CHAPTER 2

LITREATURE REVIEW

K.J. Dharmaraj (2017) focuses on this study the relatively new joining technology,
friction stir welding (FSW). Friction stir welding can be used to join most aluminium
alloys and surface oxide presents no difficulty to the process. FSW process,
automation and control.

S.R. Koteswara Rao, welded AA6082 and C11000 alloys sheets using friction-stir-
welding to observe the effect of mechanical properties at the weld zone by varying
the welding speeds. The microstructures of the weld zone are composed of SZ (stir
zone), TMAZ (thermo-mechanical affected zone) and BM (base metal). The
microstructure of the SZ is very different from that of the BM. But the microstructure
of TMAZ, where the original grains were greatly deformed, is characterized by
dispersed eutectic Si particles aligned along the rotational direction of the welding
tool. The mechanical properties of the weld zone are greatly improved in comparison
to that of the BM.

H. Bisadi, A. Tavakoli, M. Tour Sangsaraki, K. Tour Sangsaraki, The influences

of rotational and welding speeds on microstructures and mechanical properties of
friction stir welded AA6082 and C11000 alloys

T. Saeid, A. Abdollah-zadeh, B. Sazgari, Weldability and mechanical properties of

dissimilar aluminiumcopper lap joints made by friction stir welding used AA6082
aluminium and C11000 copper alloy for friction stir welding by varying the welding
conditions like tool design, rotation speed and translation speed. The effect of
different welding speeds on the weld properties remains an area of uncertainty. The
results of microstructural, mechanical property and residual stress investigations of
four aluminium AA5083 friction stir welds produced under varying conditions were
reported. It was found that the weld properties were dominated by the thermal input
rather than the mechanical deformation by the tool.
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Vijay Soundararajan, EswarYarrapareddy, and Radovan Kovacevic,
Investigation of the Friction Stir Lap Welding of Aluminum Alloy AA 6082 and C
11000.Microscopic examination of the weld zone and the mechanical property tests
results showed that the best bonding was obtained with screw pitched taper stir pin.
The appearance of the weld is well and no obvious defect is found using this tool.
The grain of the weld nugget is very fine and the precipitation distributes equally.

Liu, and J. Feng (2017) used friction stir welding (FSW) for C11000 and AA6082
copper-aluminium alloy to investigate the effects of the base material conditions on
the FSW characteristics. The experimental results indicated that the base material
condition has a significant effect on weld morphologies, weld defects, and
mechanical properties of joints.

Elangovan, K. and V. Balasubramanian (2017) developed the relationship

between the microstructure of stir zone and the mechanical properties of FS-welded
6082 aluminium and C11000 alloy. The microstructures of the stir zones consisted of
fine equiaxed grains at various FSW conditions. The grain size of the stir zone
decreased with the decrease in friction heat flow during FSW. The results shown that
the micro structure and mechanical properties of the FS-welded 6082 Al alloy and
11000 cu joints were improved by the refinement of grain size of the stir zone.

Cavaliere, P., A. Squillace, and F. Panella (2017) investigated the microstructure

and mechanical properties of a friction stir welded 6082 aluminium alloy and copper
11000 alloy plates. The microstructure revealed different grain morphologies in the
thermo-mechanically affected zones, in proximity of the weld nugget. The advancing
side had fairly elongated, bent grains, whilst the broader retreating side had more
elongated, narrower grains. Tensile tests showed yield and ultimate strength slightly
2
lower across the weld as compared to the parent material. Reduction in ductility of
the weld region was also observed.

Fujii, H., et al., Effect of tool shape on mechanical properties and microstructure of
friction stir welded aluminum alloys investigated the influence of axial load and the
effect of position of the interface with respect to the tool axis on tensile strength of
the friction stir welded joint of aluminium alloy 6082 and 11000 copper alloy. The
axial load is continuously varied by linearly increasing the interference between the
tool shoulder and the surface of the base material.

Hatamleh, O., Effects of peening on mechanical properties in friction stir welded

6082 aluminum alloy and copper alloy joints is observed.

T.W. Nelson, and C.J. Sterling, Microstructure evolution during FSW/FSP of high
strength aluminum and copper alloys, the effect of heat Affected Zone Aluminium
Phase, ) Heat Affected Zone Copper Phase is observed.

Jariyaboon, M., The effect of welding parameters on the corrosion behaviour of

friction stir welded AA6082 aluminium alloy and C11000 copper alloy is observed.

