COO ]
Ka= = (10-4.12 x 0.001)/0.001= 6.3 x 10-5
[CH3COOH]
4. pH of SALTS:
Solution Predicted Measured Explaination

pH pH
0.1M NaCl 7 5.45 NaCl is a salt of strong acid (HCl) and a strong
base (NaOH), which makes NaCl have the
0.1M >7 7.11
neutral property and the pH value reach to 7
CH3COONa
CH3COONa is the salt of a weak acid
0.1M NH4Cl <7 6.02
(CH3COOH) and the strong base (NaOH),
which makes this substance have the base
property and the pH value is larger than 7.
NH4Cl is the salt of a strong acid (HCl) and the

weak base (NH4OH), which makes this
substance have the acid property and the pH
value is less than 7.
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Comment:
The pH of the salts depend on the compound of that substance, if the compound is the
strong non-metal such as Na and the weak acid component such as CH3COO-, the pH is
over 7, on the contrary, the pH is less than 7, and if 2 components are strong acid/base,
the solution becomes neutral.
5. pH of BUFFERS:
Buffer Volume (mL) Volume (mL) Acid Base Calculated Measured

0.1M 0.1M pH pH
CH3COOH CH3COONa
A 10.0 40.0 0.02 0.08 5.34 5
B 40.0 10.0 0.08 0.02 4.14 3.61
C 25.0 25.0 0.05 0.05 4.47 4.35
Data Calculation:
Determining the [Acid], [Base] and the pH value:
For the mixture A:
CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+
0.001 x x (mol)
CH3COONa CH3COO- + Na+
0.004 0.004 0.004 (mol)
n 0.001
[Acid] = [CH3COOH] = 0.02 M
V 0.01 0.04
n 0.004
[Base] = [CH3COONa] = 0.08 M
V 0.01 0.04
nCH3COO- = 0.004 + x 0.004 (mol)
The equilibrium constant of CH3COOH is 1.8 x 10-5
Page 20

[H][CH3COO ] 0.08 x
Ka= = = 1.8 x 10-5
[CH3COOH] 0.02
=> x= 4.5x10-6 (M)
Thus the pH is pH = -log[x] = 5.34
Applying the same concept for mixture B and C
Part I: Addition of 10 drops 0.1 M HCl
Buffer pH from pH after Total volume HCl to Explanation

the start adding HCl change pH by one unit
A 5 4.63 13 mL Each buffer has the weak

base CH3COO-, it reacts
B 3.61 3.15 10 mL
with the added H+ of HCl so
C 4.35 4.21 15 mL the pH of the solution is not
decrease too much when
adding 10 drops HCl
Part II: Addition of 10 drops 0.1 M NaOH
Buffer pH from pH after Total volume NaOH to Explanation

the start adding change pH by one unit
NaOH
A 5 5.15 10 mL Each buffer has the weak

acid CH3COOH, it reacts
B 3.61 3.73 16 mL with the added OH- of
NaOH so the pH of the
solution is not increase too
C 4.35 4.47 10 mL
much when adding 10
drops NaOH
Comment
Buffer A have the highest pH value because it contain more CH3COONa ( basic salt)
Page 21

Buffer B have the smallest one, because it contain more CH3COOH ( acid)
pH value of buffer C is at the middle because of the same amount of CH3COONa and
CH3COOH in this solution
When we add acid HCl into the buffer, the pH value decrease because concentration of
H+ increases
On the other hand, we add base NaOH, pH increases because concentration of H+

decreases.
IV. CONCLUSION
As we known the pH of a solution is the measure of the concentration of charged

Hydrogen ions in that given solution. A solution with a pH lower than seven is considered
to be acidic. A solution with a higher pH is a base. Buffers have the property to maintain
the pH value by resisting the large change on pH when adding H + or OH-. With 5 sub-
experiment above we can know the method to measured the pH, predict the pH of the
solution and also the way to control this value for equilibrium the system.
Page 22
EXPERIMENT 3
REDOX TITRATION WITH KMnO4
I. INTRODUCTION
This experiment shows us the technique to determine the unknown solution by the known
solution of the oxidation-reduction reaction - TITRATION. The mainly titrant used in this
experiment is potassium manganate with N=0.05 to titrate against a standard solution of
H2O2O4. Then the standardized KMnO4 solution will be used to determine the
concentration of unknown oxalic acid and unknown Fe3+ solution. Furthermore, the
experiment provides the overview concept about the nature of redox reaction and the
relationship between the GEW (gram equivalent weight), the volume and with the
normality among the oxidizing/reducing agents
II. PROCEDURE
A. Instruments:
One 50 mL buret One glass watch
One 250 mL volumetric flask One funnel (small size)
One 100 mL graduated cylinder One stirring rod
Three 250 mL beakers One medicine dropper
One 10 mL volumetric pipet Water bath
There 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks
Page 23

