Mnemonics on

Pathology and Microbiology

 Mnemonics on
Pathology and Microbiology
Krishna N Sharma
BPT MPT (Neuro) PhD (VC) CPTD (Ortho) D Ac
MOPC
Academic Chairman
DLS Institute for Health and Wellness
Muhammadabad Gohana, Mau, Uttar Pradesh, India
Editor
The Scientific Research Journal of India
General Secretary
The Online Physio Community, India
Ex-HOD
Jeevan Jyoti Institute of Medical Sciences
Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology

First Edition: 2013
ISBN: 978-93-5090-297-4
Printed at:
 Dedicated to
My Parents

Dr L Sharma
and
Smt Chintamani Sharma
Preface

The term mnemonic came from name of the Greek

Goddess of memoryMnemosyne, the mother of
the Muses whose name means remembrance.
The mnemonics had always been a very easy,
interesting and effective tool for learning. These
memory pearls make the learning enjoyable.
During the studies, I had been passionate about
making the mnemonics. This passion resulted into
a good list of self-made mnemonics which is in
your hand right now.
I hope you will find this to be a useful book
that facilitates the speed of memorizing the
lengthy material. Hope you will appreciate this
and send your comments and suggestions to me.

Krishna N Sharma
Email: dr.krisharma@gmail.com
Web: http://www.krishna.info.ms
Acknowledgments

First and foremost, I would like to thank my

family for their constant support. I also thank the
cosmic energies for their kind guidance.
I would like to acknowledge the guidance
of Shri Jitendar P Vij (Group Chairman), Mr
Ankit Vij (Managing Director), Mr Tarun Duneja
(Director-Publishing) and Ms Samina Khan (PA
to Director-Publishing) of M/s Jaypee Brothers
Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India,
who made it possible to make this text more
efficient.
I would like to thank all my friends and
colleagues for their support and advice.
Contents

1. Alimentary System .................................... 1

Colon Carcinoma: Etiology 1
Carcinoid Syndrome: Components 1
Colon Cancer: Risk Factors 2
Escherichia coli: Major Subtypes
and Key Point of Each 2
Food Poisoning: Bugs Inducing 3
Kwashiorkor: Distinguishing
from Marasmus 4
Nematodes: Ones Spreading by
Egg Ingestion 4
Oral Cancer Risks 5
Peptic Ulcer: Associated Causative Factors 5
Pancreatitis: Drugs Causing it 6
Ulcerative Colitis: Features 6
2. Cardiovascular System ............................. 8
Atherosclerosis: Risk Factors 8
Aneurysm: Types 9
xii Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
Buergers Disease: Features 9
Cardiovascular Risk Factors 10
Deep Venous Thrombosis: Diagnosis 11
Deep Venous Thrombosis: Genetic Causes 11
Endocarditis: Laboratory Results
Suggesting it 12
Endocarditis: Causes of Culture
Negative Endocarditis 12
Endocarditis: Indications for Surgery 13
Fat Embolism: Findings 14
Hypertension: Secondary
Hypertension (Causes) 14
Hemolytic Anemia: Types 15
Heart Failure: Causes 15
Kawasaki Disease: Diagnostic Criteria 16
Macrocytic Anemia: Differential 17
Myocardial Infarction: Complications 17
Myocardial Infarction: Sequence of
Elevated Enzymes After MI 18
Protein S and Protein C: Function 19
 Contents xiii
Pericarditis: Findings 19
Thrombus: Possible Fates 19
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura:
Signs 20
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura:
Clinical Features 20
Virchows Triad 21
Von Hippel-Lindau: Signs and Symptoms 21
3. Endocrine System .................................... 22
Addisons Disease: Features 22
Cushing Syndrome 23
Goiter: Differential 23
Hypothyroidism/Thyroiditis:
Manifestations and Morphology 24
Hypercalcemia: Symptoms of
Elevated Serum Levels 25
MEN I (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia I)
Syndrome: Components 25
MEN III (Multiple Endocrine
Neoplasia III) Syndrome: Components 26
xiv Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
Pheochromocytoma: Three Most
Common Symptoms 26
Pheochromocytoma: Common Symptoms 26
Thyroid Storm: Characteristics 27
Thyrotoxicosis Syndrome:
Signs and Symptoms 27
Thyroid Carcinoma: Frequency (From
Least Aggressive to Most Aggressive) 28
4. Integumentary System ............................ 29
Baldness Risk Factors 29
Leprosy: Early Signs (Diagnostic Criteria) 29
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Features 30
5. Urinary System ........................................ 31
Acute Post-streptococcal
Glomerulonephritis: Classic Presentation 31
Calculi: Types 31
Gout: Factors that can Precipitate
an Attack of Acute Gouty Arthritis 32
Hematuria: Urethral Causes 32
 Contents xv
Hypokalemia: Clinical Features 33
Nephrotic Syndrome: Hallmark Findings 33
Nephritic Syndrome: Glomerular Diseases
Commonly Presenting as
Nephritic Syndrome 34
Renal Failure: Causes 35
Renal Failure (Chronic): Consequences 35
Urinary Tract Infection:
Causing Microorganisms 37
6. Lymphatic System ................................... 38
AIDS Pathogens (T-cell Suppression) 38
Catalase Positive Organisms 39
Endotoxin: Features 39
Hypersplenism: Criteria 40
IgA Protease-Producing Bacteria 40
Macrocytosis: Non-B12/Folate Causes 41
Microcytic Anemia: Causes 41
Picorna Viridae: Members 42
Symptoms of TTP/HUS 42
Sarcoidosis: Summarized 43
xvi Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
Vaccines: Types 44
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome: Symptom Triad 44
7. Muscular System ..................................... 45
McArdles Syndrome 45
Tetanus: Treatment for Infection 46
8. Nervous System ....................................... 47
Alzheimers Disease: Features 47
Dandy-Walker Syndrome: Components 47
Meningitis: Risk Factors 48
Meningitis: Most Common Organisms 48
Neuroblastoma: Features 49
Parkinsonism: Essential Features 49
Pyogenic Meningitis: Likeliest Bug
in Age Group (in Order from
Death to Birth) 50
Tabes Dorsalis: Morphology 50
Toxoplasma gondii: Manifestations 51
Wernicke-Korsakoffs Psychosis: Findings 51
 Contents xvii
9. Pulmonary System .................................. 53
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome:
Causes 53
Bronchial Obstruction: Consequences 54
Interstitial Lung Disease: Causes 54
Influenza Infection: Clinical Manifestations 55
Klebsiella: Details 56
Pulmonary Embolism: Risk Factors 56
Pulmonary Fibrosis: Differential
of Both Upper and Lower Lobes 57
Pneumothorax: Presentation 58
Respiratory Distress Syndrome in
Infants: Major Risk Factors 58
10. Reproductive System .............................. 59
Endometrial Carcinoma: Risk Factors 59
Gynecomastia: Causes 60
Ovarian Cancers: Important Types
by WHO Classification 60
Polycystic Ovarian Disease:
Clinical Features 61
Scrotum Masses 62
xviii Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
11. Skeletal System ........................................ 63
Carcinomas Having Tendency to
Metastasize to Bone 63
Marble Bone Disease: Signs and Symptoms 63
Osteomyelitis: Complications 64
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Features 64
12. Miscellaneous ........................................... 66
Capsulated Bacteria 66
Common Cold: Viral Causes 67
Fragile-X Syndrome: Features 67
Necrosis: The Four Types 68
RNA Viruses: Negative Stranded 68
RNA Viruses: Positive Stranded 69
RNA Enveloped Viruses 69
Staphylococcus aureus: Diseases Caused 70
Streptococcus pyogenes: Diseases Caused 71
Streptococcus pyogenes: Virulence Factors 71
Turner Syndrome: Components 72
Urease: Positive Organisms 72
Whipples Disease: Full Features 73
Index 75
 CHAPTER

