kn. C.

Amw \qmp apX ]Xn-\mw \qmp hsc-bp Ime-s-bm-Wtm

a[y-Ime temIw Fv hnti-jn-n-p--Xv. B Imev temI-ns hnhn[ `mK-
-fn \ne-\n-n-cp hyXy-kvX - f
- mb A[n-Imc cq]-s- f-p-dnmWv Cu A[ym-
b-n {]Xn-]m-Zn-p--Xv. Cu A[n-Imc cq]--fpsS s]mXp-hmb khn-ti-j-X-
Ifpw hyXy-kvXX-Ifpw Cu ]mT-`mKw N sNp-p. ASp Imew hsc Ccp--
bp-Ks- av hnti-jn-n-s- -n-cp a[y-Ime L-n Xnf-a- m {]tXy-IX - I
-
]e taJ-e-I-fnepw Zin-m-\m-hp-pv F [mcW Ipn-I-fn-se-p coXn-bn-
em-bn-cn-Ww ]mT-`mKw hn\n-abw sNt--Xv. a[y-Ime temIv cq]-sp h
hnhn[ Bi-b--fpsS ASn--d-bn-emWv B[p-\n-I-temIw hfp hXv Fv
Ipn-Isf t_m[y-s-Sp-m ]mT-`m-K-n\v Ign-b-Ww. bqtdm-v, Gjy, B{^n-,
Ata-cn Fn-hn-S - f- n-se A[n-Im-cc- q-]
- f
- psS khn-ti-jX
- I
- ]cn-tim-[n-p-
tm `q]-S-hm-b-\-p km[y-Xbpw ]c-am-h[n D]-tbm-K-s-Sp--Ww.
66
bqWnv s{^bnw
Bi-b-/[mc-W-I
$ a[y-Ime temIw bqtdm-v, Gjy, B{^n-
, Ata-cn Fn-hn-S--fnse hnhn[
cmjv{Sob cq]- khn-ti-jX - I.
$ ]uckvXy tdmam km{amPyw Utbm-njy
tImmnt\m-n-P -
- o-\n-b.
$ hnip tdmam-km-{am-Pyw, {^mnjv km{am-
Pyw jme-ao Itcm-enPn-b \thm-m-
\w.
$ Hmtm-a km{amPyw kpsse-am
$ Atd-_y km{amPyw {]hm-NI - \ - mb apl-
ZvJeo^m `cWw Da-n hwiw Am-
knb hwiw lmdq--A--d-jo-Zv.
$ awtKm-fn-b km{amPyw sNn-kJ v m `cW
]cn-jIv m-c-
$ amen km{amPyw Iaq-k- X - nw-_pIvXp
$ a[yIme ssN\--P-m
$ a[yIme Ata-cn hSt Ata-cn-
kwkv I m- c - sXt Ata- c n-
kwkvIm-c -
$ ^yqU-en-k-ns ]X-\w.
IX
kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw-- II : SosSIvv
1. a[y-Im-e-temIw : A[n-Im-c-tI-{-
]T-\-{]-h-\-/]T-\-X-{- ]T-\-t\--
$ temI-`q-]-S-ns klm-b-tmsS a[y-Ime bqtdm- $ kn.C. 5mw \qmp apX kn.C. 15mw
v, Gjy, B{^n-, Ata-cn F {]tZ-i--fpsS \qmphsc-bp temI-nse {][m\
m\w Is-p-p. A[n-Im-c-cq-]-sf hni-I-e\w sNpp.
$ ]uckvXy tdmamkm{am-Py-ns cq]o-I-c-W-n- $ ]uckvXy tdmamkm{am-Py-ns khn-ti-j-
tev \bn kml-N-cy- ]n-I-s-Sp-p-p. X-I Is-p-p.
$ Pkvo-\n-bs \nb-a-kw-ln-X-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-I $ a[y-Ime bqtdm-nse cmjv{SobcwKv
hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Ipdnv Xbm-dm-p-p. jmeaos hyXykvXX Xncn--dn-bp-p.
$ hnip--tdmam km{am-Py-ns m\w `q]-S-hm- $ a[y-Im-e-tem-I-n\v Ad-_n-I \Inb
b\bneqsS Is-p-p. cmjv{Sobkw`m-h\ - I
- Xncn-d
- n-bp-p.
$ jme-aos `c-W-]-cn-jvIm-c- ]n-I-s-Sp-p-p. $ Hmtm-a km{amPyw cq]-s-Sm-\p kml-
$ temI-`q-]-S-n Hmtm-a km{amPy-ns m\w Ncyw hni-I-e\w sNpp.
Is-p-p. kpsse-ams `c-W] - c- n-jI
v m-c
- hni- $ awtKm-fn-bc
- psS {]tXy-IX
- I
- hni-Za- m-p-p.
Ie\w sNbvXv ]n-I-s-Sp-p-p.
$ temI-`q-]-S-n Atd-_y-bpsS m\w Is-p- $ a[y-Ime B{^n-b - nse A[n-Im-cc
- q-]
- sf
p. hni-Za
- m-p-p.
$ Atd-_y-bnse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS hwim-hen ]n- $ a[y-Im-ev Pm-\nepw ssN\-bnepw \ne-
I-s-Sp-p-p. \n-n-cp A[n-Imc cq]-sf Xmc-Xayw
$ lmdq-A - -d- j
- o-Zns `c-W]
- c- n-jvIm-c- hni-I-
e\w sNbvXv Ipdnv Xbm-dm-p-p. sNp-p.
$ temI-`q-]-S-n awtKm-fn-b-bpsS m\w Is-p- $ a[y-Ime Ata-cn- kwkvIm-c-fpsS
p. t]cp-I ]n-I-s-Sp-p-p.
$ sNn-kvJms `c-W-ns {]tXy-I-X-I hni-I- $ ^yqU-en-k - ns XI-bpsS Imc-W -
e\w sNbvXv Ipdnv Xbm-dm-p-p. Is-p-p.
$ B{^n--bpsS `q]-S-n amen km{am-Py-ns
m\w Is-p-p.
$ amen km{am-Py-ns khn-ti-jX - I - ]n-Is- -Sp-p-
p.
$ temI-`q-]-S-n a[y-Ime ssN\-bp-sSbpw Pm-
sbpw m\w Is-p-p.
$ a[y-Ime ssN\-bn-sebpw Pm-\n-sebpw A[n-Im-cq-
]-sf Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv ]n-I-s-Sp-p-p.
$ hSt Ata-cn--bn-sebpw sXs Ata-cn--bn-
sebpw kwkvIm-c-sf ]n-I-s-Sp-p-p.
$ ^yqU-en-k-ns XI-n-S-bm-nb hnhn[ LS-
I- hni-I-e\w sNbvXv ]n-I-s-Sp-p-p.