1. Prepare KMnO4 solution: calculate the weight of KMnO4 required to prepare of a

0.05 N KMnO4 solution. After weighing the required amount KMnO4, transfer it
to a 250 mL beaker with 250 mL of distilled water. Mix the solution thoroughly
by vigorous swirling. Then transfer it to a dark brown bottle, discard undissolved
solid.
2. Clean the buret with distilled water and then rinse it three times with 5 mL
portions prepared KMnO4 solution, allowing the rinse solution to drain though the
tip of the buret each time. Discard the rinse solution. Fill the buret with KMnO4
solution and allow it to drain tough the buret tip until no air bubbles remain in the
tip. Record the buret reading before beginning the titration.
3. Standardization of prepared KMnO4 solution: pipet separate 10 mL of standard

oxalic acid solution into three 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks. Add approximately 40
mL of distilled water to each flask. In the fume hood, cautiously add 20 mL of 6 N
H2SO4 solution to each flask. Warm the flasks in the water bath to 85 90 0 and
titrate the hot solutions against the KMnO4 solution.
4. Determination of unknown concentration H2C2O4 solution: pipet separate 10 mL

of unknown concentration solution of H2C2O4 into three 250 mL Erlenmeyer
flasks and proceed as directed in the standardization process. After finishing the
titration, calculate the normality of the unknown concentration H2C2O4 solution;
determine the average and the standard deviation.
1. TITRATION OF KMnO4 SOLUTION WITH STANDARD H2C2O4

SOLUTION
Normality of the standard H2C2O4 solution, NH2C2O4= 0.05 N
Volume of the standard H2C2O4 solution used, VH2C2O4 = 10 mL
Trial # Burette reading (mL) Volume of KMnO4 (mL) Normality of KMnO4 (N)
1 23 - 33 10 0.05
2 33 -42 9 0.056
Page 24
3 42 - 51.5 9.5 0.053
Data Calculation:
Normality of the solution is calculated by the relationship
VKMnO4 x NKMnO4 = VH2C2O4 x N H2C2O4
The Normality of KMnO4 is: NKMnO4 = (VH2C2O4 x N H2C2O4)/VKMnO4
For the Trial 1: NKMnO4 = 0.05x10/10 = 0.05
For the Trial 2: NKMnO4 = 0.05x10/9 = 0.056
For the Trial 3: NKMnO4 = 0.05x10/9.5 = 0.053
Average Normality of KMnO4 = (0.05 + 0.056 + 0.053)/3 = 0.053 (N)
2. TITRATION OF UNKNOWN CONCENTRATION H2C2O4 SOLUTION

WITH STANDARD KMnO4 SOLUTION
Normality of the standard KMnO4 solution, N(KMnO4) = 0.05 N
Volume of the unknown H2C2O4 solution used, V(H2C2O4) = 10 mL
Trial # Burette reading (mL) Volume of KMnO4 (mL) Normality of

H2C2O4 (N)
1 17 37 20 0.1
2 37 - 50 21.5 0.108
4 - 12.5
3 12.5 - 31 18.5 0.0925
Page 25

Data Calculation:
VKMnO4 x NKMnO4 = VH2C2O4 x N H2C2O4
The Normality of KMnO4 is: NH2C2O4 = (VKMnO4 x NKMnO4)/VH2C2O4
For the Trial 1: NH2C2O4 = 0.05x20/10 = 0.1
For the Trial 2: NH2C2O4 = 0.05x21.5/10 = 0.108
For the Trial 3: NH2C2O4 = 0.05x18.5/10 = 0.0925
Average Normality of KMnO4 = (0.1 + 0.108 + 0.0925)/3 = 0.1002 (N)
3. TITRATION OF UNKNOWN CONCENTRATION FeSO4 SOLUTION

WITH STANDARD KMnO4 SOLUTION
Normality of the standard KMnO4 solution, N(KMnO4) = 0.05 N
Volume of the unknown H2C2O4 solution used, V(FeSO4) = 10 mL
Trial # Burette reading (mL) Volume of KMnO4 (mL) Normality of