Alimentary System 1
COLON CARCINOMA: ETIOLOGY

SCRAP
Strong family history of colon cancer
Chronic ulcerative colitis
Ratio of animal fat:fiber diet
Adenomatous polyps
Polyposis (familial).

CARCINOID SYNDROME: COMPONENTS

Cut CARD
Cutaneous flushing
Cramping
2 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology

Asthmatic wheezing
Right sided valvular heart lesions
Diarrhea.

COLON CANCER: RISK FACTORS

LAHU
Low fiber, high fat diet
Adenomatous polyps
Heridity
Ulcerative colitis.

ESCHERICHIA COLI: MAJOR SUBTYPES

AND KEY POINT OF EACH
Enter and HIT
Enterohemorrhagic:
HUS from hamburgers
Enteroinvasive:
Immune-mediated inflammation
 Alimentary System 3
Enterotoxigenic:
Travellers diarrhea.

FOOD POISONING: BUGS INDUCING

Contaminated Stuff Eater Can Start
Vomiting Very Badly
Clostridium botulinum (canned foods)
Salmonella (poultry, meat, eggs)
Escherichia coli O157-H7 (undercooked
meat, especially hamburgers)
Clostridium perfringens (reheated meat)
Staphylococcus aureus (meats, mayo, cus-
tard)
Vibrio parahaemolyticus (seafood)
Vibrio vulnificus (seafood)
Bacillus cereus (reheated rice).
4 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology

KWASHIORKOR: DISTINGUISHING
FROM MARASMUS
FAME
Fatty liver
Anemia
Malabsorption
Edema.

NEMATODES: ONES SPREADING

BY EGG INGESTION

AT Egg
Ascaris lumbricoides
Trichuris trichiura
Enterobius vermicularis.
 Alimentary System 5
ORAL CANCER RISKS
BATH PAL
Bad oral hygiene
Alcohol
Tobacco
Human papilloma virus
Plummer-Vinson syndrome
Asbestos
Leukoplakia.

PEPTIC ULCER: ASSOCIATED

CAUSATIVE FACTORS
HAZAM Sab
Hypercalcemia
Aspirin
Zollinger-Ellison
Acidity
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type I
Smoking.
6 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology

PANCREATITIS: DRUGS CAUSING IT

FAT SEES PEN
Furosemide
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACF) inhibi-
tors
Thiazides
Steroids
Ethacrynic acid
Erythromycin
Sulfas
Penicillamine
Estrogen
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs).

ULCERATIVE COLITIS: FEATURES

LUSt CREATION
Large intestine
Ulcers
 Alimentary System 7
Stools bloody
Carcinoma (risk)
Remnants of old ulcers (pseudopolyps)
Extraintestinal manifestations
Abscesses in crypts
Toxic megacolon (risk)
Inflamed, red, granular mucosa
Originates at rectum
Neutrophil invasion.
 CHAPTER

2
Cardiovascular
System

ATHEROSCLEROSIS:
RISK FACTORS

THE MATHS DID

Triglycerdides and fats
Hypertension
Elevated cholesterol
Male
Age
Tobacco
History (family)
Smoking
 Cardiovascular System 9
Diabetes mellitus
Inactivity
Diet/Drink.

ANEURYSM: TYPES
SAM reads ABCD
Syphilitic
Atherosclerotic
Mycotic
Arteriovenous fistula
Berry
Capillary microaneurysm
Dissecting.

BUERGERS DISEASE: FEATURES

GRIP PICS
Gangrene
Raynauds phenomenon
10 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
Intermittent claudication
Pain, even at rest
Phlebitis (superficial nodular)
Idiopathic
Chronic ulceration
Segmenting, thrombosing vasculitis.

CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS

BOSS Has FAILED
Blood pressure
Obesity
Smoking
Sex
Homocystinemia
Family history
Age
Inflammation (raised CRP)/Increased throm-
bosis
Lipids
 Cardiovascular System 11
Exercise
Diabetes mellitus.

DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS:

DIAGNOSIS
3DVT
Dilated superficial veins
Discoloration
Doppler ultrasound
Venography
Tenderness of calf and thigh.

DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS:

GENETIC CAUSES
SACALA
S-protein deficiency
Antithrombin III
C-protein deficiency
APC (Activated protein C)
12 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
Leiden (Factor V)
Antiphospholipid antibody.

ENDOCARDITIS: LABORATORY
RESULTS SUGGESTING IT
THe PEARL
Thrombocytopenia
Hematuria
Proteinuria
Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate
(ESR)
Anemia
Red blood cell casta
Leukocytosis, leukocytopenia.

ENDOCARDITIS: CAUSES OF CULTURE

NEGATIVE ENDOCARDITIS
MISS NATO
Mural endocarditis
Infection (Fungal)
 Cardiovascular System 13
Slow growing fastidious organisms
Subacute right-sided endocarditis
Noninfectious endocarditis
Antibiotic used previously
Timing (cultures drawn at end of chronic
course)
Obligate intracellular organisms.

ENDOCARDITIS: INDICATIONS
FOR SURGERY
PRIDE SIR
Prosthetic valve endocarditis (most cases)
Resection of mycotic aneurysm
Ineffective antimicrobial therapy (e.g. virus,
fungi)
Damaged valve (significant)
Embolization (repeated systemic)
Supporative local complications with conduc-
tion abnormalities
14 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
Infection uncontrolled
Refractory congestive heart failure.

FAT EMBOLISM: FINDINGS

He FUSed Bulb
History of fracture
Fat in Urine/Sputum
Bat-wing lung X-ray.