Lombard (2017): conducted the experiments of friction stir welding for AA6082
aluminium alloy and C11000 copper alloy with the changes of the tool tilt angle. The
defects like lack of penetration or voids, or lazy S, which are unique to friction stir
welding were reported. The typical welding defects of friction stir welding joint for
6082 aluminium alloy and 11000 copper alloy were analyzed and discussed. The
microscopic examination of the nugget zone and fracture location of the weld
confirms that the tilt angle can change the plastic material flow patterns in the stir
zone and accordingly control the weld properties

3
Squillace,, A comparison between FSW and TIG welding techniques: modifications
of microstructure and pitting corrosion resistance in AA 6082 aluminium alloy and
C11000 copper alloy butt joints is observed.

Pouget, G. and A.P. Reynolds: Residual stress and microstructure effects on

fatigue crack growth in AA6082 friction stir welds. explored the influence of process
and tool parameters on tensile strength properties of AA6082 and C11000 joints
produced by friction stir welding. Tensile strength of the joints were evaluated and
correlated with the microstructure, micro hardness of weld nugget. From this
investigation it is found that the joint fabricated at a tool rotational speed of 900 rpm,
welding speed of 120 mm/min, axial force of 7 kN, using the tool with 15 mm
shoulder diameter, 5 mm pin diameter, 45 HRC tool hardness yielded higher strength
properties compared to other joints.

Zeng, W.M., H.L. Wu, and J. Zhang, the effect of tool wear on microstructure,
mechanical properties and acoustic emission of friction stir welded AA6082
aluminium alloy and C11000 copper alloy is noted.

Elangovan, K. and V. Balasubramanian;

, Influences of pin profile and rotational speed of the tool on
the formation of friction stir processing zone in AA6082 aluminium alloy and C11000
copper alloy is noted.

Kumara and Kailas (2017) investigated the influence of axial load and the effect of
position of the interface with respect to the tool axis on tensile strength of the friction
stir welded joint of aluminium alloy 7020-T6. The axial load is continuously varied by
linearly increasing the interference between the tool shoulder and the surface of the
base material. It is found that there is an optimal axial load, above which the weld is
defect-free, with joint efficiency of 84%.

Hamed Pashazadeh, Jamal Teimournezhad, Abolfazl Masoumi,

Numerical investigation on the mechanical, thermal, metallurgical and material flow
characteristics in friction stir welding of copper sheets with experimental verification,
is prepared.
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Paglia, C.S. and R.G. Buchheit (2017): used 6082 aluminium alloy and 11000
copper alloy to analyze the mechanical and microstructural properties by Friction
StirProcessing (FSP). The sheets were processed perpendicularly to the rolling
direction and the mechanical properties were evaluated at room temperature in the
transverse and longitudinal directions.

H. Bisadi, A. Tavakoli, M. Tour Sangsaraki, K. Tour Sangsaraki, The influences

of rotational and welding speeds on microstructures and mechanical properties of
friction stir welded AA6082 aluminium alloy and commercially pure copper C11000
sheets lap joints, is observed.

1. H. Bisadi, A. Tavakoli, M. Tour Sangsaraki, K. Tour Sangsaraki, The

influences of rotational and welding speeds on microstructures and
mechanical properties of friction stir welded AA6082 and commercially pure
copper sheets lap joints, Article Materials & Design, Volume 43, January
2017, Pages 80-88.

2. Vijay Soundararajan, EswarYarrapareddy, and Radovan Kovacevic,

Investigation of the Friction Stir Lap Welding of Aluminum Alloys AA 6082 and
Copper C11000, JMEPEG (2017) 16:477484
3. B.T. Gibson, D.H. Lammlein, T.J. Prater, W.R. Longhurst, C.D. Cox, M.C.
Ballun, K.J. Dharmaraj, G.E. Cook, A.M Strauss, Friction stir welding:
Process, automation and control, Journal of Manufacturing Processes,
Volume 16, Issue 1, January 2017, pp 56-73.

4. Paglia, C.S. and R.G. Buchheit, A look in the corrosion of aluminum alloy
friction stir welds. Scripta Materialia, 2017. 58(5): p. 383-387

5. Squillace, A. A comparison between FSW and TIG welding techniques:

modifications of microstructure and pitting corrosion resistance in AA6082-
C11000 butt joints. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2017.

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6. Pouget, G. and A.P. Reynolds, Residual stress and microstructure effects on
fatigue crack growth in AA2050 friction stir welds. International Journal of
Fatigue, 2017. 30(3): p. 463-472.

7. Lombard, H., et al., Optimising FSW process parameters to minimise defects

and maximise fatigue life in AA6082 aluminium alloy and C11000 copper
alloy. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 2017

8. Fujii, H., et al., Effect of tool shape on mechanical properties and

microstructure of friction stir welded aluminium and copper alloys. Materials
Science and Engineering: A, 2017.

