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NOVEMBER 1994
correlation function, and the power spectral density of the com- -a - 0 -a - 0 . 6 ~ a-1
plex envelope were previously developed [I]. The channel was Fig. I . Normalized level-crossing rates of the envelope.
shown to be a narrow-band Gaussian process of symmetrical
spectrum.
This paper is a continuation of Akki and Haber's paper where
[ 11, with emphasis on statistical properties of the channel. The R
p=-
level-crossing rate and duration of fades of the envelope, the
probability distribution of random FM, the expected number of m (4)
crossings of the random phase and random FM of the channel, and ~2 is the second moment of the spectrum S ( f ) of the
and the power spectrum of the random FM of the channel are channel. It is shown in Appendix A that it is given by
particularly developed.
20i 2
P2 = (2w) T f , l ( l + fi2) (5)
11. CHANNEL
CHARACTERISTICS
where a = V2/Vl,f m l = Vl/X, and VI and V2 are the speed
A . Level-Crossing Rate of the Envelope
of the transmitter and the receiver, respectively, X represents
The rate at which the signal envelope crosses a specified the carrier wavelength, and f m l is the Doppler frequency
signal level R in the positive direction is given by the level- corresponding to the speed VI of the transmitting unit. The
crossing rate N R . It is given by [4] normalized level-crossing rate is given by
NR = 1 c
f p ( R, f ) d f (1)
where the dot indicates time derivative, and p(R,f ) is the joint If a = 0, it reduces to that of the case of the base-to-mobile
density function of r and i. at 'r = R. channel shown in [ 5 ] .
Since the channel is Gaussian, it can be shown [4] that the As expected, the level-crossing rate increases as the speed
integral reduces to of the mobile transmitter and receiver increases. With the
transmitter and receiver having the same speed, the level-
crossing rate increases by a factor of & over the case of the
base-to-mobile channel. Fig. 1 shows the normalized level-
which can be written in terms of p (which is the ratio of R crossing rate for (I = 0, 0.5, and 1.
to its nns value) as
P48
a-1 -a - 0.5 -a - 0
Fig. 2. Normalized duration of fade of the envelope. Fig. 3. Expected number of times the phase angle 8 increases to 0 or T.
Vff;
7
..,
828 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 43, NO. 4. NOVEMBER 1994
Sg(f)= s_,00
Rg(at)e-J2"fAtdAt
-3 -2
-ta.o
1 0
6,/W.I
.-.I -a.0,5
1
--*--a.l
2 3
=2 Lm R e ( A t )COS w A t dAt.
p ( e ) and p ( 6 < eo) are drawn in Fig. 4(a) and (b), respec- Gaussian random process is given by [4]
tively.
3 ) Expected Number of Crossing of 6 ( t ) per Second: The
expected number of times per second N G ~the , random FM
8 ( t ) , increases to the value 6" for the case of a narrow-band
Gaussian process having a symmetrical spectrum is given by
[41
where the dot indicates time derivative. For the mobile chan-
nel, it has been shown [I] that
(14)
R1;(At) = 0:Jo ( K Vi At) Jo ( K V2 A t ) (18)
where
where p4 and p2 are the fourth and second moments of 2T
the channel spectrum S(f).Substituting for p4 and p2 from K=-.
Appendix A, we get
x
Then, for the specific case of V2 = VI, the autocorrelation
(1 + 8a2 + a4 112
function of the random FM is given by
Jl(wmAt)J,(w,Al)
(15) Re(At)= wm
Wkl
26;
(1 + a2)
S.(f)I w , ~
and R ( A t ) is the time correlation function of H ( f , t). It is
given by [I]
for the case of VI = V2. The result obtained in [5] for the
case of base-to-mobile channel (Le., n = 0) is also shown R ( A t ) = af{?j(KV1)2Jo(KV2At)
for comparison. At frequencies above w = 2w, for the case
. [JZ(KViAt)- Jo(KV1At)l
of a = 0, and above w = 4w,, for the case of a = 1, the
spectrum falls as l / f .Thus, one may regard 2w, and 4w, as + 2( KV1)(KV2)Jo (KViAt) Jo (KV2At)
approximate cutoff frequencies for the two cases, respectively. + (KV2) Jo (KV1A t )
It is interesting to note that these are the same as the cutoff . [Jz(KVzAt)- Jo(KV2At)l).
frequencies of the envelope spectra.