FeSO4 (N)
1 10 - 17.5 7.5 0.0375
2 17.5 - 25.5 8 0.04
3 25.5 33 7.5 0.0375
Data Calculation:
VKMnO4 x NKMnO4 = VFeSO4 x NFeSO4
Page 26

The Normality of KMnO4 is: NFeSO4 = (VKMnO4 x NKMnO4 )/VFeSO4
For the Trial 1: NFeSO4 = 0.05x7.5/10 = 0.0375
For the Trial 2: NFeSO4 = 0.05x8/10 = 0.04
For the Trial 3: NFeSO4 = 0.05x7.5/10 = 0.0375
Average Normality of FeSO4 = (0.0375 + 0.04 + 0.0375)/3 = 0.038 (N)
IV. CONCLUSION
With the method Titration in this experiment, we can calculate the unknown
concentration solution by adding the known volume of the standardized solution until the
reaction between them reaches neutralization through the relationship Voxid x Noxid = Vred x
Nred . At the end of titration, three of four variables will be known and the unknown
variable can be determined.
Page 27
EXPERIMENT 4
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
I. INTRODUCTION
This experiment tells us the way to identify and observe the change of the reversible
reaction at equilibrium when applying stresses and explain those changes by the Le
Chateliers Principle. When the rate of the forward backward reaction becomes equal to
the rate of backward reaction, the reversible is at equilibrium. If a system at equilibrium
is subjected to a change of pressure, temperature of the concentration of the components,
there will be a tendency for the net reaction in the direction that against the effect of this
change (Le Chateliers Principle).
II. PROCEDURE
A. Instruments:
One 50 mL buret Two test tube holders
One 10 mL pipet One test tube rack
One 50 mL graduated cylinder One medicine dropper
Two 250 mL beakers Ice bath
Two 150 mL beakers Water bath
One stirring rod Label
Twenty test tubes
1. System 1: Acid/ base equilibrium
Page 28

Add 10 drops of concentrated HCl in to a clean test tube which has 10 drops of
0.5 M K2CrO4. Record your observation.
After that, add more 5 drops of 6N NaOH. Observe the change of color.
2. System 2: Equilibrium of acid/ base indicators
Add 20ml of distilled water into a clean test tube wich has 2 drops of methyl
violet, mix them well.The solution was divided into 2 test tubes.
- Test tube 1 was added nothing.
- Test tube 2:
+ Add the 6 M HCl solution drop wise until further addition results in no
significant change. Observe the change.
+ Add the 6 M NaOH solution drop wise untill further addition results in no
color change. Observe the change.
+ Again add the 6 M HCl solution drop wise until further addition results in
no sinificant change. Observe the change.
3. System 3: Complex ion formation
Preparation of iron (III) thiocyanate solution: in a 150 mL beaker, place 10 mL

of 0.1 M FeCl3 and 10 mL of 0.1 M KSCN, and then add 50 mL of distilled
water, mix well. Divide the solution evenly among 6 similarly-sized test tube
(#1-7)
- Test tube #1: (control) add nothing
- Test tube #2: add 2 mL of 0.1 M FeCl3 to the solution. Observe the change.
- Test tube #3: add 2 mL of 0.1 M KSCN to the solution. Observe the change.
- Test tube #4: add 10 drops of 6 M NAOH to the solution. Describe the change in
the solution.
- Test tube #5: cool the test tube in an ice bath.
- Test tube #6: warm the test tube in a hot water bath. Compare the intensity of the
color in test tube #1 (control- room temperature), #5 (cold) and #6 (hot).
Page 29