a[y-Ime temI-ns khn-ti-jX - I
-
kqNn- n- p sP.Un _W- e ns
imkv{Xw Ncn-{X-n F ]pkvX-I-
n \ns- S p hmN- I - - f mWv
A[ym-b - ns {]th-in-Ib
- mbn \In-
bn-p--Xv. AXns\ ASn-m-\-amn
a[y-Ime L-ns khn-ti-j-X-I
N sNbvXv ]mT-`m-K-tv {]th-in-
mw. (Ipn Bdmw mkn a[y-Im-e-
temIw F A[ymbw ]cn-N-b-s-n-p-
v).
a[y-Ime temIv bqtdm-v, Gjy,
B{^n-, Ata-cn Fn-hn-S--fn-
\ne-\n-n-cp A[n-Im-c-cq-]--fpsS
khn-ti-jX - I
- fpw hyXy-kvXX - I
- fpw Ipn-
I-fn-se-n-p-X - n\v skan-\m Hcp ]T-
\-X-{-ambn D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-mw. "a[y-
Ime temI-nse A[n-Imc cq]-'
F Xe-s-n Hcp skan-\m kwL-
Sn-n-m Ipn-I-tfmSv Bh-iy-s-Sp-I.
]mT-`m-K
- p 8 taJ-eI - Ipn-Iv
hn`-Pnv \I-Ww. ]mT-]p-kvX-Iw,
Cs\-v, sse{_dn Fo t{kmX-p-
I hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-n-\mbn D]-tbm-K-
s-Spn skan-\m {]_w mkn
Ah-X-cn-n--Ww.
$ ]uc-kvXy-tdmam km{amPyw
$ hniptdmam km{amPyw
$ Atd-_y km{amPyw
$ Hmtm-a km{amPyw
$ awtKm-fn-b km{amPyw
$ amen km{amPyw
$ ssN\bpw Pm\pw
$ a[y-Ime Ata-cn
a[y-Im-e-temIw : A[n-Im-c-tI-{-
IX
a[y-Im-e-Lw
]na tdma N{I-hn-bmb tdmap-ekv
AK- kv lqWam- c psS B{I- a Ww
ImcWw m\-{`-jvS-\m--s kn.C 476
apX ]uckvXy tdma N{I-hn-bmb
tImmss XIas\ Xpn `c-Wm-
[n-Im-cn-bmb apl-Zv II a ]cm-P-b-s-Sp-
nb 1453 hsc-bmWv a[y-Imeambn ]cn-K-
Wn-p--Xv. ASp--Imew hsc A-Im-
c-bpKw, hnizm-k--fpsS Imew Fsm-
s-bmWv a[y-Imew Adn-b-s-n-cp--Xv.
a[y-Ime kaq-lw- Hcp ImjnI kaq-l-am-
Wv. ^yqU-enkw DS-se-Sp-p-Ibpw hnI-kn-
p-Ibpw bn-p-Ibpw sNbvXXv Cu
Ime-m-Wv. ss{IkvXh - , Ckvemw aX-
kpn-c-ambn m]n--s- Cm-e-m-
Wv t], Idkn, {]nnw-Kv, shSn-a-cp-v,
hSp t\mn b{w XpS-nb Ip-]n-
Sn-- \S-Xpw.
Hmtcm taJ-e-bn-epw ImWp khn-ti-
j- X - I p hyXy- k vX- X - I pw
{]m[m\yw \Im {]tXyIw {in--
Ww. Hmtcm {Kqpw mkn Ah-X-cn-n-
p hnj-bt- a-Je - I
- s]mXp Nv
hnt[-b-am--Ww. skan-\m-dns Hmtcm
L-nepw A[ym-]n-I-bpsS CS-s]-S-ep-
Ifpw ssIXmpw Ipn-Iv Dd-p-h-
cp-Ww. `q]-S-hm-b-\-bpsS km[yX
Hmtcm taJ- e - b nepw D]- t bm- K - s - S p-
m {in--Ww.
67
IX kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw-- II : SosSIvv

skan-\m- {]_-
- n Xmsg-d- b
- p Atd-_y km{amPyw
taJ-e-I Dsm-n-mw.
$ Ad_v cmjv{S-m-]\- hpw {]hm-NI
- -
\mb apl-Zpw
]uckvXytdmam km{amPyw
$ Jeo-^-am-cpsS `cWw
$ tdmamkm{am-Py-ns hn`-P\w $ Da-hnIfpw Am-kn-bI- fpw
$ tImmnt\m-n-fns {]m[m\yw $ lmdq A djo-Zns `c-W-]-
$ Po-\n-b\pw \nb-ak
- w-ln-Xbpw cn-jvIm-c
-
$ ]uckvXy tdmamkm{am-Py-ns
XI Hmtm-a km{amPyw
B{I-a-W-Im-cn-I-fmb hnhn[ $ Hmtm-a km{am-Py-m-]\w
P\- h n- ` m- K - $ kpsse-ams kw`m-h\ - I
-