Thus,
111. CONCLUSION U2
R(0)= ' [ - ( K V # - (KV2)2]
Statistical properties of mobile-to-mobile land communi- 2
cation channels have been developed. Since the channel is =-(2r)
2 01"
TIfL + f L l .
characterized as a Gaussian process [l], the derivations of
Rice [4] are used in developing the channel characteristics. It is Substitute for ~ ( in ~(A4)1 to get
shown that the level-crossing rate of the envelope increases by
a factor of J1 +
(Vz/V1)2, and the duration of fades decreases P2 = 27r
2 2 2
.l[f,l+ fLI.
by the same factor over that of the base-to-mobile channel. The
probability distribution, the expected number of crossings per k t vz = avi, i.e., fma = afml. Then,
second, and the power spectrum of the random FM have been
derived. The results are shown to reduce to that of the base- ,LL2 = 27r20;f:l(l + 2).
to-mobile channel if the transmitting or receiving vehicle is
The fourth moment, p4, of the spectrum is given by
considered stationary.
= (.j)-"n(")(o)
+j o ( ~ ~ 2 ~ t ) J o ( ~ ~ l ~ t )
+ 3 [j o( KVlAt) io(KV2A t )
where + j o(K V ~a t )j o(K V ~at)
+ 3 [j o (KVzA t )Jo (KViA t )
+ j o (KV2At)j o ( KV1At)]}. (AS)
830 IEEE TRANSAnIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 43. NO. 4, NOVEMBER 1994
where
- 2J:(wmAt)
1 In [l - J,"(wmAt)] (B3)
APPENDIXB u 2 U
&(u) = 1 - (5) and JI(U) -.
2
POWERSPECTRUM
OF RANDOMFM
The one-sided power spectrum of random FM is given by Substitute for these values in (B3) and make the necessary
S(f)= 4 1 0
00
Rb(At) = - 1
2
{( R( At)
-)2
R(At)
- (-) }
R(At)
WAt)
"(')
Wm
= -2*[ln
W
(w,At,)'
u = wmAt >> 1;
then,
Jo(u) /$cos (u - %)
J1(u) A /A sin (u - f ) and
In [I - J,"(u)] = -J,"(u).
and Substitute in (B3) and make the necessary manipulations, then
(Bl) becomes
R(At) = Jo ( KVi At) Jo (KVzAt).
Evaluation of (Bl) for this general form of the autocorrelation
of the random FM of the channel will give a general form
of the power spectrum for different cases of a = V2/V1. The
+-sin2u +-cos2u
TU TZU3
(7ru)Z + m]
sin4u
evaluation of the above integral is difficult to perform. If we
consider the specific case of VZ = VI, the autocorrelation
+-cos4u
function Re(At) reduces to
Ji(WmAt)Jo(WmAt)
R,j(At) = wm
.J$(w,At)
- J;(w,At)
[ wmAt 'This approach has been used in [ 5 ] for the case of a base-to-mobile
channel.
AKKI: STATISTICAL PROPERTIES Oh MVBILC-IO-MUBILt L A N U CVMMUNICAI IVN I HANNCLS 83 1
where si(%)= Si(x) - (.rr/2) and b = w/2wn,. Abdulkader S. Akki (S74-M77) was born in
February 1946. He received the B.Sc. degree from
AI-Fateh University, Tripoli, Libya, in 1970, and the
M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from the Moore School of
Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania,
Region 2: At, 5 At 5 At2 where At, = 1/4w, and in 1972 and 1977, respectively, all in electrical
At2 = 4 / ~ , . engineering.
Since 1977, he has been a staff member of
The power spectrum & ( f ) in this region is obtained by the Department of Electrical Engineering, AI-Fateh
performing (B 1) numerically, using Gaussian quadrature for- University. From I978 to 1984, he was the Chair-
mulas, i.e., man of the Department, and he is now a Professor.
His current research interests include modeling, performance evaluation of
communication channels. transfer of technology, and engineering education.
Dr. Akki was the Chairman of the Organizing Committee and of the
International Technical Program Committee of the First and Second Libyan
International Conference on Electrical and Electronic Engineering held in
Tripoli in March 1985 and 1989, respectively. He is a member of various
technical committees and serves as a consultant to some national estab-
lishments in his field of specialization. He is listed in the Inlernational
Whos Who in Engineering. and of Inrellectuals (Intemational Biographical
. In [1 - J;(u)]cos
,:( )
-U du. (B7) Center, England, 1984). He is also listed in the International Directory of
Distinguished Leadership (ABC. 1989).
._..