- Test tube #7: add 0.1 M AgNO3 solution drop by drop untill all the color
disappears. Record observations.
4. System 4: Equilibrium of precipitation reactions
5 mL of 0.05 M CaCl2 were put into each of the two test tubes labeled #1 and
#2.
- Test tube #1: add 1 mL of 0.1 M Na2C2O4 solution. Observe the change.
- Test tube #2:
+ Add 1 mL of 0.1 M H2C2O4. Observe the change, comparing to the test tube #1
+ Add 10 drops of 6 M HCl. Observe the change.
+ Add 10 drops of 6 M NH4OH. Observe the change.
5. System 5: Temperature effects on equilibria.
3 mL of 0.1 M CoCl2 was put into a 150 mL beaker. Add concentrated HCl
drop wise until the solution turns a purple-violet color. If the system turns a
deep blue, indicating too much chloride, discard the solution and star again.
Divide the solution equally into three test tubes labeled #1-3.
- Test tube #1: (control) keep at room temperature.
- Test tube #2: place in a hot water bath. Observe the change.
- Test tube #3: place in an ice-water bath. Observe the change.
Switch test tube 2 & 3. Observe the change. Allow them both to cool to room
temperature. Compare to the control.
1. ACID/BASE EQUILIBRIA
Equilibrium System:
2CrO42 + 2H+(aq) Cr2O72 + H2O(l)
Page 30
Description of Predicted Observation Explanation

conditions outcome
Initial solution
The color does The color is still The reaction is in equilibrium
not change yellow
+ Conc. HCl The color The color The concentration of the reactant
changes to changes from (H+) increases, so the rate of
orange yellow to orange forward reaction increases. The
reaction shifts to the right, and
produces more Cr2O72- (orange)
+ 6 N NaOH The color The color The concentration of the product

changes back changes from (OH-) increases, so the rate of
to the initial orange to yellow backward reaction increases. The
color reaction shifts to the left and
produces more CrO42- (yellow)
2. EQUILIBRIA OF ACID/BASE INDICATORS
Equilibrium System:
H(MV)(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + MV(aq)
Addition Predicted Observation Explanation

outcome
None The color does The color is still

(control) not change violet
6 M HCl The color The color changes The concentration of H+ increases

changes from violet to blue and the reaction shifts to the left.
6 M NaOH The color The color changes The OH- of NaOH reacts with H+
changes to from blue to violet so the concentration of H+ in the
violet solution decrease so the reaction
shifts to the right.
Page 31

6 M HCl The color The color changes The concentration of H+ increases
changes from violet to blue again when adding HCl into the
solution, and the reaction shifts to
the left.
3. COMPLEX ION FORMATION
Equilibrium System:
Fe3+ + SCN [FeNCS] 2+
(Pale yellow) (Clear) (Red)

outcome
None The color does The color is still The reaction is at equilibrium
(control) not change orange
0.01M FeCl3 The color The color changes When increasing [Fe3+] by adding
changes to red from orange to FeCl3, the system shifts to the
light red right and [FeNCS]2+ increases.
0.01 M KSCN The color The color changes When increasing [SCN-] by
changes to red from orange to adding FeCl3, the system shifts to
darker orange the right and [FeNCS]2+ increases.
6M NaOH The color The color changes When adding NaOH into the
changes to from orange to solution, OH- reacts with Fe3+ to
yellow pale yellow form the precipitate, so the
concentration of Fe3+ decreases
and the system shifts to the left
Cold The color The color changes This system is exothermal

changes to red from orange to reaction, when the temperature
darker orange decreases, the system shifts to the
right and increasing [FeNCS]2+
Hot The color The color changes When the temperature increases,
changes to from orange to the system shifts to the left and
yellow pale yellow increasing [Fe3+] & [SCN-]
0.1M AgNO3 The white Formation of Occurring the reaction: Ag+ +
Page 32

precipitate white precipitate SCN- AgSCN (white) The system
appears and white solution shifts to the left due to the
decrease of [SCN-]
4. EQUILIBRIA OF PRECIPITATION REACTIONS
Equilibrium System:
Ca2+(aq) + C2O42(aq) CaC2O4(s)

outcome
Na2C2O4 2Na+ + C2O42-

0.1 M White Formation of
Na2C2O4 precipitate white precipitate C2O42- + Ca2+ CaC2O4
and liquid
becomes colorless The system shifts to the right.
0.1 M White Formation of H2C2O4 2H- + C2O42-