Hmkv{S-tKm-p-I Cen awtKm-fn-b km{amPyw

hnkn-tKm-p-I kvs]bn $ awtKm-fn-bb
- psS `qan-imkv{X khn-ti-
{^mp-I tKm ({^mkv) j-XI-
$ awtKm-fn-b ssk\yw
_Kp-n-I P\n
$ sImdn-b k{-Zmbw
BKvtfm-km-Ivk {_n
hmU-ep-I hSt B{^n amen km{amPyw
hniptdmamkm{amPyw $ B{^n- - b nse {]kn- - a mb
km{amPyw
$ {^mnjv km{am-Py-ns cq]o-I- $ I aq-bpsS `cWw
cWw
$ Xnw_pIvXp
$ hnip tdmam km{amPyw
$ jme-aos `c-W]- c
- n-jvIm-c
- ssN\bpw Pm\pw
$ Itcm-enPn-b \thm-m\w
$ a[y-Ime ssN\-bnse cmP-hw-i -
{^mnjv cmPyw $ ssN\-bnse `c-W - ns khn-ti-j-
X-I
{^mkv, P\n, C-en-bpsS Hcp `mKw XpS- $ a[y-Ime Pm
nb {]tZ- i - tN- X m- b n- c pp
$ tjmK-Wp-If- psS `cWw
{^mnjv cmPyw. CXv m]n- X - a m- b Xv
kn.C.481 emWv. satdm-hnPn-b, tab, a[y-Ime Ata-cn
Itcm-enPn-b XpS-nb cmP-hw-i-
{^mnjv cmPyw `cn-p. cmPy m]-I-\mb $ hSt Ata-cn- kwkvIm-c-
tmhnkv Hm-a satdm-hnPn-b cmP-hw- ankn-n-n, Icn-_n-b, samK-tm,
]S-b
i-n-sbpw jme-ao Itcm-enPn-b
cmP-hw-i
- n-sbpw {]Xn-\n-[n-If- m-bn-cp-p.

68

Pm
slmsstUm ( Hokkaido), slmjp
(Honshu), Iyqjp (Kyushu), jntmp
(Shikoku) Fo Zzo]p-I Dsm-p--
XmWv Pm. \mc, tIzmtm Fn-h-bm-bn-
cpp Pms BZy-Ime Xe-m-\-.
a[y-Im-es Pm-\nepw `p{]-`pXzw i-am-
bn-cp-p. 1897 hsc Pm-\n tjmK `c-
W- a mWv Dm- b n- c p- - X v . tSmp- K ph
tjmKam-cmWv tSmntbm `c-W-tI-{-
ambn hnI-kn-n--Xv. tjmK `c-Ww kmap-
dm-bn-am F-dn-b-s ssk\y-X-e-ham-
cmWv \nb-{n-ncp-Xv. kmap-dm-bn-amcpsS
s]cp-am kwln-Xb - mWv _p[ntZm (Budhido)
Ct-_m\ F ]pjv]m-e-mc coXn a[y-
Ime Pms {]tXy-I-X-bmWv. Pm-\nse
]g- b - a Xw jntm- b nkw F- d n- b - s - p.
Cybn D`-hn _p-aXw ssN\-bn-
eqsS Pm-\n {]N-cn-p. Pm-\nse _p-
aXw sk _p-aXw FmWv Adn-b-s--
Xv.
$ sXt Ata-cn- kwkvIm-c-
amb, CI, AkvsS-I,v tSmsSIv
$ Ata-cn--bnse bqtdm-]y A[n-\n-
th-iw.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
$ ]pcm-X-\-Im-e-ns XpS Xs-
bmWv a[y-Ime temIw.
$ Ccp--bpKw Fv ASp--Imew
hsc hnti-jn-n-n-cp a[y-Ime
temIv khn-ti-ja - mb A[n-Im-cc
- q-
]- \ne-\n-n-cp-p.
$ a[y-Ime L-nse A[n-Imc tI{-
v cmjv{Sob LS-\b - n kam-\-
X-I ImWm-sa-nepw A[n-Imc cq]-
-fn hyXykvXX \ne-\n-n-cp-p.
a[y-Im-e-temIw : A[n-Im-c-tI-{-
IX
ssN\
Smv cmP-hw-ia- mWv a[y-Im-e - ns BZy-L-
--fn ssN\ `cn-n-cp--Xv. Cm-ev
imkv{X kmt-XnI taJ-e-I-fn henb
]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-m-bn.-ssN-\-bn \nan
knv, t], ]m{X- XpS-n-b-hv
temI-m-I-am\w D]-t`m-m--fp-m-bn-cp-
p. Gjy-b - q-tdmv Fo hI-cI - f- p-ambn
ssN\- p- m- b n- c p hym]m- c - _ w
knv dqv hgn- b m- b n- c p- p. a[y- I me
temIv t] Idkn D]-tbmKn-h-cm-
bn-cpp ssN\-m. km[m-c-W-mcpw
Ij-Icpw `q{]`p-am-cpsS ]oT-\ - n-\n-
c-bmbn Zpcn-X-]q-amb Pohn-X-amWv \bn-
n-cp--Xv. shSn-a-cppw kap{Z bm{X-p-]-
tbm-Kn-p hSp t\mn-b-{hpw a[y-
Ime ssN\-bpsS kmt-XnI anI-hns ap-
Zm-lc- W
- a- m-Wv. _p-aX - w, I^yq-j aXw,
Xmthm-bnkw Fnh ssN\-bn kzm[o-\-
ap hnizm-k--fm-bn-cp-p.
$ \nb-aw, cmjv{S-X-{w, `c-W-]-cn-jvI-
c-Ww, XXz-Nn-, Ie, imkv{Xw,,
kmlnXyw XpS-nb taJ-e-I-fn
henb ]ptcm-KXn Cm-e - p-m-bn.
$ a[y-Ime temI-ns Cu khn-ti-
j-X-I-fmWv B[p-\n-I-tem-I-n-te-
p {]bm- W - n\v DuPw
]IXv.
^yqU-en-k-ns ]X\w
a[y- I me temIv \ne- \ n- n- c p
^yqU-en-ks - -p-dnpw AXns khn-
ti-j-X-Ifpw Ipn-I apm-kp-I-fn
a\-n-em-n-bn-p-v. ^yqU-en-k
- ns
XIn-S-bm-nb hnhn[ LS-I-
hni-I-e\w sNp--XmWv ]mT-`m-Kw.
]mT- ` mKw ]cn- t im- [ nv ^yqU- e n- k -
69
IX kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw-- II : SosSIvv