HYPERTENSION: SECONDARY
HYPERTENSION (CAUSES)
CASH Payment
Cushings syndrome
Aorta coarctation
Stenosis of renal arteries
Hyperaldosteronism
Pheochromocytoma.
 Cardiovascular System 15
HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA: TYPES
PEER SHIT
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Enzyme deficiencies: (G6P, pyruvate kinase)
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Red blood cells (RBCs) trauma
Sickle cell
Hereditary sperocytosis
Immunohemolytics: (warm Ab, cold Ag)
Thalassemias: (alpha, beta).

HEART FAILURE CAUSES

I MADE HEART
Infection
Myocardial infarct
Arrhythmia
Diet and lifestyle
16 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
Endocarditis
Hypertension
Embolism
Anemia
Rheumatic heart disease
Thyrotoxicosis.

KAWASAKI DISEASE:
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA
5 FIVE LCD
5 letters = 5 days, > 5 years old
Fever > 5 days
Idiopathic polymorphic rash
Vasculitis
Erythema of palms, soles (red palms, soles)
Lymphoadenopathy (cervical)
Conjunctivitis (bilateral)
Dryness of (a) lips and month (b) palms and
soles.
 Cardiovascular System 17
MACROCYTIC ANEMIA: DIFFERENTIAL
PART B and C
Pregnancy
Alcohol
Reticulocytosis
Thyroid disease (i.e. hypothyroidism)
B12 and folate deficiency
Cirrhosis and chronic liver disease.
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION:
COMPLICATIONS
RAPID CAT
Rupture (septum, ventricle, papillary muscle)
Aneurysm (ventricle)
Pericarditis
Infarctions
Dresslers syndrome/Death
Congestive cardiac failure
Arrhythmias (SVT, VT, VF)
Tamponade/Thromboembolic disorders.
18 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION:
COMPLICATIONS
PIA MEAL
Pericarditis
Infarction progressive
Arrhythmia
Myocardial rupture
Embolism (systemic)
Aneurysm (ventricular)
Left ventricular failure (LVF)

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: SEQUENCE

OF ELEVATED ENZYMES AFTER MI
The CALl
Troponin
Creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme (CK-MB)
Aspartate transaminase (AST)
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH 1).
 Cardiovascular System 19
PROTEIN S AND PROTEIN C: FUNCTION
Stop Coagulation
The function of these proteins is to inhibit
coagulation.

PERICARDITIS: FINDINGS
RICE Plate
Rub
Increased jugular venous pressure (JVP)
Chest pain
Electrocardiographic (ECG) changes
Pulsus paradoxus.

THROMBUS: POSSIBLE FATES

DO People Earn
Dissolution
Organization and repair
20 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
Propagation
Embolization.

THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC
PURPURA: SIGNS
RAT on FaN
Renal problems
Anemia
Thrombocytopenia
Fever
Neurologic dysfunction.

THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC
PURPURA: CLINICAL FEATURES
NEw PART
Neurological deficits
Emergency room (ER) admission (as it is an
emergency)
Platelet count low
Anemia (microangiopathic hemolytic)
 Cardiovascular System 21
Renal failure
Temperature rise.

VIRCHOWS TRIAD
VIB
Vascular trauma
Increased coagulability.
Blood flow reduced (stasis).

VON HIPPEL-LINDAU: SIGNS

AND SYMPTOMS
Please Know HIPPEL
Pancreas
Kidney cysts
Hemanigoblastomas
Increased renal cancer
Pheochromocytoma
Port-wine stains
Eye dysfunction
Liver.
 CHAPTER

Endocrine System 3
ADDISONS DISEASE: FEATURES
MAD SHIN
Meningcoccus disseminated intravascular
coagulation (DIC)
Autoimmune
Destruction by cancer, infection, vascular
insufficiency
Sarcoidosis, granulomatous such as tuberculosis
(TB) histiomycosis
Hypotension/Hyponatremia
Iatrogenic
Nelsons syndrome (postadrenalectomy, in-
creased adrenocorticotropic hormone).
 Endocrine System 23
CUSHING SYNDROME
Hey(4) Can(4) U SING(2,1,1,2)
Hypercortisolism/Hyperglycemia/Hyperten-
sion/Hirsutism
Collagen fiber weakness/Central
obesity/Cervical fat pads/ Comedones (acne)
Urinary free corisol and glucose increase
Striae /Suppressed immunity
Iatrogenic (Increased administration of
corticosteroids)
Noniatrogenic neoplasms
Glucose intolerance/Growth retardation.

GOITER: DIFFERENTIAL
Oh! TIGER
Onset of puberty
Thyrotoxicosis /Tumor/ Thyroiditis (Hashi-
motos)
24 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
Iodine deficiency
Goitrogens
Enzyme deficiencies
Reproduction (pregnancy).

HYPOTHYROIDISM/THYROIDITIS:
MANIFESTATIONS AND MORPHOLOGY
CHASMIS
Cretinism/Constipation/Cold intolerance
Hashimotos disease
Addison disease
Subacute thyroiditis
Myxedema coma
Infectious-subacute thyroiditis
Silent thyroiditis.
 Endocrine System 25
HYPERCALCEMIA: SYMPTOMS OF
ELEVATED SERUM LEVELS
POSt
Pain
Overtone psychologically
Stones (renal).

MEN I (MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLA-

SIA I) SYNDROME: COMPONENTS
PIPAT
Pituatary
Islets (pancreatic)
Parathyroid
Adrenal cortex
Thyroid, associated with peptic ulceration.
26 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
MEN III (MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLA-
SIA III) SYNDROME: COMPONENTS
MAN
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
Adrenal of medulla (pheochromocytoma)
Neuroma (mucosal).

PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA: THREE MOST

COMMON SYMPTOMS
Pheochromocytoma Has Diagnosis
Palpitations
Headache
Diaphoresis.

PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA: COMMON
SYMPTOMS
PAPPU
Paroxysmal rise in blood pressure (BP)
Abdominal pain
 Endocrine System 27
Palpitations
Perspiration
Urine pleomorphic microvilli (PMV) finding.

THYROID STORM: CHARACTERISTICS

SHIT
Surgery
Hyperthyroidism
Infection or illness at childbirth
Trauma.

THYROTOXICOSIS SYNDROME:
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
FAMES WEIGHT
Fatigability
Anxiety
Muscular weakness/Menstrual changes
Emotional lability
Sweating
28 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
Weight loss with good appetite
Eye changes
Increased pulse rate
Goiter
Heat intolerance
Tremor.

