Yr 12 Revision

Notes 2011
Core 1 and Core 2
For Yearly Exam
 Extended Response Practice
Core
1, health priorities in Australia
Question:
Outline two socioeconomic determinants that contribute to health
inequalities experienced by ATSI.

Key Term:
Outline

Syllabus
CQ: What are the priority issues for improving
Australias health?

Learn About: Learn To:

the sociocultural, socioeconomic and

environmental determinants

Suggested Content:

ATSI individuals experience many socioeconomic inequities, due to the

fact that many of them live in rural and remote areas and therefore
receive little education, which leads to inadequate employment and in
turn low socioeconomic status.

1. Lower incomes: Median household income for Indigenous families

in 2006 was equal to about 55% of median household income for
non-Indigenous families.

2. Higher rates of unemployment: The unemployment rate of 16%

for Indigenous people in 2006 was three times the rate of 5% for
non-Indigenous people.
 Extended Response Practice
Core 1, Health priorities in Australia

Question: describe the roles that individuals,

communities and governments have in addressing
health inequities experienced by ATSI peoples

Key Term:
Describe

Syllabus
CQ: What are the priority issues for improving
Australias health?

Learn About: Learn To:

the roles of individuals, communities

and governments in addressing the
health
inequities

Suggested Content:

Aboriginal health is a major problem for this nation. Given the general
poor state of current health indicators, When addressing this problem, an
intersectoral approach, based On partnerships between people and
agencies at many levels and in a variety of sectors, should be undertaken
to achieve the best results.

Government
There are two peak agencies which coordinate Indigenous health services
at the federal government level,
while a third peak body in New South Wales oversees Indigenous health at
a state level.

These include:
The Office of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health (OATSIH )
This agency has been established within the Department of Health and
Ageing to bring greater focus to
the Australian Governments delivery of mainstream health services to
Indigenous Australians. It is also
responsible for administering and funding ATSI community controlled
health and substance use services.

The National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation

(NACCHO)
This agency works with the Department of Families, Housing, Community
Services and Indigenous Affairs.
It is the national peak Aboriginal health body representing Aboriginal
Community Controlled Health
Services throughout Australia. It is an autonomous body that advocates
for improvements to ATSI health.

The Aboriginal Health and Medical Research Council of NSW (AH&MRC)

This is the peak body for Aboriginal health in New South Wales and is
comprised of over 60 Aboriginal
Community Controlled Health Organisations throughout the state.
The AH&MRC provides vital health and health-related services in
association with its member
Organisations.

Communities
Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services (ACCHSs) and Aboriginal
Medical Services
(AMSs) are primary healthcare services initiated and operated by the local
Aboriginal community to
Deliver holistic, comprehensive and culturally appropriate healthcare to
the community that controls it.
The nature of the services provided varies from one community to
another, though generally they
include clinical care, health education, promotion, screening,
immunisation and counselling, as well
as specific programs such as mens and womens health, aged care,
transport to medical appointments, hearing health, sexual health,
substance use and mental health.

Individuals
An individuals capacity to reduce their risky health behaviours and to
increase their protective health
Behaviours or promote good health in others is influenced by a variety of
factors; these include age, family history, community support, education,
role modelling, access to health services and socioeconomic status. There
is a strong focus in many Aboriginal Health Services on providing
education and support for Indigenous mothers and children, on increasing
the number of Aboriginal health workers, community support workers and
medically trained staff and in increasing community capacity by
empowering Individuals.
Health services focus on improving knowledge and skills. The Healthy for
Life (H4L) Program provides support for local health services and
programs,
Including improved health training and education for Indigenous people.
This is used to educate and promote better health for aboriginal and
Torres strait islanders

As ATSI health is a key concern in Australia today, we need to use an

intersectoral approach in order to reduce health inequities experienced by
this group.

Extended Response Practice

Core:

Question:
Assess the role that supportive environments can play in addressing health priority
issues in Australia.

Key Term:

Syllabus
CQ:

Learn About: Learn To:

Suggested Content:

The five action areas of the Ottawa Charter can be incorporated into the design of a
health promotion strategy. They integrate to produce a collaborative intersectoral
approach that address a wide range of health determinants and inequities on a
variety of different levels. The creative supportive environments section of the
Ottawa Charter is based on increasing access, encouraging participation and
improving living conditions. The aim is to generate living, playing and working
conditions that support health and safety. Individuals act responsibly to protect and
enhance the quality of their homes, workplaces and natural environments. Behaviour
that supports the environment is only effective due to the cumulative actions of
many individuals. Communities are the focus of this action areas. Local communities,
with the support of governments, are the primary guardians of addressing health
priorities specific to them. Governments support the creation of supportive
environments by enacting policy that empowers and resources the individuals and
communities involved.
Cardiovascular disease is the disease of heart and blood vessels. It accounted for
42% of deaths in Australia in 2004; hence it being one of the major health priorities
in Australia. Creating supportive environments is extremely beneficial in addressing
CVD. Through developing strategies to create a supportive atmosphere communities
can reduce the effects they have upon individuals health. For example, by enacting
smoke-free zones, workplaces that reduce exposure to tobacco smoke and programs
such as Quit that provide social support to smokers who are trying to give up. Also,
through placing preventative strategies such as providing healthy canteen and
healthy food choices, communities can impact upon reducing the incidence of CVD.