ns ]X-\I - m-cW
-
- Ipn-I hni-
I-e\w sNbvXv ]n-Is- -Sp-s
- . tijw
Nmv Xbm-dmn mkn {]Zin-n- $ IjI Iem-]
mw.
$ Imem-hm hyXn-bm-\hpw Imjn-
tIm]m-Z\ - - nse Ipdhpw
$ maw
$ tKv t]mep ]I hym[n-I
$ Ipcn-ip-bp--
_yqt_m-WnIv tKv
Idp--a-cWw Fv hnti-jn-n-p Cu
]I-hym[n bqtdm-n-ep-m-bXv ]Xn-\memw
\qm-n-emWv. 1347 emWv CXns Bcw`w.
B \mi-ns Fw IW-n-se-Sp-p-
tm bqtdm-]y Ncn-{X-Im-cam CXns\
cmw temI-bp-t- m-SmWv Xmc-Xayw sNp-
Xv.
$ cmPm- - mcpsS shSn- a - c p- ns
IpI
-
$ tZi-cm-jv{S-f- psS Bhn`mhw.
^yqU Ij-I- I-em-]-
F.Un. 1350 \pw 1550 \pw CS-bn bqtdm-
n \nc-h[n IjI Iem-]- \S-p-
I-bp-m-bn. Ah-bn {][m-\-s--h-bmWv
$ 1358 Kntbm-sI-bvte-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-
n \S {^v jmvdo Iem]w
$ 1381 Cw-n thmv ssSe, tPm
_m Fn-h-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-n \S
Iem]w
$ 1525 P-\n-bn tXma-kvaqk-dpsS
t\Xr-Xz-n \S Iem-]w.

hne-bn-cp- tNm-Zy-
$ ]uckvXy tdmam km{amPyw ss_km-bn km{amPyw F-dn-bs - -Sm-\p
ImcWw FmWv?
$ Pkvo-\n-b temI-n\v \Inb {][m\ kw`m-h-\-I Fsmw?
$ jme-aos {][m\ `c-W] - c
- n-jvIm-c
- Fsm-s-bm-bn-cpp?
$ Da-hn `c-W-ns {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-I ]n-I-s-Sp-p-I.
$ sNn-kvJms ssk\y-ns {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-I Fsmw?
$ a[y-Ime ssN\-bn DtZym-Kmn-Isf F-s\-bmWv sXc-s-Sp-n-cn-
p-Xv?
$ tjmK-Wp-I Bcm-bn-cp-p?
$ Ata-cn--bnse Xt-i-hm-kn-Ip-t\sc bqtdm-]y \S-nb B{I-a-W-
-fpsS hnh-cWw Xbm-dm-p-I.
$ ^yqU-en-k - ns XIp-Im-cWw Ipcn-ip-bp- - f
- m-bn-cp-p. {]kvXm-
h-\b- psS kmwKXyw ]cn-tim-[n-p-I.

70
 a[y-Im-e-temIw : A[n-Im-c-tI-{-
IX

XpShm-b-\bvv
The story of civilization - Will Durent
Age of Faith - Will Durent
Feudal socieity and its culture - Progressive publishers
World civilizations their history and culture - Edward Burns
Feudal soceity - Mare Bloch
History of the Arabs - Hitti. P. K
History of the Far East - Cyde ad Beers
Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe - Henri Pirenne
temI-N-cn{Xw ]n.F-kv. them-bp-[, `mjm Cn-yqv
imkv{Xw Ncn-{X-n sP.Un. _W

So-dpsS hne-bn-cp-
]qW `mKn-I- sa-s
-ambn ambn Spt-Xv
1. a[y-Ime temI-nse hnhn[ A[n-Imc
cq]-sf hni-I-e\w sNm Ipn-Iv
Ign-bpw.
2. bqtdm-v, Gjy, B{^n-, Ata-cn Fn-
h-nS--fn \ne-\n-n-cp A[n-Im-c-cq-]--
fpsS {]tXy-I-X-I `q]S hmb-\-bn-eqsS
hni-Zo-I-cn-m Ipn-Iv Ign-bpw.
3. a[y-Ime temIw Ccp Ime-am-bn-cp-n-
sv hne-bn-cp-m Ipn-Iv Ignbpw
4. ]pcm-X\ Ime-ns XpS-bmbn h
a[y-Ime temIw B[p-\nI temI-ns
]nd-hnv ASn--d-bmbn Fv Is-m
Ipn-Iv Ign-bpw.
5. a[y-Ime temIs A[n-Imc cq]--fpsS
kam-\-X-Ifpw hyXy-kvX-Ifpw ]n-I-s-Sp-
m Ipn-Iv Ign-bpw.
6. temI-N-cn-{X-n a[y-Ime `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-
I-fpsS `cW]-cn-jvIm-c- anI-hp--Xm-bn-
cpp Fv hne-bn-cp-m Ipn-Iv Ign-
bpw.

