BC3

2017/1/13 Journal Seminar

Introduction 2

(SOC)

CEC
(Lal, 2008)

SOC
(Roder et al., 1995; Lal, 2006)

SOC
(Schlesinger and Andrews, 2000)
Introduction 3

SOC stock
2050%
(Detwiler, 1986; Davidson and Ackerman, 1993; McDonagh et al., 2001; Birch-
Thomsen et al., 2007)

SOC
(Bruun et al., 2006; Aumtong et al., 2009)

SOC
Lal, 2004; Bruun et al., 2009
Jobbaggy and Jackson, 2000
Feller and Beare, 2007

Introduction 4

SOC

SOC
(Powers et al., 2004; Bruun et al., 2009)

CO2

Introduction 5

SOC
(Baldock and Skjemstad, 2000)

Basile-Doelsch, 2007
SOCSOC

SOC
SOC
Zech et al., 1997

SOC
Gonzalez and Laired, 2003
kaolinitesmectite

Introduction 6

()
smectite
kaolinitesmectiteSOC
(Wattel-Koekkoek et al., 2003)
14CsmectiteSOC
kaolinite (Sagger et al., 1996)

SOCkaolinite
smectite (Bruun et al., 2010)
SOC
(Wattel-Koekkoek et al., 2001)

kaolinitesmectiteSOC
(Wattel-Koekkoek and Bruunman, 2004)
Introduction 7

kaolinite Ultisol
smectite Vertisol
Ultisol Vertisol

Ultisol
Plant & Soil Sciences eLibrary
(http://passel.unl.edu/pages/)

Vertisol

Ahmad, 1996
Introduction 8

35%VertisolDudal and Eswaran, 1988

Yule and Willcocks, 1996

VertisolSOC
Vertisol

SOC
SOCSOC
VertisolUltisolSOC

Materials and Methods 9
Site Selection and Soil Sampling

Vertisol
the Agricultural Research Station
of the University of Ghana in
Kpong (609N 004E)
Ultisol
the Agricultural Research Station
of the University of Ghana in Kade
(605N 005W)

21


Materials and Methods 10
Site Selection and Soil Sampling

30m100 cm3
(N36)
VertisolAB
()
V-7y, 20V-20y
50-100 mV-Forest
UltisolAE
()
2U-2y, 20U-20y
1 kmU-Forest
Materials and Methods 11
Site Selection and Soil Sampling

Vertisol
5-10 cm
V-7yV-20y-7 V-7y2001
Ultisol


U-2y3-710-1
U-20y3-7
Materials and Methods 12
Site Selection and Soil Sampling

1998 3-72001
5-10 cm
V-7y 200 kgNPK ha-1(15:15:15)150 kgNH4SO4 ha-1

1987 3-7
V-20y V-7y
2003
3-710-1
U-2

1987
3-731
U-20y
200 kgNPK ha-1(15:15:15)150 kgNH4SO4 ha-1

Materials and Methods 13
Isolation of Particle Size Fractions

2 mm
250 m/
200 ml2
150 rev/min4
250 m:
250 m11 mWhatman 1 filter
250 m
SOC
Leica Fluo Combi stereo microscope (2035
enlargements)
Materials and Methods 14
Isolation of Particle Size Fractions

250 m/
250 m
SOC
>250 mSOC
Christensen, 2001
250 mSOC

Kogel-Knabner, 2000; von Lutzow et al., 2007

SOCMagid2010
97%99%SOC

Materials and Methods 15
Soil Analyses

X
pH 12.5
Ca, Mg, Na, K

H, Mg Thomas(1996)BaCl2
CEC H, Mg
(Malvern Mastersizer 2000)
Materials and Methods 16
Soil Analyses

SOC13C

ANCA 20-20, Europe Scientific, Crewe, UK
Standard:1 mg(141D, NIST, Gaithersburg, USA)
SOCCaCO30.2M HCl
AgNO3Cl

N
N
LECO FP-428 v2.03 apparatus, Bremmer(1996)
Materials and Methods 17
Calculations and Statistics

SOC
20 cm
(Ellert et al., 2001)

SOC
Vertisol300kgUltisol260kg
SOC
Materials and Methods 18
Calculations and Statistics
SOC
13C
fmaize=(13Csample-13Creference)/(13Cmaize-13Creference)
13Creference13C
13Cmaize()13C
SPSS 17.0 for Windows

Kruskall-Wallis
LSD
Kruskall-WallisGames Howell
0.05

Levene

Shapiro-Wilk
Results 19
Input of Maize-derived Carbon

U-20yV-20y40%
V-20y(50 kgC ha-1) > U-20y(21 kgC ha-1)
> V-7y(18 kgC ha-1) > U-2y(4 kgC ha-1)
Results 20
Soil Characteristics

Vertisol
A 317% B 294%
70-80%smectite
Ultisol
A 237% E 275%
70-80%kaolinite
Results 21
Soil Characteristics