THYROID CARCINOMA: FREQUENCY

(FROM LEAST AGGRESSIVE TO MOST
AGGRESSIVE)
People Find Me Atheist
Papillary carcinoma
Follicular carcinoma
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
Anaplastic carcinoma.
 CHAPTER

4
Integumentary
System

BALDNESS RISK FACTORS

Dangerous Dons Dear Hair Is Gone
Diet
Disease
Drugs
Hormones
Injury to the scalp
Genes.
LEPROSY: EARLY SIGNS (DIAGNOSTIC
CRITERIA)
MAPS
Mycobacterium leprae positive identification
of under microscope
30 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
Affected superficial nerves enlarged and
tender
Paralysis.
Sensory loss in affected skin.

PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA:
FEATURES
ISHA AERO-GUN
Iron-containing lesions
Slime capsule sometimes (in cardiac failure
patient)
Hurt (injuries, burns)
Adherin pili
Aerobic
Exotoxin A
Rod/Resistance
Odor of grapes
Green-blue dressings
Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
Negative gram.
 CHAPTER

Urinary System
5
ACUTE POST-STREPTOCOCCAL
GLOMERU-LONEPHRITIS: CLASSIC
PRESENTATION
BSC
Bloated face (facial edema)
Sore throat: 1 week ago
Coke-colored urine.

CALCULI: TYPES
CACU
Calcium
Ammonium magnesium phosphate
Cystine
Uric acid.
32 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
GOUT: FACTORS THAT CAN
PRECIPITATE AN ATTACK OF ACUTE
GOUTY ARTHRITIS
DANNI
Diuretics
Alcohol
Night attacks
Nephronal disease
Injury.

HEMATURIA: URETHRAL CAUSES

STUN
Stone
Tumor
Urethritis
Neoplasm.
 Urinary System 33
HYPOKALEMIA: CLINICAL FEATURES
WITCH Has PAD Protection
Weakness of muscles
Increases P-R interval, T wave and prominent
U wave
Tetany
Cramps
Hepatic encephalopathy (chances)
Hypotonia
Polyuria
Arrhythmias
Digoxin toxicity
Paralytic ileus increases.

NEPHROTIC SYNDROME: HALLMARK

FINDINGS
PLACE
Proteinuria
Lipid up
34 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
Albumin down
Cholesterol up
Edema.

NEPHRITIC SYNDROME: GLOMERULAR

DISEASES COMMONLY PRESENTING
AS NEPHRITIC SYNDROME
Miss Gaga Is Singing RAP
Membranoproliferative
Goodpastures
IgA nephropathy
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
(RGPN)
Alports
Post-streptococcal.
 Urinary System 35
RENAL FAILURE: CAUSES
A Glance on The Very Important
Urinary Disease
Acute tubular necrosis
Glomerular disease
Tubulointerstitial nephritis
Vascular obstruction
Infection
Urinary obstruction
Diffuse intravascular coagulation.

RENAL FAILURE (CHRONIC):

CONSEQUENCES
Everybody SHow Me Various Or
One PACH on HIP
Anemia
Erythropoietin (EPO) is less
36 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
Electrolyte imbalance
Sodium loss/gain
Hyperkalemia
Metabolic acidosis
Bone alterations
Von Recklinghausen
Osteomalacia
Osteoporosis
Cardiopulmonary
Pericarditis
Atherosclerosis
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
Hypertension
Gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances
Hemorrhagic gastritis
Intractable hiccups
Peptic ulcer disease.
 Urinary System 37
URINARY TRACT INFECTION: CAUSING
MICROORGANISMS
SEEKS PEP
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterobacter cloacae
Klebsiella
Serratia marcescens
Pseudomonas aeroginosa
Escherichia coli
Proteus mirabilis
 CHAPTER

Lymphatic System 6
AIDS PATHOGENS (T-CELL
SUPPRESSION)
The Pathogens May Cause Complete
T-Cell Collapse
Toxoplasma gondii
Pneumocystis carinii
Mycobacterium avium intracellulare
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Cryptococcus neoformans
Tuberculosis
Cryptosporidium parvum
Candida albicans
 Lymphatic System 39
CATALASE POSITIVE ORGANISMS
SCAPE
Staphylococcus aureus
Candida
Aspergillus
Pseudomonas
Enterobacter.

ENDOTOXIN FEATURES

NO! I DONT NEED Her

Neutrophil chemotaxis
O-antigen
Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
Outer membrane
Nitric oxide
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
40 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
Negative (gram-bacteria)
Endothelial cells
Edema
Death
Heat stable.

HYPERSPLENISM: CRITERIA
Cant Remember Hyper Splenism
Cytopenias
Response to splenectomy
Hypercellular or normal marrow
Splenomegaly.

IgA PROTEASE-PRODUCING BACTERIA

Not So Handsome
Neisseria
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae.
 Lymphatic System 41
MACROCYTOSIS: NON-B12/FOLATE
CAUSES
PALER HAND
Pregnancy
Alcohol
Liver disease
Endocrine (hypothyroidism)
Reticulocytes
Hemolysis (especially chronic)
Agglutination
Neoplasia (including myelodysplasia)
Drugs (especially myelosuppressives like
chemotherapy, anti-HIV medicines).

MICROCYTIC ANEMIA: CAUSES

ITS
Iron deficiency
Thalassemia
Sideroblastic.
42 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
PICORNA VIRIDAE: MEMBERS
PREECH
Poliovirus
Rhinovirus
Echovirus
Enterovirus
Coronavirus
Hepatitis A.

SYMPTOMS OF TTP/HUS
My Favorite Teacher Never Roar
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
Fever
Thrombocytopenia
Neurological symptoms
Renal failure.
 Lymphatic System 43
SARCOIDOSIS: SUMMARIZED
SARCOIDOSIS CLEARED
Schaumann calcifications
Asteroid bodies (ACE) increase
Renal calculi
CD4 helper cells
Ocular lesions
Immune mediated noncaseating granulomas
Diabetes insipidus
Osteopathy
Skin (Subcutaneous nodules, erythema
nodosum)
Interstitial lung fibrosis
Seventh cranial nerves (CN) palsy
Cardiomyopathy (restrictive)
Lung disease
Elevated calcium level in serum and urine
Anergy
Respiratory complications
44 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
Elevated vitamin D value
Dyspnea.

VACCINES: TYPES
TRILS
Toxoid
Recombinant
Inactivated
Live
Subunit.

WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME:
SYMPTOM TRIAD
SET
Staphlococcal infections (Recurrent)
Eczema
Thrombocytopenia.
 CHAPTER

Muscular System 7
McARDLES SYNDROME
SELL My CARD
Skeletal muscle only
Elevated creatine kinase
Lactate levels fail to rise
Myoglobinuria
Cramping after exercise
Accumulated glycogen
Recessive inheritance
Deficiency of muscle phosphorylase.
46 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
TETANUS: TREATMENT FOR INFECTION

SAD ART
Sedation
Antitoxin
Debridement
Antibiotic
Relaxant
Tracheostomy.
 CHAPTER

Nervous System 8
ALZHEIMERS DISEASE: FEATURES
CALL DON
Cerebral cortex atrophy (diffuse)
Ach reduction
Language impairment
Living with dementia (MC in elderly)
Downs syndrome
Old age
Neurofibrillary tangles.
DANDY-WALKER SYNDROME:
COMPONENTS
Warning For Vicky
Water on the brain
Fourth (IV) ventricle dilated
Vermis small.
48 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
MENINGITIS: RISK FACTORS
HE IS Chief Of SPAIN
Head trauma
Extreme age
Immunocompromised state
Sinusitis
Cancer
Otitis
Splenectomy
Parameningeal infection
Alcoholism
Infections (systemic, especially respiratory)
Neurosurgical procedures.
MENINGITIS: MOST COMMON
ORGANISMS
SIN
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Influenzae (Haemophilus)
Neisseria meningitidis.
 Nervous System 49
NEUROBLASTOMA: FEATURES

MY Clinical Neuroblastome
Malignant
Young
Catecholamine secreting
Nuclei have double minutes.

PARKINSONISM: ESSENTIAL
FEATURES

SMART
Stooped posture
Mask like face
Akinesia
Rigidity
Tremor (resting).
50 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology

PYOGENIC MENINGITIS: LIKELIEST BUG

IN AGE GROUP (In order from death to
birth)
She Never Had Entertainment
Streptococcus pneumoniae (old folks)
Neisseria meningitis (young adults)
Haemophilus influenzae (older infants, kids)
Escherichia coli (infants).

TABES DORSALIS: MORPHOLOGY

SAD SCRAP
Syphilis
Ataxia
Dorsal column degeneration
Shooting pain
Charcot joints
Reflexes decreased (deep tendon)
Argyll-Robertson pupils
Proprioception impaired.
 Nervous System 51
TOXOPLASMA GONDII:
MANIFESTATIONS

MICE
Myocarditis
Illness like mononucleosis
Chorioretinitis/Congenital infection
Encephalitis.

WERNICKE-KORSAKOFFS
PSYCHOSIS: FINDINGS

CAT On RACK
Wernickes encephalopathy (acute phase):
Confusion
Ataxia
Thiamine tx.
Ophthalmoplegia
52 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
Korsakoffs psychosis (chronic phase):
Retrograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
Confabulation
Korsakoffs psychosis.
 CHAPTER

Pulmonary System 9
ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS
SYNDROME: CAUSES
DADS ADDRESS
Drugs
Aspiration
DIC
Smoke inhalation
Acute pancreatitis
Drowning
Diffuse lung infection
Radiation
Embolism
Shock
Sepsis.
54 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
BRONCHIAL OBSTRUCTION:
CONSEQUENCES
PLEase Play ABBA
Pleural adhesions
Lipid pneumonia
Emphysema
Pleuritis
Atelectasis
Bronchiectasis
Broncho and lobar pneumonia
Abscess.

INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE: CAUSES

DISCO AIR
Drugs
Idiopathic
Sarcoidosis
Connective tissue disease
 Pulmonary System 55
Occupational exposure
Allergic reaction
Infection
Radiation.

INFLUENZA INFECTION: CLINICAL

MANIFESTATIONS

Her Childs Sickness Made Childs

Mother Frustrated And Needy
Headache
Chills
Sore throat
Malaise
Cough
Myalgias
Fever
Anorexia
Nasal congestion.
56 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
KLEBSIELLA: DETAILS
FUN PASs
Fat capsule
Urinary tract infection (UTI)
Nonmotile
Pneumonia
Alcoholic
Sepsis.

PULMONARY EMBOLISM: RISK FACTORS

ROM IS PERFECT
Rest (bed-ridden)
Obesity
Malignancy
Immobilization
Surgery
Pregnancy
Elderly
Road trip
 Pulmonary System 57
Fracture
Estrogen (postpartum)
Cardiac disease
Trauma.

PULMONARY FIBROSIS: DIFFERENTIAL

OF BOTH UPPER AND LOWER LOBES
CARS ARE BeST
Lower lobe:
Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis
Asbestosis
Radiation
Systemic sclerosis
Upper lobe:
Ankylosing spondylitis
Radiation
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
Beryliosis
Sarcoidosis
Tuberculosis (TB).
58 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
PNEUMOTHORAX: PRESENTATION
HOT CRAP
Hyperresonance
Onset sudden
Trachea deviation
Collapse seen in X-ray
Reduced breath sounds (and dyspnea)
Absent fremitus
Pleuritic pain.
RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
IN INFANTS: MAJOR RISK FACTORS
Childrens Distress Problem
Cesarean section
Diabetic mother
Prematurity.
 CHAPTER

10
Reproductive
System

ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA:
RISK FACTORS
ME, HE, DON
Menstrual irregularity
Estrogen therapy
Hypertension
Elderly
Diabetes
Obesity
Nulliparity.
ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA:
RISK FACTORS
ENDO HAs risk factors
Elderly
Nulliparity
60 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
Diabetes
Obesity
Hypertension
Age (increased).
GYNECOMASTIA: CAUSES
DALS
Digitalis
Alcohol
Leydig cell tumors
Sertoli cell tumors.
OVARIAN CANCERS: IMPORTANT
TYPES BY WHO CLASSIFICATION
She May Be Experiencing Cancer
Knowingly Found in Sweet Girls Of The
D Enclave
Surface:
Serous
Mucinous
 Reproductive System 61
Brenner
Endometrioid
Clear
Metastatic:
Krukenberg
Sex cord:
Fibroma
Sertoli-Leydig
Granulosa-theca
Germ cell:
Ovarian choriocarcinoma
Teratoma
Dysgerminoma
Endometrial sinus.
POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN DISEASE:
CLINICAL FEATURES

OO! HI!
Oligomenorrhea
Obesity
62 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
Hirsutism
Infertility.

SCROTUM MASSES

EH! TV IS HOT
Epidymal cyst
Hydrocele
Tumor
Varicocele
Indirect inguinal hernia
Spermatocele
Hematocele
Orchitis
Torsion.
 CHAPTER

Skeletal System 11
CARCINOMAS HAVING TENDENCY
TO METASTASIZE TO BONE
The Pure Love Kicks Badly
Thyroid
Prostate
Lung
Kidney
Breast.
MARBLE BONE DISEASE: SIGNS
AND SYMPTOMS
MSC BLADE
Multiple fractures
Splenomegaly
Cranial nerves restricted
64 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
Blind
Liver enlarged
Anemia
Deaf
Erlenmeyer flask deformity.