71
IX kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw-- II : SosSIvv

a [yIme L-n temI-ns hnhn[ `mK--fn \ne-\n-n-cp km{am-Py--

sfbpw B Ime-L--nse `c-W-co-Xnbpw ap A[ym-b-n Ip Ign-p.
Cu ]mT-`m-Kp ]cm-ain-p-Xv a[y-Ime L-nse hmWn-Py, kmwkvIm-cn-I
hn\n-a-b--sf-p-dnpw AXp-aqew Dmb am--sf-p-dn-p-am-Wv. hmWn-Py-]m-X-
I, hmWn-Py-tI-{-, ]-W-, ]pXnb \K-c--fpsS hfbvpw hnIm-k-
n\pw Imc-W-amb LS-I - Fnh hni-Ie - \w sNp--Xn-eqsS a[y-Im-e-L--
ns khn-ti-j-X-I {Kln-p-hm ]Tn-Xm-hn\p Ign-b-Ww. {]mY-anI Xew
apX kh-I-em-im-e-I hsc-bp hnZym-`ymk {]h-\- hne-bn-cp-p-
-Xn-eqsS ]Sn-mdpw Ingpw \ne-\n-n-cp hnZym-`ym-k-s-p-dnv ]Tn-Xmhv
[mcW t\S-Ww. sshm-\nI cwK-n\v ]uckvXy tZi--fpSsS kw`m-h\ AXp-
am-bn-cp-p-sh at\m-`mhw Ipn-I-fn cq]-s-Sp Xc-n-em-IWw Cu ]mT-
`mKw hn\n-a-bw sNt--Xv. s]mXpsh Ccp Ime-Lw Fv bqtdm-]y Ncn-{X-
Im-c-m hnti-jn-n-n-cp Cu Ime-Lw Ccp--X-m-bn-cp-p-shpw B[p-\n-
I-Im-es \thm-m-\-n-\pw am-p-samw Imc-W-am-bXpw a[y-Im-e-L--
nse sshm-\nI ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS ^e-am-bn-cpp F Xncn--dnhv ]Tn-Xm-hn-
\p-m-Ip Xc-n-em-IWw Cu ]mT-`mKw hn\n-abw sNt--Xv.

72
 bqWnv s{^bnw 2. Ingpw ]Sn-mdpw : hn\n-a-b--fpsS Ime-Lw
Bi-b-/[mc-W-I ]T-\-{]-h-\-/]T-\-X-{- ]T-\-t\--
hmWnPyw $ `q]Sw \nco-nv hmWn-Py-]m-XI - Isn $ Ingns\bpw ]Sn-mdns\bpw _n-n-
$ hmWn-Py-]m-XI - khn-ti-jX - I
- ]n-Is- -Sp-pp. n-cp hmWn-Py- ]m-X-Ifpw hmWn-Py-_-
$ I-hS- t- I-{- $ `q]Sw \nco-nv bqtdm-nse {][m\ hmWn- hpw Xncn--dn-bp-p.
$ \K-c
- f - psS cq]o-Ic
- Ww Py-tI-{- Isn ]n-Is - -Sp-pp. \K- $ a[y-Im-e-L--nse hmWn-Py-tI-{-fpw
$ KnUp-I c-fpw \Zn-Ifpw ]n-I-]qn-bm-pp. \K-c-fpw ]n-I-s-Sp-p-p.
$ at[y-jy-bnse {][m-\-\-K-c- ]n-I-s-Sp- $ a[y-ImetemIv hmWn-Py-n-\p-m-bn-
kwkvImcw pp. cp {]m[m\yw hni-Z-am-p-p.
$ hnZym-`ymkw $ \K-c--fpsS khn-ti-j-X-I hmb-\m-Ip-dnv $ bqtdm-n \ne-\n-n-cp KnUv k{-Zm-
$ kh-Ie - m-im-eI
- Xbm-dm-pp. b-ns {]tXy-IX - I hni-Za
- m-p-p.
$ kmwkvIm-cnI hn\n-abw $ KnUp-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-I Nm-Ip-dnv $ bqtdm-v, at[y-jy, ssN\ Fn-hn-S--fn
$ Ie Xbm-dm-pp. imkv{X-hn-Zym`ym-k- taJ-e-I ssIh-cn
$ kmlnXyw $ a[yIme bqtdmnse kvIqfp-I-fpsS {]h- ]ptcm-KXn hni-I-e\w sNpp.
$ kwKoXw \-s-p-dnv Nm Ipdnv Xbm-dm-pp. $ a[y-Im-e-L--n hnhn[ taJ-I-fn Ad-
$ imkv{Xw $ a[y-Ime kaq-l-ns ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn hnZym- _n-I \Inb kw`m-h\ - I
- hne-bn-cp-p-
`ymkw hln ]v Ipdnv Xbm-dm-pp. p.