Cancer is the uncontrollable growth of cells in the human body, which can form
tumours, benign or malignant. It accounts for 29% of male deaths and 25% of
female deaths each year; it is the 2nd biggest killer of people in Australia.
Communities can support cancer suffers through providing services such as the
telegroup counselling program which is free and confidential and is run by Cancer
Council in NSW. Through this service suffers can receive emotional support and
advice by talking with others who are going through similar experiences. It also
provides an option for people who are living in rural and socially isolated areas, who
previously had little options for support. Communities can again provide preventative
structures, such as shade areas in parks and schools, which encourage safe health
behaviours. In partnership with this, communities can also provide awareness
campaigns such as the McGraph campaign, which highlights the risks associated
with cancer, and raises funds for medical research.

Injury is another major health priority issue in Australia. It includes all mortality and
morbidity from motor vehicle accidents, suicide, drowning, poisonings and
interpersonal violence. It is the 4th leading cause of death in Australia, and accounts
for 6% of all deaths. Communities work in partnership with governments to reduce
injury, through the enactment of legislation such as OH&S. This encourages
workplace health and safety, to reduce the risk of injury. Communities can also
provide incentives for disabled people to have the ability to access community
services, through the provision of ramps. They can also reduce the incidence of
injury through providing signs that indicate danger, such as yellow signs on stairs.

All of these health priority areas can be addressed through creating a supportive
environment. Through addressing the main contributors to these priority areas,
communities can work to reduce in the incidence of the problems. Communities
should also implement preventative structures to overall reduce the incidence of the
problem. They should also endeavour to learn about the issues specific to their
population to appropriately implement the most effective strategies specific to the
issues.
 Extended Response Practice
Core: 2

Question: Select a sporting event, identify the dominant energy system used,
the source of fuel for that energy system and a cause of fatigue.

Key Term:

Syllabus
CQ:

Learn About: Learn To:

Suggested Content:

Explosive, short length activities that require maximal effort such as weightlifting and the
100m use the ATP-PC energy system.

In a 100m sprint event, the alactacid system (ATP-PC) uses the stored ATP molecules in the
muscle over the duration of the sprint event. After the initial explosive start of the 100m
sprint, the ATP molecule is then unable to provide energy to the working muscles. To
continue the muscular movement, the body now relies on creatine phosphate (PC) in a
secondary reaction.

The creatine phosphate then separates into two molecules of creatine and phosphate. The
energy derived from this reaction is enough to re-join or resynthesis the floating phosphate
groups. The body is not using new ATP molecules but rather resynthesising the ones that had
previously been broken down.

This process of resynthesis of ATP goes on continually until the creatine phosphate molecules
are broken down, which normally takes between 10-12 seconds. Creatine phosphate thus
provides the fuel for the alactacid energy system. Fatigue in the ATP-PC system is mainly due
to the inability of the body to continually resynthesis ATP molecules. This occurs when the
body has used up all of its stored supply of PC.
 Extended Response Practice
Core: Factors Affecting Performance

Question: Explain the psychological strategies that an athlete could use to

effectively manage their anxiety prior to competing in basketball
Key Term: psychological, strategies, anxiety
Syllabus
CQ: How can psychology affect performance?

Learn About: Learn To:

Psychological strategies to Research case studies of athletes
enhance motivation and manage from different sports and
anxiety ascertain the nature of their
_concentration/ attention skills motivation and the psychological
(focusing) strategies they employ
_mental rehearsal/ visualisation/
imagery
_relaxation techniques
_goal setting

Suggested Content:

There are a variety of psychological strategies to manage anxiety prior to

competing in basketball. These include mental rehearsal, meditation and
progressive relaxation. Each of these strategies can be used control anxiety
and reach the optimum level of performance.

Mental rehearsal is a useful strategy for managing stress by picturing how the
match will unfold. It can also lead to a better acquisition of skills and higher
concentration if done correctly. Mental rehearsal also takes into account the
surroundings and the noises around the basketball player. When the player uses this
strategy they can reduce anxiety as they have planned how the game will go in their
mind.