H2C2O4 precipitate white precipitate
and liquid has The concentration of C2O42- increase
light white color and the reaction shifts to the right
6 M HCl
Precipitate is The color changes H+ from HCl reacts with C2O42- to
dissolved from light white form H2C2O4, so the [C2O42-]
to colorless decreases and the system shifts to
the left
6 M NH4OH White Formation of OH- form NH4OH reacts with Ca2+

precipitate white precipitate to form white precipitate Ca(OH)2,
and white liquid so the [Ca2+] decreases and the
reactions shifts to the left
5. TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON EQUILIBRIA
Equilibrium System:
Page 33
Co(H2O)6 2+(aq) + 4Cl(aq) CoCl4 2(aq) + 6H2O(l)
(pink) (deep blue)
Description Predicted Observation Explanation

of conditions outcome
Nothing
changed The color is The color The Cl- adding from HCl is not
pink changes to violet enough for the system so the
solution turns to violet
Hot water
bath The color is The color This system is endothermal
blue changes to blue reactions, when increasing
temperature the reaction shifts to the
right and the CoCl42 increases
Ice-water
bath The color is The color When decreasing temperature the
pink changes to pink reaction shifts to the left and the
Co(H2O)62+ increases
IV. CONCLUSION:
During 5 equilibrium systems above in this experiment, when we applying stresses in

each of reaction, the reaction will shift to the direction that reduce the effect of this
change according to the Le Chateliers principle. If we know the right direction of
reaction, we can control, raise of reduce the products as the way we want.
EXPERIMENT 5
FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATE
Page 34

I. INTRODUCTION
This experiment gives us the general factors affecting the reaction rate in order to raise or
slow down the speed of the reaction as we want. Those factors are temperature, the nature
of the reactants, pressure, the surface area, and the catalyst. The rate of the reactions can
be determined by measuring the time it takes, or the formation of the production such as
gas forming, precipitation and the color changes.
II. PROCEDURE
A. Instruments:
Thirty test tubes One 50 mL graduated cylinder
One test tube rack One stop watch
Three 150 mL beakers One medicine dropper
Buret, clamp and ring Stirring rod
Part 1: Effect of concentration on reaction time
The solutions to be used are as follows:
Prepare solution A: 0.2 M potassium iodide
Prepare solution B: 0.005 M sodium thiosulfate. This solution also contains starch that
will act as an indicator to detect the presence of iodine.
Prepare solution C: 0.1 M ammonium peroxydisulfate.
In this reaction, solution B will be the limiting reagent. The system consists of these
reaction :
Reaction 1: 2I- + S2O82- I2 + 2SO42-
Iodide ions+peroxydisulfate iodine + sulfate ion
Reaction 2: I2 + 2S2O32- 2I- + S4O62-
Iodine + thiosulfate ion iodide ion + tetrathionate
Page 35

Reaction 1 is relatively slow. As the iodine is formed it is quickly used in reaction 2,
which is relatively fast. The limiting reaction (solution B) is a source of the thiosulfate
ions. When solution B is used up, the excess iodine formed will react with strach to form
a deep blue solution.
In this experiment, we have vary the concentration of solution A and C. The temperature
will remain constant at room temperature.
Combine the solution in 11 different combinations. The prodcedure foe each of the
reaction is the same.
- Step 1: label 11 test tubes #1-11
- Step 2: place 5 mL of solution B in each test tube.
- Step 3: add solution A ans C into the test tube with the volume as shown in the
table below. Begin timing using stopwatch. Sir the solution with a clean stirring
rod. At the first sign of color, stop timing. Recor the results.
- Step 4: calculations
For example: iodide ion: (10 mL x 1.2 mol/L)/ 25 mL = 0.08 mol/L
Peroxydisulfate: (10 mL x 0.1 mol/L) / 25 mL = 0.04 mol/L
- Step 5: make graph
Part 2: Effect of temperature on the reaction rate
The reaction rate for the oxidation- reduction between potassium permanganate, KMnO4,
and oxalic acid, H2C2O4, can be mearsured by observing the time elapsed for the purple
color of the permanganate ion, MnO4, to disappear.
5H2C2O4(aq) + 2KMnO4(aq) + 3H2SO4
2MnSO4-(aq) + K2SO4(aq) + 10CO2(g) + 8H2O
Prepare the reaction system:
- Pipet 1 mL of 0.01 M KMnO4 and 5 mL of 3 M H2SO4 into a clean test tube.
- Pipet 5 mL of 0.33 M H2C2O4 into a second clean test tube.
Observe the reaction at room temperature:
Page 36