Ingpw ]Sn-mdpw : hn\n-a-b--fpsS Ime-Lw

$ Ing-n-sbpw ]Sn-m-dn-sbpw ka-\z-b - n\v $ a[y-Im-eL- -
- n temI-ns hnhn[ `mK-
DZm-lc - W
- a
- mWv a[y-Im-e- nse Iebpw kmln- fn Iem-cw-K - p-mb am- A]-{K-
XyhpwNm-Ip-dnv Xbm-dm-pp. Yn-p-p.
$ a[y-Ime temI-n hnZym-`ym-ki - m-k{v X-]p-tcm-
K-Xn-bmWv B[p-\n-Ib - p-K
- ns Bcw-` - n\p
Imc-WwkwhmZw
73

IX
IX kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw-- II : SosSIvv

{]ikv X temI- k - m- c nbm- b n- c p hp Ipn-It- fmSv Bh-iy-s-Sm-hp-X

- m-
amtm-t]m-f-bpsS km-c-p-dn-n Wv.
\npw FSp-n-p Hcp `mK-amWv {]th- kz-n-sbpw
in-I-bmbn \In-bn-cn-p--Xv. a[y-Im- a[y-Im-e- shn-
tem-Ibs \K-ctiJcw
p-sSbpw -
e-L--n hnZq-c-tZ-i--fn-te-p
a[y-Im-e -tem-Ip {]mNo-\-\-K-c-
bm{X F{X ZpjvIc - a
- m-bn-cp-p-shv a\-
kPo-ha - m-Im-\pw, ]pXnb \K-c - cq]w
kn-em-p--Xn\p thn amtm-t]m-
sImm\pw CS-bmb kml-N-cy-amWv
tfm-bpsS km-c - p-dnv hmbn-p-hm
hni-I-e\w sNp--Xv. a[y-Im-e-L--
Bh-iy-s-Smw. CtX-co-Xn-bn ]e kml-
ns khn-ti-jX - b - m-bn-cp ^yqU
kn- I cpw \S- nb km- c - s - p-
hyh- - b n \K- c - v henb
dnp hoUntbmI ImWn-m-hp--
{]m[m\yw Hp-an-m-bn-cp-p-sh-nepw
Xm-Wv. A`n-emjv tSman-bpsS kml-knI
hmWn-Py-ns hf ]pXnb \K-c - -
bm{X kw_- n hoUn- t bm- I fpw
fpsS hfbvv Imc-W-am-bn-op
ImWn-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
F hkvXpX ]Tn-Xm-hn\p t_m[y-am-
XpSv ]mT-]p-kvXIw t]Pv 24 \In- tI- - X p- v . XpSv ]mT- ] p- k v X Iw
bn-cn-p `q]Sw hyn-]-c-ambn \nco- t]Pv 26, 27 hyn-KXambn hmbn-p-
nv Is-s-ep-I tcJ-s-Sp-- hm Bh-iy-s-Sp-I. AXn-\p-tijw \K-
s. GXm\pw t]v Ah-X-cn-n-p- c-f- psS cq]o-Ic - W
- hpw bqtdm-]y \K-
hm Ah-kcw \In-b-Xn-\p-tijw c- - f psS khn- t i- j - X - I - s f- b pw ]n
NphsS \In- b n- c n- p coXn- b n Ipdnp Xbm-dmn Ah-Xc - n-n-s
- . \K-
t{ImUo-I-cn-m-hp--Xm-Wv. c--fpsS cq]o-I-c-Wn\pw hfbpw
Gjy-bpsS Ing-p-ap-X bqtdmp hsc CS-bmnbXv hmWn-Py-ns hf-
\o InS-n-cp cp ]mX-If - mWv ]p- bmWv F [mcW ]Tn-Xm-hn\v t\Sn
Xp- W n- m- X - b pw, kpK- - h y- - \ - ] m- Fp-d-mn N t{ImUo-I-cn-m-hp-
Xbpw At\Iw I-h-S-tI-{--fn-eqsS -Xm-Wv. XpSv Ave-kns klm-bn-
Ch IS-p-t]m-bn-cp-p. {][m-\] - m-XI
- tm-Sp-IqSn ]mT-]p-kvX-I-n Xn-
IqSmsX ap Nne ]mX-I IqSn Dm- p ]nI NphsS \In-bn-cn-p
bn- c p- p. Ing- n- s \bpw ]Sn- m- d n- coXn- b n ]qn- b m- m Bh- i y-
s\bpw _n-n-p--Xn Hcp kp{]- sSmw. Avek - v, sF.kn.Sn km[yX-I
[m\ ]v Cu ]mX-I hln-n-cp-p. CXn-\mbn D]-tbm-Ks - -Sp-m-hp-X - m-Wv.
XpSv `q]Sw \nco-nv Am-es \Kcw \Zn
{][m\ hmWn-Py-tI-{- ]n-I-s-Sp- e sXwkv (Thames)
p- h m Bh- i y- s - S p- I . Av e kv
]mcokv ko (Seine)
As-n sF.kn.n km[yX D]-tbm-
Knv Cu \K-c--sf-p-dnv IqSp-X tdmw Sn_ (Tiber)
hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-p-hm ]T-\-an-I- hnb Um\yq_v (Danube)