OSTEOMYELITIS: COMPLICATIONS
BRIEFS
Bacteremi/Brodie abscess
Reactive amyloidosis
Intraosseous (Brodie) abscesses
Endocarditis
Fractures
Squamous cell carcinoma/Sinus tracts.
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: FEATURES
HE IS THE MAD RAMBO
Human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR4)
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) increase
Inflammatory synovial tissue/Idiopathic
 Skeletal System 65
Small joints affected in starting
T-cells (CD4)/TNF
Human leukocyte antigen-DW (HLA-DW4).
Extra-articular features (restrictive lung
disease, subcutaneous nodules)
Morning stiffness
Ankylosis/Atlantoaxial joint subluxation
Deformities
Ragocytes/Rheumatoid factor (anti-IgG)
Autoimmune
Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints stiff and
affected
Bilateral
Osteopenia.
 CHAPTER

Miscellaneous 12
CAPSULATED BACTERIA
FAKE MBBS HaS Panicked Your Profession
Francisella
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
Klebsiella
E. coli
Menigitidis (Neisseria menigitidis)
Bacteroides
Brucella
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Salmonella
Pasteurella
 Miscellaneous 67
Yersinia pestis
Pseudomonas.

COMMON COLD: VIRAL CAUSES

RIMPA
Rhinoviruses
Influenza viruses
Myxoviruses
Paramyxoviruses
Adenoviruses.

FRAGILE-X SYNDROME: FEATURES

CAM(4) EL
Chromosome staining discontinued
Anticipation shown
Male more affected
Mental retardation (2nd most common
genetic cause)
68 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
Macrognathia
Macroorchidism
Everted eyes
Long face with large jaw.

NECROSIS: THE FOUR TYPES

God Can Create Life

Gangrene
Caseous
Coagulation
Liquefactive.

RNA VIRUSES: NEGATIVE STRANDED

PAROs Boy Friend

Paramyxo
Arena
Rhabdo
Orthomyxo
 Miscellaneous 69
Bunya
Filo.

RNA VIRUSES: POSITIVE STRANDED

They Can Concentrate Regularly For

Positive Response
Toga
Corona
Calici
Retro
Flavi
Picorna
Reo.

RNA ENVELOPED VIRUSES

Finally CAB Reached FORT Properly

Flavivirus
Corona
70 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
Arena
Bunya
Rhabdo
Filo
Orthomyxo
Retro
Toga
Paramyxo.

STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS:
DISEASES CAUSED

FAST SPIN
Food poisoning
Acute endocarditis
Skin infections
Toxic shock syndrome
Sepsis
Pneumonia
Infective arthritis
Necrotizing fasciitis.
 Miscellaneous 71
STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES:
DISEASES CAUSED
LESS PC IN MP
Lymphangitis
Erysipelas
Scarlet fever
Streptococcal TSS
Pharyngitis
Cellulitis
Impetigo
Necrotizing fasciitis
Myositis
Pneumonia.

STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES:
VIRULENCE FACTORS
SMS HEAD
Streptolysins
M-protein
72 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
Streptokinase
Hyaluronidase
Exotoxin
Anti-C5a peptidase
DNAses.

TURNER SYNDROME: COMPONENTS

LUNCH
Lymphoedema
Underdeveloped ovaries (causing sterility,
amenorrhea)
Neck webbed
Cardiac abnormalities (specifically coartication)
Having widely spaced nipples.

UREASE: POSITIVE ORGANISMS

PHUNC
Proteus (leads to alkaline urine)
Helicobacter pylori
 Miscellaneous 73
Ureaplasma (renal calculi)
Nocardia
Cryptoccocus (the fungus).

WHIPPLES DISEASE: FULL FEATURES

HIP PILLS
Hyperpigmentation of skin
Involvement enteric
PAS positive granules in macrophage
Polyarthritis
Infection with Tropheryma whippelii
Lymphadenopathy
Loss of weight
Steatorrhea.
Index