Pour the H2C2O4 solution into the KMnO4 solution, observe and record the time for the
purple color of the permanganate ion to sisappear.
Observe the reaction at high temperature:
- Place a second KMnO4- H2C2O4 pair of test tubes in warm water (500C) bath until
thermal equilibrium is established. Pour the H2C2O4 solution into the KMnO4
solution, mix well and return the reaction system to the warm water bath. Record
the time for the purple color to disappear.
- Repeat the same procedure, but increase the temperature of the water bath to
about 90oC. Record the change.
Part 3: Effect of a catalyst on the reaction rate
Hydrogen peroxide is relatively, but readily decomposes in the presence of a

catalyst. In this part, we observed which reagent(s) act as a catalyst for the
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
- Label 8 test tubes #1-8
- Place 5 mL of the 3% H2O2 solution into each of the 8 test tubes.
- Add a pinch of each of the following reagents to separate test tubes
- Mix well and observe the change with the production of gas bubbles. Record each
reaction rate as fast, slow, very slow, or none in data table.
1. EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION ON REACTION TIME
Reaction 1: 2I- + S2O82- I2 + 2SO42-
Reaction 2: I2 + 2S2O32- 2I- + S4O62-
Calculate the initial concentrations of I- and S2O82- ions:
Mixture # 5:
Page 37

[I-] = (VI- x CM I-)/ Vtotal = (4ml x 0.2 mol)/ 25ml = 0.032 mol/L
[S2O82-] = (VS2O82- x CM S2O82-)/ Vtotal = (10ml x 0.1 mol)/25ml = 0.04 mol/L
Mixture Iodide ion (mol/L) Peroxydisulfate (mol/L) Time in seconds
1 0.08 0.04 54
2 0.068 0.04 90
3 0.056 0.04 160
4 0.044 0.04 194
5 0.032 0.04 276
6 0.02 0.04 451
7 0.08 0.034 123
8 0.08 0.028 174
9 0.08 0.022 200
10 0.08 0.016 231
11 0.08 0.01 425
Plotting the concentration of iodide ion versus time: [Note: X axis: time; Y axis:
concentrations].
- Mixtures # 1-6: Graph
Page 38
Comment:
The order of reaction with respect to iodide ion followed: Mixture 1 > 2 > 3 > 4 > 5 > 6
If a greater concentration of reactant atoms and molecules ( concentration of Iodine ion

increases and concentration of peroxydisulfate is constant) is present, the greater chance
for collisions will occur among them. More collisions mean a higher reactions rate. Thus
decreasing the concentration of Iodine in this reactions results in lower reaction rate as
well as the time for the reaction is longer.
- Mixtures # 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11: Graph
Page 39
Comments:
The order of reaction with respect to peroxydisulfate ion followed:
Mixture 1 > 7 > 8 > 9 > 10 >11
If a greater concentration of reactant atoms and molecules ( concentration of

peroxydisulfate increases and concentration of Iodine ion is constant) is present, the
greater chance for collisions will occur among them. More collisions mean a higher
reactions rate. Thus decreasing the concentration of peroxydisulfate in this reactions
results in lower reaction rate as well as the time for the reaction is longer.
2. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION RATE
Reaction System:
H2C2O4(aq) + 2KMnO4(aq) + 3H2SO4 2MnO42-(aq) + K2SO4 + 10CO2 + 8H2O
Description Predicted Observation Reaction Explanation

of conditions outcome time
Room The color The color 1.6s At room temperature, the

temperature changes changes from reaction occurs with the
purple to normal conditions
colorless
Page 40

500C The color The color 1.4s When increasing temperature,
changes changes from the atoms and molecules of
purple to reactants are provided more
colorless energy so they move faster
and increase the collision
900C The color The color 0.9s among them. Therefore, the
changes changes from reaction rate is higher and the
purple to less time is consumed
colorless
3. EFFECT OF A CATALYST ON THE REACTION RATE
Reaction System: 2H2O2 2H2O + O2
Trial Description Predicted Observation

Explanation
of conditions outcome (Reaction rate)
1 + MnCl2 Slow Fast MnCl2 is not a catalyst for this

reaction
2 + MnO2 Very fast Very fast MnO2 is a good catalyst for this
reaction
3 + MnO
4 + NaCl Slow Slower than NaCl is not a catalyst for this