74
 Ingpw ]Sn-mdpw : hn\n-a-b--fpsS Ime-Lw
IX

Ing- \K-c- bp coXn-bn t{ImUo-I-cn-m-hp--

XmWv.
a[y-Ime temIv bqtdm-n-t\-m
]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn-n-cp-Xv Ing- hnhn[ sXmgn taJ-eb - nse hnZ-K[
v c
- psS
\K-c--fm-bn-cpp F hkvXpX Cu kwL- S - \ - b m- b n- c p KnUp- I .
]mT-`mKw hn\n-abw sNp-X- n-eqsS ]Tn- Db \nIp-Xnpw Nqj-W-n-\p-sa-
Xm-hn\v t_m[y-am-tI--Xp-v. Xnsc \ne-sIm-p-X - n-\p-thn cq]o-I-
cn--s--h-bm-Wv. Ccw KnUpI
]mT-]p-kvXIw t]Pv 24 se `q]Sw \nco- D]m- Z - \ - s - \ n- b - { n- pIbpw ]c-
nv Ing- \K-c- Is-m kv ] c kl- I - c Ww hfp- I bpw
Bh-iy-s-Sp-I. AXn-\p-tijw ]mT-]p- sNbvXn-cp-p. ]-W-sf ]c-kv]cw
kvXIw 27, 28 hyn-K-X-ambn hmbnv _n-n-p-sImv \K-cm-c eoKp-Ifpw
ap Ing- \K-c- Is-p-hm cq]w-sIm-n-cp-p. hym]mc KnUp-
Bh-iy-s-Sp-I. GXm\pw Ipn-Iv It]mse Xs IcIuie KnUp-
X-fpsS I--ep-I Ah-X-cn-n-- Ifpw Dm-bn-cp-p. hyh-kmbh-
Xn- \ p- t ijw Ing- \K- c - - f mb c-Whpw imkv{X-km-t-XnI cwKs
_mKv Z m- Z v , Zam- k v I - k v , a, GZ, hf Fnh KnUp k{- Z m- b -
CukvXmw-_q, _k-d, akvI-v, tImgn- ns A[x-]-X-\-Xn\p Imc-W-am-bn.
tm-Sv, kqdv XpS-nb \K-c-fpw
]ptcm- K Xn ssIh- c n- n- c pp Fv
t{ImUo-I-cn-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
a[y-Ime hnZym-`ymkw
a[y-Ime temIp bqtdm-n {]mY-
KnUp-I anI Xe-nepw D-X-X-e-nepw \ne-
\n-n-cp hnZym-`ymk k{-Zm-b - ns
a[y-Im-e-L--ns khn-ti-j-X-bm-bn- Nn{Xo-I-c-W-amWv ]mT-`m-K-ns {]th-
cp KnUp-I cq]w-sIm-m-\n-Sb- mb in-Ib
- mbn \In-bn-cn-p-X - v. Ipn-I
kml-Nc - yhpw KnUp-If
- psS LS-\bpw Cu Nn{X- \nco-n-p--Xn-eqsS
ey--fp-amWv Cu `mKp hni-I- B[p-\nI hnZym-`ym-k-co-Xn-bn \npw
e\w sNp--Xv. KnUp-I-fpsS khn- D hyXym-k- a\-n-em-p-hm
ti-j-X-I Nm-Ip-dnv Xbm-dm-. Ign-bpw.
Ipn- I sf {Kqp- I - f mbn Xncn- Xn\p- a[y-Ime hnZym-`ymkw N
tijw ]mT-]p-kvXIw t]Pv 28, 29 hyn-
K-X-ambn hmbnv {Kqn N sNp- ]mT-]pkvXIw t]Pv 30 hmbn--Xn-\p-
hm Bh-iy-s-Sp-I. A[n-I-hn-h-c-ti- tijw Ipn-It- fmSv hyn-KX
- a
- mbn Ipdn-
J-c-W-n-\mbn sF.kn.Sn km[y-X-I p-I Xbm-dm-p-hm Bh-iy-s-Sp-
D]-tbm-KsSpm-hp--Xm-Wv. I. Ipn-I Xbm-dm-p Ipdn-p-If - n
www.britianica.com guilds, youtube medieval GXm\pw NneXv mkn Ah-X-cn-n--
guilds Mr.Zoller's socialstudies podcast Ch s. th{X sa-s-Sp--tem-Sp-IqSn
{]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-m-hp--Xm-Wv. {Kqp- NphsS \In- b n- c n- p coXn- b n
I Xbm-dm-p Ipdn-p-I mkn t{ImUo-I-cn-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
Ah-X-cn-n--Xn-\p-tijw NphsS ]d- a[y-Im-ev hnZym-`ym-k-cw-Kv ]ptcm-