9. Jariyaboon, M., et al., The effect of welding parameters on the corrosion

behaviour of friction stir welded AA6082-C11000. Corrosion Science, 2017.

10. Hatamleh, O., Effects of peening on mechanical properties in friction stir

welded AA6082 aluminum alloy and C11000 copper joints. Materials Science
and Engineering: A, 2017.492(1-2): p. 168-176.

11. Minton, T. and D.J. Mynors, Utilisation of engineering workshop equipment

for friction stir welding. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,
2017.177(1-3): p. 336-339.

12. Cavaliere, P. and F. Panella, Effect of tool position on the fatigue properties of
dissimilar AA6082-C11000 sheets joined by friction stir welding. Journal of
Materials Processing Technology, 2017

13. Cavaliere, P., A. Squillace, and F. Panella, Effect of welding parameters on

mechanical and microstructural properties of AA6082 and C11000 joints
produced by friction stir welding. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,
2017.

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14. Elangovan, K. and V. Balasubramanian, Influences of tool pin profile and
welding speed on the formation of friction stir processing zone in AA6082
aluminium and C11000 copper alloy. Journal of Materials Processing
Technology, 2017.

15. zeng, w.m effect of tool wear on microstructure, mechanical properties and
acoustic emission of friction stir welded AA6082-C11000 alloy. acta
metallurgica sinica (english letters), 2017

16. Hamed Pashazadeh, Jamal Teimournezhad, Abolfazl Masoumi, Numerical

investigation on the mechanical, thermal, metallurgical and material flow
characteristics in friction stir welding of copper and aluminium sheets with
experimental verification, Materials & Design, Volume 55, March 2017,
pp619-63

17. Nielsen, K.L., Ductile damage development in friction stir welded aluminum
AA6082 and copper C11000 joints. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 2017.

18. Vijay Soundararajan, EswarYarrapareddy, and Radovan Kovacevic,

Investigation of the Friction Stir Lap Welding of Aluminum Alloy AA 6082 and
copper C11000 alloy, JMEPEG (2017) 16:477484
19. T. Saeid, A. Abdollah-zadeh, B. Sazgari, Weldability and mechanical
properties of dissimilar aluminiumcopper lap joints made by friction stir
welding, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Volume 490, Issues 12, 4
February 2017, pp 652-655.

20. B. Ashok Kumar, N. Murugan, Optimization of friction stir welding process

parameters to maximize tensile strength of stir cast AA6082-C11000
composite, Materials & Design, Volume 57, 2017, pp 383-393.

21. Srivatsan, T.S. The tensile deformation and fracture behavior of friction stir
welded aluminum alloy AA6082 and copper alloy C11000. Materials Science
and Engineering: A, 2017.
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22. Khandk r, Predicting residual thermal stresses in friction stir welded
metals. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2017.

23. Hatamleh, O., Effects of peening on mechanical properties in friction stir

welded AA6082 aluminum C11000 copper alloy joints. Materials Science and
Engineering: A, 2017.492(1-2): p. 168-176.

24. Prasad Rao, K., G.D. Janaki Ram, and B.E. Stucker, Improvement in
corrosion resistance of friction stir welded aluminium and copper alloys with
micro arc oxidation coatings. Scripta Materialia, 2017. 58(11): p. 998-1001.

25. J.J.S. Dilip, M.Koilraj, V.Sundareswaran, G.D. Janaki Ram and S.R.
Koteswara Rao, Microstructural characterization of dissimilar friction stir welds
between AA6082 and C11000, Transactions of The Indian Institute of Metals,
Vol. 63, Issue 4, August 2017, pp. 757-764.
26. M. Grujicic, G. Arakere, B. Pandurangan, A. Hariharan, C.-F. Yen, B.A.
Cheeseman, and C.Fountzoulas, Statistical Analysis of High-Cycle Fatigue
Behavior of Friction Stir Welded AA6082-C11000, JMEPEG (2011) 20:855
864

27. Srivatsan, T.S The tensile deformation and fracture behavior of friction stir
welded aluminum alloy 6082 and copper alloy 11000. Materials Science and
Engineering: A, 2017.

28. Mohammad Hasan Shojaeefard, Abolfazl Khalkhali, Mostafa Akbari, Mojtaba

Tahani, Application of Taguchi optimization technique in determining
aluminium to brass friction stir welding parameters, Materials & Design,
Volume 52, 2017, pp 587-592.

29. Nielsen, K.L., Ductile damage development in friction stir welded aluminum
(AA6082) and copper (C11000) joints. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 2017

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30. . Mishra, R.S. Friction stir welding and processing. Materials Science and
Engineering: R: Reports, 2017.