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The Skeletal
System
Appendicular Division
Lecture Presentation by
Steven Bassett
Southeast Community College
Humerus
Humerus 2
Upper
60 Radius 2
limbs
Ulna 2
Radius
Carpal 16 Ulna
bones
Hip
Metacarpal
10 bone
bones
Phalanges 28
Femur 2
Lower
60 Patella 2
limbs
Tibia 2
Tibia
Fibula 2
Fibula
Tarsal bones 14
Metatarsal
10
bones
Phalanges 28
a Anterior view of the skeleton highlighting the appendicular components. The numbers in b Posterior view of the skeleton.
the boxes indicate the total number of bones of that type or category in the adult skeleton.
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpal bones
Metacarpal
bones (I to V)
Phalanges
The Clavicle
Connects the scapula to the manubrium of the
sternum
It extends from the manubrium of the sternum,
laterally to the acromion process of the scapula
It is an S-shaped bone
Structures
Sternal end
Acromial end
Conoid tubercle
Costal tuberosity
Scapula
Acromioclavicular
joint
Sternoclavicular
joint
Manubrium
of sternum
Clavicle
Retraction
Protraction
Elevation
Depression
Acromial end
Sternal
end
LATERAL MEDIAL
Facet for
articulation
with acromion
Acromial Sternal
end Conoid facet
tubercle
Costal MEDIAL
LATERAL
tuberosity
Sternal end
The Scapula
Posterior structures Anterior structures
Spine Coracoid process
Supraspinous Subscapular fossa
fossa
Infraspinous fossa
Acromion
Lateral border
Axillary border
Medial border
Vertebral border
Lateral
angle
Subscapular Body
fossa
Lateral
border Medial
border
Inferior
angle
d Anterior view
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.5f The Scapula
Neck
Spine
Infraspinous
fossa
Body
Medial
border
Lateral
border
Inferior
angle
f Posterior view
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The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
The Scapula
Medial / Lateral structures
Lateral border (Axillary border)
Medial border (Vertebral border)
Glenoid cavity (lateral)
Superior / Inferior structures
Superior angle
Inferior angle
Suprascapular notch (superior)
Superior
angle
Coracoid Superior
process border
Acromion Suprascapular
notch
Rim of Subscapular
glenoid fossa
cavity
Lateral
angle
Body
Lateral border
(axillary border)
Medial border
(vertebral border)
Inferior angle
Acromion Supraglenoid
tubercle
Coracoid
process
Spine
Glenoid
cavity
Infraglenoid
tubercle
Lateral
border
Inferior angle
b Lateral view
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
The Humerus
Proximal structures Distal structures
Head Capitulum
Greater tubercle Trochlea
Lesser tubercle Lateral epicondyle
Anatomical neck Medial epicondyle
Intertubercular sulcus Coronoid fossa
Deltoid tuberosity Olecranon fossa
Intertubercular
sulcus
POSTERIOR
Radial Deltoid
groove tuberosity
Deltoid
tuberosity
Radial Shaft
groove (body)
ANTERIOR
Intertubercular
sulcus
Coronoid fossa
Radial fossa Radial fossa
Lateral Lateral
epicondyle epicondyle Medial
Medial epicondyle
epicondyle
Capitulum Trochlea Capitulum Trochlea
Condyle Condyle
a Anterior views
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.6d The Humerus
Greater
Head
tubercle
Greater tubercle
Head
Anatomical
Anatomical neck
neck
Surgical neck
Deltoid tuberosity
Deltoid
tuberosity Radial groove
for radial nerve
ANTERIOR
POSTERIOR
Olecranon fossa
Olecranon
fossa
Proximal radioulnar
joint
Head of
radius
Neck of
radius
RADIUS
ULNA
Interosseous
membrane
Ulnar notch
Ulnar notch of radius
of radius Head of ulna
Head of ulna
Ulnar styloid
process
Ulnar styloid
process
Radial Radial
Articular styloid styloid
cartilage Distal extremity process Distal extremity process
of radius of radius
Ulnar
tuberosity
Radial
tuberosity
ULNA
RADIUS
Interosseous
membrane
Attachment
surfaces for
interosseous
membrane
Ulnar notch
of radius
Distal radioulnar
joint
Ulnar
notch Head of ulna
of radius
Ulnar styloid
Radial process
styloid
Radial Carpal
process Carpal
styloid process articular surface
articular surface
Humerus
Olecranon
fossa
Medial
epicondyle
of humerus
Olecranon
Trochlea
of humerus
Head of
radius
Ulna
Humerus
Medial
epicondyle
Trochlea
Capitulum
Head of radius
Coronoid
process of ulna
Radial notch
of ulna
Olecranon
Trochlear
notch
Coronoid
process
Radial notch
Ulnar
tuberosity
Head
of ulna
Distal
radioulnar
joint
Ulnar styloid
process
Proximal
Carpal Bones Radius Ulna Radius Ulna
Lunate
Radius Ulna
Radius Ulna Lunate
Lunate
Scaphoid Pisiform
Pisiform
Scaphoid
Triquetrum Capitate Triquetrum
Trapezium Hamate Hamate
Trapezium
Trapezoid Capitate Trapezoid I V
II IV
I III
V
Metacarpal IV Metacarpal
II III bones
bones Proximal
phalanx
Proximal
phalanx
Middle
Distal phalanx
phalanx
Phalanges Distal
phalanx
Proximal
Middle
Distal
b Anterior (palmar) view of the
bones of the right wrist and hand
Proximal
phalanx
Phalanges
Proximal Middle