75
IX kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw-- II : SosSIvv
KXn ssIh-cn-n-cp-p. ASn-m-\-hn-Zym-
`ymkw t]mse Xs D-X-hn-Zym-`ym-
k-ta-J-e-bnepw ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn-n-
cp- p. hnhn- [ - X cw hnj- b -
ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp bqtdm-]y
hnZym-`ym-k-n kv{XoIv Ah-
kcw Ipd-hm-bn-cp-p. bqtdm-n-te-Xp-
t]mse Xs Ing- {]tZ-i--fnepw
hnZym-`ym-k-n {it-b-amb ]ptcm-
KXn ssIh-cn-n-cp-p. Ad-_n-tem-Iv
kv{XoIv hnZym-`ym-k - n\v Ah-kcw
Dm-bn-cp-p.
a[-yI - m-e- k-aq-l
- ns ]ptcm-KX - n-bn
hnZ-ym-`-ymkw hln ]v N Ipn-
Isf {Kqp-I-fmbn Xncn--Xn-\p-tijw
]mT-]p-kvXIw t]Pv 30, 31, 32, hmbn-p-
hm Bhiy-s-Sp-I. {Kqp-I Xm-
dm-p Ipdn-p-I sa-s-Sp--ep-
ItfmsS Cns\ t{ImUo-I-cn-m-hp--
Xm-Wv. temI-ns hnhn-[-`m-K--fn
a[-yI - m-ev At\Iw D-Xh - n-Zy- m-`y- mk
tI{- Dbp-h-p. hnhn[ hnj-
b- ssIIm-cyw sNbvXn-cp Cu
hnZ-ym-tI-{- hnm-\-tm-sSmw
kmaq-ly ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw \bpw ey-
an-n-cp-p.
Iebpw kmlnX-yhpw
a[-y-Im-e-tem-Is Ie, kmln-Xyw,
hmkvXp--hn-Zy, kwKoXw Nn{X-Ie Chsb
Ipdn-mWv Cu `mKv {]Xn-]m-Zn-pXv.
a[-y-Ime temIs Ing-ntbpw ]Sn-
mdntbpw ka-\z- b - - n\v Iem-km-ln-
Xy taJ-e-I KW-y-amb kw`m-h-\-I
\In Fv ]Tn-Xm-hn\v Cu ]mT-`mKw
hn\n-abw sNp-X - n-eqsS t_m[-ys
- -tS-
-Xpv. Ipn-Isf {Kqp-I-fmbn Xncn-
76
p-I. Hmtcm- {Kqpw NphsS \In-bn-
cn-p coXn-bn Hmtcm taJ-eI
- s
- f-p-
dnv Ipdnv Xm-dm-p-hm Bh-i-y-s-
Sp-I.
{Kqv 1 hmkvXp-inev]w
{Kqv 2 kmln-X-y-Ir-Xn-I
kmln-Xy- I
- m-c
- m
{Kqv 3 kwKoXw, Nn{X-Ie
]mT-]p-kvXIw t]Pv 32, 33, 34 hy-n-KX
- -
ambn hmbnv Xv \In-bn-p
taJ-eI - sf Ipdnv {Kqn N sNbvXv
Ipdnv Xm-dm-p-hm Bh-i-y-s-Sp-I.
{Kqp-I mn Ah-X-cn-n-p
Ipdn-p-I th{X sa-s-Sp--tem-
Sp-IqSn t{ImUo-I-cn-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
a[-y-Im-e-tem-I-nse hnZ-ym-`-ymk
imkv{X ]ptcm-K-Xn-bmWv B[p-\n-I -bp-
K-ns Bcw-`-n\v Imc-W-am-b-Xv
Fv ]Tn-Xm-hn Ah-t_m[w krjvSn-
p coXn-bn thWw kwhmZw kwL-
Sn-n-t--Xv. kwhm-Z-n-\mbn Hcp
Ipnsb tamU-td-dmbn Xnc-s-Sp-p-
I. A\p-Iq-ehpw {]Xn-Iq-e-hp-amb hmZ-
K-Xn-I D-bn-p-X - n-\mbn aqp Ipn-
Isf hoXw Npa-X-e-s-Sp-p-I. A[nI
hmb-\-bvmbn Cu bqWnns Ah-
km\w \In- b n- c n- p `mK-
\Im-hp--Xm-Wv. kwhm-Z-n\p GI-
tZiw ]Xn- \ p an\nv aXn- b m- I pw.
kwhm-Z-n\p tijw a[-y-Ime temIw
CcpIme-L- a -
- . adnv AXv B[p-\nI
bpK-ns Bcw-`-n\p Imc-W-amb
]e hne-s kw`m-h\ - I
- \In F
hkvXp-Xb - n hy-X hcpn t{ImUo-
I-cn-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
 Ingpw ]Sn-mdpw : hn\n-a-b--fpsS Ime-Lw
IX

hne-bn-cp- tNm-Zy-
$ {][m-\a - m-bpw Ic-am-ap-m-bn-cp hmWn-Py- ]
- mX GXp-t]-cn- e
- mWv Adn-b-
s-n-cp-Xv?
$ kap-{Z-]m-Xb - psS t]cv Fv?
$ kap-{Z-]mX IS-p-t]m-Ip {][m\ C-y Xpd-ap-J- GsXmw?
$ a[-y-Im-e-KnUp-I-fpsS cq]o-I-c-W-ns eyw Fm-bn-cpp?
$ a[-yI
- m-et- em-Is {]i-kX v a
- mb k-Ie
- m-im-eI - f
- psS ]nI Xm-dm-pI.
$ a[-yI- m-et- em-Is kmln-Xy cwKs Ipdnv Hcp hnh-cWw Xm-dm-p-I.
$ a[y-Im-e-tem-Is kwKo-X-s-p-dnv Ipdnv Xm-dm-p-I.

XpShm-b-\bvv
temI-N-cn{Xw `mKw 1 C. {io[-c
temI-N-cn{Xw `mKw 2 C. {io[-c
kvSmn-ss^Uv skmssk-okv
anUn-h thUv s{]m. Sn.sI.-Kw-Km-[-c
temI-kw-kvImcw a[-y-Im-e-L--n s{]m. Sn.sI.-Kw-Km-[-c
Europe - As Cultural History - Peter Ristbergen
Cities in the Pre modern Islamic world - Edited by Amera .K. Benson,
Alison. L. Gascoigne

So-dpsS hne-bn-cp-
]qW `mKn-I- sa-s
-ambn ambn Spt-Xv
1. Ing-n-s\bpw ]Sn-m-dn-t\bpw _n-n-
n-cp hmWn-P-y-]m-X-Ifpw hmWn-P-y-_--
hpw Xncn--dn-bm Ign-p.
2. a[-y-Im-e-L--nse hmWn-P-y-tI-{-fpw
\K-c-fpw ]n-I-s-Sp-p-hm Ign-p.
3. a[y-Im-e-tem-Iv hmWn-P-y-n\pmb
{]m[m-\yw hni-Z-am-p-hm Ign-p.
4. bqtdm-n \ne-\n-n-cp KnUvkv k{-
Zm-b-ns {]tXyI-X-I hni-Z-am-p-p.
5. bqtdmv, at[-jy, ssN\ Fn-hn-S--fn
imkv{X, hn-Z-ym-`ymk taJ-e-Ifn Ad-_n-
I \Inb kw`m- h - \ - I hne- b n- c p-
pp.
6. a[y-Im-e-tem-I-ns hnhn-[-`m-K--fn
Iem-cw-K-p-mb am- A]-{K-Yn-p-
hm Ign-p.

77