MnCl2 reaction
5 + CaCl2 Slow Faster than MnCl2 CaCl2 is not a catalyst for this
reaction
6 + Zn Slow Slow Zn is not a catalyst for this

reaction
7 + KNO3 Slow Very slow KNO3 is not a catalyst for this

reaction
8 + Fe(NO3)3 Fast Very fast Fe(NO3)3 is a good catalyst for

this reaction
Comments:
Page 41

The order of catalyst activity: MnO2 > Fe(NO3)3 > CaCl2 > MnCl2 > Zn > KNO3 > NaCl
Catalyst plays role to initiates or accelerates a reaction without itself being affected by
reducing the amount of energy required to break and form a new chemical bonds. If we
use the right catalyst for the reaction, it will happens faster and less energy is used.
IV. CONCLUSION
After accessing with 3 sub-experiments above, we can know the method to examine the
effect of concentration, temperature, and catalyst on the reaction rates. Thus we will able
to maintain the reaction, speed up and slow down the reaction rate as well by adding
more concentration for the reactants or substances possibly react with the components of
the reactions, increasing or decreasing the temperature, and choosing the suitable catalyst
for the reactions.
Page 42

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General Chemistry Laboratory

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International University, HCMC

General Chemistry Laboratory Report

To: Instructor: PhD Hoang Le Son

BioTechnology Department, International University, HCMC.

General Chemistry Laboratory Report

Experiment 1: Chemical Reactions.............................................3

Experiment 2: pH and Buffers....................................................15

Experiment 3: Redox Titration with KMnO4..............................24

Experiment 4: Chemical Equilibrium.........................................29

Experiment 5: Factors Affecting Reaction Rate.........................36

General Chemistry Laboratory Report

Chemical Reactions are processes forming new substances base on breaking

_Thirty test tubes _Water bath

General Chemistry Laboratory Report

Add 10 drops 2M NaOH; 2M NH4OH; 0.5M K4[Fe(CN)6] in order.

2. Reactions of silver halides

Add 5 drops of 2M NH4OH to 3 different solutions #1-3A.

Add 5 drops of 2M KCN to 3 remain solution #1-3B.

Prepare 2 test tubes with 5 drops of 0.1M KMnO4 0.1M KI solutions.

A pinch of solid MnO2 was added into 1 ml of 3% H2O2 solution.

NaNO2 was substituted for FeSO4

Add 5 drops of following reagents : 2M H2SO4, 6N NaOH, distilled water.

General Chemistry Laboratory Report

Add following reactants in order in to a test tube : 0.5M K2Cr2O7, 10 drops of 6M

7. Reactions of Fe3+ and Fe2+

Prepare 7 test tubes with 1ml of 0.5M FeCl3.

Do the same 2 steps above by replacing FeCl3 with FeSO4.

Add 10 drops of 2M HCl into test tubes 1.

Add 10 drops of 2N NaOH into trst tube 2.Observe the change

The Bunsen burner was lit first.

Approximate Dominant Color Approximate

Red 701 Green 535

Red-orange 622 Green-Blue 492

Orange 609 Blue 474

General Chemistry Laboratory Report

Yellow 587 Violet 423

*The energy per photon (in Joules) is given by the equation:

Where h is Plancks constant and h has a value of 6.626 10-34J.s

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

Reaction Observation Chemical Equation

(Double displacement reaction)

General Chemistry Laboratory Report

2. Reactions of silver halides

Reaction Observation Chemical Equation

0.5M KCl + Formation of white KCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) AgCl + KNO3(aq)

0.5M KCl+ White precipitation, after KCl + AgNO3 AgCl + KNO3

0.5M KCl+ White precipitation, after KCl + AgNO3 AgCl + KNO3

0.5M KBr Formation of yellow KBr + AgNO3 AgBr + KNO3

0.5M KBr+ Yellow precipitation, KBr + AgNO3 AgBr + KNO3

General Chemistry Laboratory Report

0.5M KI+ Pale yellow precipitation KI + AgNO3 AgI + KNO3

0.5M KI+ Yellow precipitation, KI + AgNO3 AgI + KNO3

0.5M KI+ Pale yellow precipitation, KI + AgNO3 AgI + KNO3

All 3 experiments are proved the properties of silver halides, which is :

Forming precipitate when reacts with salt.

The Complex compound forming and precipitation reaction is determined by this

Reaction Observation Chemical Equation

0.1M The solution initially has 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2O2 K2SO4 +

General Chemistry Laboratory Report

Reaction Observation Chemical Reaction

1M NaNO3+ The solution changes 6FeSO4 + 2NaNO3 + 4H2SO4 3Fe2(SO4)3 +

1M NaNO3+ The solution is still NaNO2 + NaNO3 + H2SO4 no reaction

1M NaNO3+ The solution is still FeSO4 + CH3COOH + NaNO3 no reaction

General Chemistry Laboratory Report