Middle phalanx
Distal Distal
phalanx
Hip bone
(coxal or pelvic bone)
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal bones
Metatarsal bones
Phalanges
Tarsal bone
Pelvic Girdle
Supports and protects the lower viscera and
developing fetus in females
The bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limb are
much more massive than their homologues of the
upper limb
Anterior
gluteal line
POSTERIOR ANTERIOR
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Pubis Posterior
Ischium gluteal line Inferior
gluteal line
Lateral view
Posterior superior
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
iliac spine
Acetabular fossa
Ischial spine
Superior pubic
Lesser sciatic ramus
notch Obturator
foramen Pubic tubercle
Inferior pubic
Ischial tuberosity ramus
Ischial ramus
a Lateral view
Ilium
Iliac crest
ANTERIOR POSTERIOR
Iliac fossa
Ischium
Pubis
Iliac tuberosity
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Posterior superior
iliac spine
Obturator foramen
Pubic symphysis Ischial tuberosity
(symphyseal surface)
Ischial ramus
Inferior pubic ramus
b Medial view
The Pelvis
Consists of:
Two coxal bones / one sacrum / one coccyx
Can be subdivided
Greater pelvis
Spans the distance from left iliac crest to right iliac
crest
Lesser pelvis
Area inferior to the iliopectineal line
Ilium
Sacrum
Iliac
fossa
Ischium Pubis
Coccyx
Arcuate line
Hip Bone
Pectineal line Ilium
Acetabulum Coccyx
Pubis
Pubic tubercle
Obturator
foramen
Ischium
Pubic crest
Pubic
symphysis
a Anterior view
Sacral foramina
Posterior superior
Median sacral crest
iliac spine
Ischial tuberosity
Iliac crest
L5
Posterior superior
iliac spine
Median sacral crest
Sacral foramina
Greater sciatic
Posterior inferior
notch
iliac spine
Coccyx
Ischial tuberosity
b Posterior view
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
The Pelvis
Consists of two pelvic spaces
Pelvic inlet (superior space between the brim of
each coxal bone)
Pelvic outlet (inferior space between the ischial
spine of each coxal bone)
Greater pelvis
Pelvic outlet
Pelvic
brim
Pelvic
inlet
The Femur
Proximal structures Distal structures
Head Medial condyle
Fovea Lateral condyle
Neck Medial epicondyle
Greater trochanter Lateral epicondyle
Lesser trochanter Intercondylar fossa
Intertrochanteric line Popliteal surface
Intertrochanteric Patellar surface
crest
Patellar surface
Lateral epicondyle
Greater
trochanter
Intertrochanteric
Intertrochanteric crest
crest
Lesser
trochanter Lesser
trochanter
Gluteal Gluteal
tuberosity tuberosity
Pectineal
line
Linea
aspera
Lateral
supracondylar
ridge
Medial
supracondylar Lateral
ridge supracondylar
ridge
Popliteal
surface Medial
Lateral
epicondyle supracondylar
Lateral
ridge
condyle
Popliteal surface
Adductor
tubercle
Adductor tubercle
Lateral epicondyle
Medial
epicondyle Medial epicondyle
Lateral condyle
Medial
Medial condyle
condyle Intercondylar Intercondylar
fossa fossa
d Landmarks on the posterior surface of the right femur
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
The Femur
Posterior view
Linea aspera
Lateral supracondylar ridge
Medial supracondylar ridge
Greater
trochanter
Intertrochanteric
Intertrochanteric crest
crest
Lesser
trochanter Lesser
trochanter
Gluteal Gluteal
tuberosity tuberosity
Pectineal
line
Linea
aspera
Lateral
supracondylar
ridge
Medial
supracondylar Lateral
ridge supracondylar
ridge
Popliteal
surface Medial
Lateral
epicondyle supracondylar
Lateral
ridge
condyle
Popliteal surface
Adductor
tubercle
Adductor tubercle
Lateral epicondyle
Medial
epicondyle Medial epicondyle
Lateral condyle
Medial
Medial condyle
condyle Intercondylar Intercondylar
fossa fossa
d Landmarks on the posterior surface of the right femur
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
The Patella
This is a large sesamoid bone
Protects the knee joint
Anterior surface is rough for strong tendon
attachment
Posterior surface has concave facets for the
femoral condyles
Base of patella
Attachment
area for
quadriceps
tendon
Attachment
area for
patellar
ligament
Apex of patella
Articular surface
of patella
b Posterior surface
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
Tibial tuberosity
Head of fibula
Interosseous
border of fibula
Anterior margin
Shaft of fibula
Interosseous
border of tibia
Shaft of tibia
Interosseous
membrane
of the leg
Inferior
tibiofibular joint
Medial
Lateral malleolus (tibia)
malleolus Lateral
(fibula) malleolus (fibula)
Inferior articular surface
Soleal line
Interosseous Soleal
membrane line
of the leg
TIBIA
FIBULA
TIBIA
FIBULA
Tarsal Bones
Calcaneus
Talus Trochlea
of talus
Navicular
Cuboid
Cuneiform bones
Lateral
Intermediate Base of 1st
Medial metatarsal
V
IV III bone
II I
Metatarsal Bones Shaft of 1st
metatarsal bone
Phalanges Head of 1st
metatarsal bone
Proximal
Middle
Distal