A Adherin pili 30
Adrenal cortex 25
Abdominal pain 26 Adrenal of medulla 26
Abscess 54 Adrenocorticotropic
in crypts 7 hormone 22
Accumulated Agglutination 41
glycogen 45 AIDS pathogens 38
Acidity 5 Akinesia 49
Acne 23 Alcohol 5, 17, 32, 41, 60
Activated protein C 11 Alimentary system 1
Acute Alkaline urine 72
endocarditis 70 Allergic reaction 55
pancreatitis 53 Alzheimers disease 47
post-streptococcal Amenorrhea 72
glomerulonephritis 31 Ammonium magnesium
tubular necrosis 35 phosphate 31
Addison disease 22, 24 Anaplastic carcinoma 28
Adenomatous polyps 1, 2 Anemia 4, 12, 16, 20, 64
Adenoviruses 67 Aneurysm 9, 17, 18
76 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
Angiotensin-converting Aspiration 53
enzyme inhibitors 6 Aspirin 5
Ankylosing Asteroid bodies 43
spondylitis 57 Asthmatic wheezing 2
Ankylosis 65 Ataxia 50, 51
Anorexia 55 Atelectasis 54
Anterograde amnesia 52 Atherosclerosis 8, 36
Anthrax 66 Atlantoaxial joint
Antiphospholipid subluxation 65
antibody 12 Attack of acute gouty
Antitoxin 46 arthritis 32
Anxiety 27 Autoimmune 22
Aorta coarctation 14
Argyll-Robertson B
pupils 50 Bacillus
Arrhythmia 15, 17, 18, 33 anthracis 66
Arteriovenous cereus 3
fistula 9, 34 Bacteroides 66
Asbestosis 57 Bad oral hygiene 5
Ascaris lumbricoides 4 Bat-wing lung X-ray 14
Aspartate Beryliosis 57
transaminase 18 Bloated face 31
Aspergillus 39 Blood pressure 10
 Index 77
Bone alterations 36 Cardiovascular system 8
Breast 63 Catalase positive
Brodie abscess 64 organisms 39
Bronchial obstruction 54 Catecholamine
Bronchiectasis 54 secreting 49
Brucella 66 CD4 helper cells 43
Buergers disease 9 Cellulitis 71
Cerebral
C cortex atrophy 47
fat pads 23
Calcium 31
Cesarean section 58
Calculi 31
Charcot joints 50
Cancer 48
Chest pain 10, 19
Candida albicans 38
Chills 55
Capillary
Chorioretinitis 51
microaneurysm 9, 34
Chromosome staining
Capsulated bacteria 66
discontinued 67
Carcinoid syndrome 1 Chronic
Carcinoma 7 liver disease 17
Cardiac ulceration 10
abnormalities 72 ulcerative colitis 1
disease 57 Cirrhosis 17
Cardiomyopathy 43 and chronic liver
Cardiopulmonary 36 disease 17
78 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
Clostridium Creatine kinase-MB
botulinum 3 isoenzyme 18
perfringens 3 Cryptococcus
Coke-colored urine 31 neoformans 38
Collagen fiber Cryptogenic fibrosing
weakness 23 alveolitis 57
Colon Cryptosporidium
cancer 2 parvum 38
carcinoma 1 Cushings
Comedones 23 syndrome 14, 23
Common cold 67 Cutaneous flushing 1
Confusion 51 Cystine 31
Congenital infection 51 Cytomegalovirus 38
Congestive Cytopenias 40
cardiac failure 17
D
heart failure 36
Conjunctivitis 16 Dandy-Walker
Connective tissue syndrome 47
disease 54 Deep venous
Coronavirus 42 thrombosis 11
Cough 55 Deficiency of muscle
C-protein deficiency 11 phosphorylase 45
Cramps 33 Deformities 65
 Index 79
Diabetes 59, 60 Dryness of
insipidus 43 lips and month 16
mellitus 9, 11 palms and soles 16
Diaphoresis 26 Dysgerminoma 61
Diarrhea 2 Dyspnea 44
Diet and lifestyle 15
Diffuse E
intravascular Echovirus 42
coagulation 35 Eczema 44
lung infection 53 Edema 4, 34, 40
Digitalis 60 Electrolyte imbalance 36
Digoxin toxicity 33 Elevated
Dilated superficial cholesterol 8
veins 11 creatine kinase 45
Disseminated erythrocyte
intravascular sedimentation rate
coagulation 39 12
Doppler ultrasound 11 vitamin D value 44
Dorsal column Emphysema 54
degeneration 50 Encephalitis 51
Downs syndrome 47 Endocarditis
Dresslers syndrome 17 12, 13, 16, 64
Drowning 53 Endocrine system 22
80 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
Endometrial Erythromycin 6
carcinoma 59 Erythropoietin 35
sinus 61 Escherichia
Endometrioid 61 coli 2, 3, 37, 50
Endothelial cells 40 Estrogen 6, 57
Enterobacter cloacae 37 therapy 59
Enterobius Ethacrynic acid 6
vermicularis 4 Exercise 11
Enterococcus faecalis 37 Exotoxin 30, 72
Enterovirus 42 Extrinsic allergic
Enzyme alveolitis 57
deficiencies 15, 24 Eye dysfunction 21
Epidymal cyst 62
Erlenmeyer flask F
deformity 64 Facial edema 31
Erysipelas 71 Fat
Erythema capsule 56
nodosum 43 embolism 14
of palms, soles 16 in urine/sputum 14
Erythroblastosis Fatigability 27
fetalis 15 Fatty liver 4
Erythrocyte Fever 20, 42, 55
sedimentation rate 64 Fibroma 61
 Index 81
Flavivirus 69 H
Folate deficiency 17 Haemophilus
Follicular carcinoma 28 influenzae 40, 50, 66
Food poisoning 3, 70 Hashimotos disease 24
Fractures 14, 64 Head trauma 48
Fragile-X syndrome 67 Headache 26, 55
Francisella 66 Heat
Furosemide 6 intolerance 28
G stable 40
Helicobacter pylori 72
Gangrene 9, 68 Hemanigoblastomas 21
Gastrointestinal Hematocele 62
disturbances 36 Hematuria 12, 32
Glance on very Hemolysis 41
important urinary Hemolytic anemia 15
disease 35 Hemorrhagic gastritis 36
Glomerular disease 35 Hepatic
Glucose intolerance 23 encephalopathy 33
Goiter 23, 28 Hepatitis A 42
Gout 32 Hereditary
Granular mucosa 7 sperocytosis 15
Growth retardation 23 Hirsutism 23, 62
Gynecomastia 60 Homocystinemia 10
82 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
Hormones 29 I
Human Idiopathic
leukocyte antigen 65 polymorphic rash 16
papilloma virus 5 IgA nephropathy 34
Hyaluronidase 72 Immune mediated
Hydrocele 62 noncaseating
Hyperaldosteronism 14 granulomas 43
Hypercalcemia 25 inflammation 2
Hypercortisolism 23 Immunohemolytics 15
Hyperglycemia 23 Impetigo 71
Hyperkalemia 36 Increased
Hyperpigmentation coagulability 21
of skin 73 jugular venous
Hyperresonance 58 pressure 19
Hypersplenism 40 Indirect inguinal
Hypertension 8, 14, hernia 62
16, 23, 36, 59, 60 Ineffective antimicrobial
Hyperthyroidism 27 therapy 13
Hypokalemia 33 Infarctions 17
Hyponatremia 22 Infection 12, 15,
Hypotension 22 35, 48, 55
Hypothyroidism 24 Infectious-subacute
Hypotonia 33 thyroiditis 24
 Index 83
Infective arthritis 70 J
Infertility 62 Jugular venous
Inflammatory synovial pressure 19
tissue 64
Influenza K
infection 55 Kawasaki disease 16
viruses 67 Kidney 63
Influenzae 48 cysts 21
Inguinal hernia 62 Klebsiella 37, 56, 66
Integumentary system 29 Korsakoffs psychosis 52
Intermittent Kwashiorkor 4
claudication 10
Interstitial lung L
disease 54 Lactate
fibrosis 43 dehydrogenase 18