250 m

250 m

Results 22
Soil Characteristics

250 m

250 m

Results 23
Soil Characteristics

VertisolUltisol
CECpH
AA

Results 24
Changes in Bulk Soil Organic Carbon Concentrations
Figure 2

Vertisol A
7
20502%
Vertisol <250 m
432%
Ultisol A
2
204215%
Ultisol <250 m
3018%
BE
Results 25
Changes in Bulk Soil Organic Carbon Concentrations
Figure 2

Vertisol A
7
20502%
Vertisol <250 m
432%
Ultisol A
2
204215%
Ultisol <250 m
3018%
BE
Results 26
Changes in Bulk Soil Organic Carbon Concentrations
Figure 3

Vertisol A
7
20502%
Vertisol <250 m
432%
Ultisol A
2
204215%
Ultisol <250 m
3018%
BE
Results 27
Changes in Bulk Soil Organic Carbon Concentrations
Figure 3

Vertisol A
7
20502%
Vertisol <250 m
432%
Ultisol A
2
204215%
Ultisol <250 m
3018%
BE
Results 28
Changes in Soil Organic Carbon Stocks of the Topsoil

Vertisol
SOC
7321% Figure 4

20385%
<250 m322%
SOC<250 m
SOC
SOC<250 mSOC
7
>250 m7
Results 29
Changes in Soil Organic Carbon Stocks of the Topsoil

Ultisol

2195% Figure 4

<250 mSOC

>250 m

Results 30
Changes in Soil Organic Carbon Stocks of the Topsoil

20 cmSOC
Vertisol 5 MgC ha-1
Ultisol 12 MgC ha-1

20Vertisol313%SOC
20Ultisol413%SOC =
Results 31
Distribution of Forest and Maize-derived Soil Organic Carbon

13CVertisolUltisol
<250 mnegative
13C
Vertisol-13.40.2 Ultisol-14.60.1
Results 32
Changes in Concentrations Forest and Maize-derived
Soil Organic Carbon in Soil Horizons
Figure 2
Vertisol A
SOC
<250 m

780%
95%

SOC
<250 m

Results 33
Changes in Concentrations Forest and Maize-derived
Soil Organic Carbon in Soil Horizons
Vertisol B Figure 3

SOC
<250 m

7A

95%

SOC
<250 m

Results 34
Changes in Concentrations Forest and Maize-derived
Soil Organic Carbon in Soil Horizons
Figure 2
Ultisol A
SOC
245%
<250 m35%
50%
<250 m40%
SOC
2
Vertisol
<250 m2
Vertisol
Results 35
Changes in Concentrations Forest and Maize-derived
Soil Organic Carbon in Soil Horizons
Figure 3
Ultisol E
SOC
SOC

SOC
SOC


Results 36
Changes in Stocks Forest and Maize-derived
Soil Organic Carbon in the Topsoil

Vertisol Figure 5
SOC
<250 m

7
<250 mSOC
205%
Table
Results 37
Changes in Stocks Forest and Maize-derived
Soil Organic Carbon in the Topsoil
Vertisol
SOC Figure 5

72.90.6 MgC ha-1y-1

0.40.1 MgC ha-1y-1

<250 m

20SOC6
Table
Results 38
Changes in Stocks Forest and Maize-derived
Soil Organic Carbon in the Topsoil
Ultisol
SOC Figure 5

2
2
207311
<250 mSOC

Table
Results 39
Changes in Stocks Forest and Maize-derived
Soil Organic Carbon in the Topsoil
Ultisol
SOC Figure 5

2
1.30.4 Mg ha-1y-1
2
<250 mSOC

Table
Results 40
Changes in Stocks Forest and Maize-derived
Soil Organic Carbon in the Topsoil
Vertisol
7SOC
C
11528
20511
Ultisol
2SOC
C
5623
202622
Discussion 41

Vertisol 250 mSOC

Vertisol
SOC
Sagger et al., 1996; Wattel-Koekkoek et al., 2003

VertisolSOC
Vertisol10cm
40-60%3-14 Mg ha-1Dalal and Mayer,
1986

SmectiteSOC
VertisolSOCRothC
turnover model
Discussion 42

Ultisol20SOC 1913%
250 mSOC

Ultisol2520cm
50%(8 MgC ha-1) (McDonagh et al., 2001)
Ultisol5025cm
50%(17 MgC ha-1) (Birch-Thomsen et al., 2001)
Ultisol
SOC (Birch-Thomsen et al., 2007)
525UltisolSOC
(van Noordwijk et al., 1997)
99UltisolSOC
(Aumtong et al., 2009)
Discussion 43

SOC
Vertisol20SOC90%SOC
85SOC
Ultisol 20SOC12%SOC
2SOC
(McDonagh et al., 2001)20
Ultisol20cmSOC10%SOC
5%
UltisolSOC
Conclusion 44

smectiteVertisolSOC
20Total-SOC40%
SOC95%
kaoliniteUltisolSOC
20Total-SOC20%
SOC30%
Total-SOC
Vertisol<250 mSOC
SOC
Conclusion 45

smectite
SOCkaolinite
SOC


SOC

A(Davidson and
Ackerman, 1993)