Meditation is another good strategy for reducing anxiety through relaxing the mind
and body. When the athlete uses meditation they can reach a positive mindset and a
state of peace. While the body slows and muscles relax, the athlete must control the
body systems, such as breathing and ventilation, which affect anxiety levels. The use
of meditation before a basketball game can leave the athlete free from stress and
anxiety, however it can leave the athlete under aroused, which can lead to poor
performance.

Progressive relaxation is a strategy for managing anxiety and bears some similarity
to meditation. This strategy involves tensing and relaxing the muscles and it requires
deeper relaxation than meditation. This is best used to relieve muscle tension and
stress, which can stop symptoms such as headaches or backaches. This can lead to
optimum performance for the athlete.

Through the use of these strategies prior to a game of basketball, the athlete can
effectively manage anxiety.
Extended Response Practice
Core: Factors Affecting Performance

2. Question: Outline THREE physiological adaptations in response to

aerobic training.
Key Term:
Syllabus
CQ:

Learn About: Learn To:

Suggested Content:
Aerobic training over time increases the performance of an athlete and these are known as
Physiological adaptations. These vary in time from one athlete to another as well as how
quickly they are noticed by the athlete.
After increased training by an athlete the resting heart rate will decrease because the cardiac
muscle within the heart undergoes training and will therefore hypertrophy and become
more efficient. The ADAPTATION is a lower resting HR due to a more efficient
cardiovascular system and SV. The next physiological adaptation is Stroke volume (SV)
and cardiac output (CO). The SV is the amount of blood pumped out of the heart per beat.
As the heart becomes more efficient after aerobic training the left ventricle becomes bigger
and will pump more blood out per beat. CO is the amount of blood pumped out of the heart
per minute. After increased training this will allow for more efficient stroke volume and
cardiac output which will be beneficial for the athlete. The final adaptation is the Effect on
fast slow twitch muscle fibres. Red Slow twitch fibres, White Fast twitch fibres. This
relates directly to specifity training. Low to moderate activity recruits slow twitch fibres.
These fibres are directly related to aerobic training. Fast twitch fibres training must be
maintained through otherwise they will be lost.
 Extended Response Practice
Core: Health Priorities in Australia

3. Question: Arguethe benefits of applying the Ottawa Charter to ONE

health promotion intiative
Key Term:
Syllabus
CQ:

Learn About: Learn To:

Suggested Content:
The Ottawa Charter has significant benefits for promoting health initiatives to individuals. Its effectiveness
is enhanced when it is based on the five action areas of the Ottawa Charter; an example is The Breast
Screening Australia program which improves the health outcomes for the population. When the five
action areas of the Ottawa Charter are incorporated in the design of health promotion strategy they
integrate quite naturally to produce a collaborative intersectoral approach that can address a wide range of
health determinants and inequities on a variety of different levels.
Reorienting health services include strategies for screening programs which identify risk factors
such as Women who have never given birth, obese women, women aged over 50 years, women who
have a direct relative with breast cancer, women who do not practice self-examination, women who
start menstruating at an early age, women who have late menopause; free check-ups for people in
these higher risk categories. This health promotion of screening allows individuals to recognise any
symptoms or diseases at an early stage therefore preventing illness which is a major benefit.

Developing personal skills informs the individual on the potential risk behaviours. With this access
to information and services allow women at risk to make informed decisions ultimately preventing
the disease and improving overall health and wellbeing.

Creating Supportive Environments- government funding towards the campaign of free screening
encourages participation and increases access and improves living conditions.

Building Health Public Policy Although there is no law in place to enforce screening within
Australia, this could be modified to further benefit individuals. An example could include that
every 4 years, compulsory screening within each workplace could be enforced, ensuring that each
individual is utilising this benefit to its full potential.
Strengthening community Action- The government constantly advertise and create awareness
within the public to promote and encourage the benefits of breast screening. Posters and Brochures
are constantly produced and shared within communities to promote this beneficial initiative.

As a result of these collaborative programs, breast cancer mortality has declined from 62 (1996) to
52 (2005) deaths per 100,000. This initiative has a substantial influence on the mortality and
morbidity of individuals in Australia therefore proving the benefits of interrelating the Ottawa
Charter with Health Promotion Initiatives.
 Extended Response Practice
Core: 1

Question: what are the current trend associated with cardiovascular disease
Key Term: what
Syllabus
CQ:

Learn About: Learn To:

Suggested Content:

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and a major cause of morbidity in Australia.
Since the 1960s there has been a constant decline in mortality rates due to prevention
strategies, improved medical care and a reduction in risk behaviours due to increased
awareness. Although, in the last ten years the incidence has increase especially in the elderly
and males. CVD is the largest cause of premature death. Although mortality rates have decline,
CVD still remains one of the biggest health conditions in Australia accounting for approximately
42% of deaths in 2004.