Intraosseous Large intestine 6
abscesses 64 Left ventricular
Iodine deficiency 24 failure 18
Iron Leprosy 29
deficiency 41 Leukocytopenia 12
containing lesions 30 Leukocytosis 12
84 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
Leukoplakia 5 Marasmus 4
Leydig cell tumors 60 Marble bone disease 63
Lipid pneumonia 54 McArdles syndrome 45
Liver 21 Medullary thyroid
disease 41 carcinoma 26, 28
Long face with Menigitidis 66
large jaw 68 Meningcoccus
Loss of weight 73 disseminated
Low fiber, high fat diet 2 intravascular
Lower lobe 57 coagulation 22
Lung disease 43 Meningitis 48
Lymphadenopathy 73 Menstrual irregularity 59
Lymphangitis 71 Mental retardation 67
Lymphatic system 38 Metabolic acidosis 36
Lymphoadenopathy 16 Metacarpophalangeal
Lymphoedema 72 joints 65
Microangiopathic
M hemolytic anemia 42
Macrocytic anemia 17 Microcytic anemia 41
Macrocytosis 41 Morning stiffness 65
Macrognathia 68 Multiple
Macroorchidism 68 endocrine neoplasia
Malabsorption 4 5, 25, 26
Malaise 55 fractures 63
 Index 85
Mural endocarditis 12 Necrotizing fasciitis
Muscular 70, 71
system 45 Neisseria meningitis 50
weakness 27 Nelsons syndrome 22
Myalgias 55 Nematodes 4
Mycobacterium Neoplasm 32
avium intracellulare Nephritic syndrome 34
38 Nephronal disease 32
leprae 29 Nephrotic syndrome 33
Myelodysplasia 41 Nervous system 47
Myocardial Neuroblastoma 49
infarction 17, 18 Neurologic
rupture 18 dysfunction 20
Myocarditis 51 Neuroma 26
Myoglobinuria 45 Neutrophil
Myositis 71 chemotaxis 39
Myxedema coma 24 invasion 7
Myxoviruses 67 Night attacks 32
Nitric oxide 39
N Nocardia 73
Nasal congestion 55 Noniatrogenic
Necrosis 68 neoplasms 23
86 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
Noninfectious Osteoporosis 36
endocarditis 13 Otitis 48
Nonsteroidal anti- Ovarian
inflammatory drugs 6 cancers 60
Nulliparity 59 choriocarcinoma 61
O P
O-antigen 39 Palpitations 26, 27
Obesity 10, 56, 59, Pancreas 21
60, 61 Pancreatitis 6
Obligate intracellular Papillary
organisms 13 carcinoma 28
Occupational muscle 17
exposure 55 Paralysis 30
Ocular lesions 43 Parameningeal
Oligomenorrhea 61 infection 48
Onset of puberty 23 Paramyxoviruses 67
Ophthalmoplegia 51 Parathyroid 25
Orchitis 62 Paroxysmal
Osteomalacia 36 nocturnal
Osteomyelitis 64 hemoglobinuria 15
Osteopathy 43 rise in blood pressure
Osteopenia 65 26
 Index 87
Pasteurella 66 Polycystic ovarian
Penicillamine 6 disease 61
Peptic Polyposis 1
ulcer 5 Polyuria 33
disease 36 Port-wine stains 21
ulceration 25 Prematurity 58
Pericarditis 17-19, 36 Propagation 20
Pharyngitis 71 Prostate 63
Pheochromocytoma 14, Prosthetic valve
21, 26 endocarditis 13
Phlebitis 10 Protein S and
Picorna viridae 42 protein C 19
Platelet count low 20 Proteinuria 12, 33
Pleural adhesions 54 Proteus mirabilis 37
Pleuritic pain 58 Pseudomonas 39, 67
aeroginosa 30, 37
Pleuritis 54
Pseudopolyps 7
Plummer-Vinson
Pulmonary
syndrome 5
embolism 56
Pneumocystis carinii 38
fibrosis 57
Pneumonia 56, 70, 71 system 53
Pneumothorax 58 Pulsus paradoxus 19
Poliovirus 42 Pyogenic meningitis 50
Polyarthritis 73 Pyruvate kinase 15
88 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
R Restrictive lung
Radiation 53, 55, 57 disease 65
Rapidly progressive Reticulocytes 41
glomerulonephritis 34 Reticulocytosis 17
Ratio of animal fat 1 Retrograde amnesia 52
Rheumatic heart
Raynauds
disease 16
phenomenon 9
Rheumatoid arthritis 64
Reactive amyloidosis 64
Rhinoviruses 42, 67
Recessive inheritance 45
RNA viruses 68, 69
Red blood cell trauma 15
Reduced breath S
sounds 58 Salmonella 3, 66
Refractory congestive Sarcoidosis 22, 54, 57
heart failure 14 Scarlet fever 71
Remnants of old ulcers 7 Schaumann
Renal calcifications 43
calculi 43, 73 Scrotum masses 62
failure 21, 35, 42 Sensory loss in
Reproductive system 59 affected skin 30
Resection of mycotic Sepsis 53, 56, 70
aneurysm 13 Serratia marcescens 37
Respiratory distress Sertoli cell tumors 60
syndrome in infants Seventh cranial
58 nerves palsy 43
 Index 89
Shock 53 Staphylococcus
Shooting pain 50 aureus 3, 39, 70
Sickle cell 15 saprophyticus 37
Silent thyroiditis 24 Steatorrhea 73
Sinus tracts 64 Stenosis of renal
Sinusitis 48 arteries 14
Skeletal Steroids 6
muscle only 45 Stone 25, 32
system 63 Stooped posture 49
Skin infections 70 Streptococcus
pneumoniae
Slow growing fastidious
40, 48, 50, 66
organisms 13
pyogenes 71
Sodium loss 36 Streptokinase 72
Sore throat 31, 55 Streptolysins 71
Spermatocele 62 Strong family history of
Splenectomy 48 colon cancer 1
Splenomegaly 40, 63 Subacute
S-protein deficiency 11 right-sided
Squamous cell endocarditis 13
carcinoma 64 thyroiditis 24
Staphlococcal Subcutaneous
infections 44 nodules 43, 65
90 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
Superficial nodular 10 Thrombosing
Sweating 27 vasculitis 10
Syphilis 50 Thrombotic
Systemic thrombocytopenic
lupus purpura 20
erythematosus 34 Thrombus 19
sclerosis 57 Thyroid 25, 63
carcinoma 28
T disease 17
Tabes dorsalis 50 storm 27
Tamponade 17 Thyroiditis 23, 24
T-cell suppression 38 Thyrotoxicosis 16, 23
Teratoma 61 syndrome 27
Tetanus 46 Torsion 62
Tetany 33 Toxic
Thalassemia 15, 41 megacolon 7
Thiazides 6 shock syndrome 70
Thrombocytopenia Toxoid 44
12, 20, 42, 44 Toxoplasma gondii
Thromboembolic 38, 51
disorders 17 Trachea deviation 58
 Index 91
Tracheostomy 46 Urinary
Trauma 27, 57 free corisol and
Travellers diarrhea 3 glucose 23
Tremor 28 obstruction 35
Trichuris trichiura 4 system 31
Triglycerdides and fats 8 tract infection
Tropheryma whippelii 73 30, 37, 56
Troponin 18 Urine pleomorphic
Tuberculosis 22, 38, 57 microvilli 27
Tubulointerstitial
nephritis 35 V
Tumor 62
necrosis factor 39 Vaccines 44
Turner syndrome 72 Varicocele 62
Vascular
U insufficiency 22
Ulcerative colitis 2, 6 obstruction 35
Ulcers 6 trauma 21
Ureaplasma 73 Vasculitis 16
Urethritis 32 Venography 11
Uric acid 31 Vermis small 47
92 Mnemonics on Pathology and Microbiology
Vibrio Weight loss with
parahaemolyticus 3 good appetite 28
vulnificus 3 Wernicke-Korsakoffs
Virchows triad 21 psychosis 51
von Hippel-Lindau 21 Whipples disease 73
Wiskott-Aldrich
W syndrome 44
Water on brain 47 Y
Weakness of muscles 33 Yersinia pestis 67